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Isolation, molecular and functional characterization of a new toxin present in the Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom
No full textO escorpião Tityus serrulatus (Ts) é o responsável pela maioria casos de envenenamento escorpiônicos do Brasil. Embora sua peçonha seja constituída de inúmeros componentes, as neurotoxinas apresentam maior relevância por interagirem especificamente com canais para sódio (Nav) ou potássio (Kv) dependentes de voltagem. Até o momento, já foram descritas 20 neurotoxinas (Ts1 -> Ts20) na peçonha do Ts. No entanto, através de análises ômicas, estima-se que este número seja bem superior. Toxinas que interagem seletivamente com canais iônicos são utilizadas como ferramentas farmacológicas, pois permitem a identificação de canais específicos e a determinação de seus papéis fisiológicos. Adicionalmente, estas toxinas podem ser utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos para tratar doenças relacionadas a canais iônicos. Considerando o elevado potencial biotecnológicos desta classe de moléculas, o presente trabalho isolou (através de 3 etapas cromatográficas) e caracterizou uma nova toxina da peçonha de Ts, denominada Ts19 Frag-II. A nova toxina demonstrou possuir 49 resíduos de aminoácidos e massa molecular de 5534,54012 Da. Classificada como ?-KTx, especula-se que a Ts19 Frag-II seja produzida a partir de uma modificação pós-transducional, denominada neste estudo de post-splitting, de um transcrito da Ts19. A caracterização funcional da Ts19 Frag-II foi realizada utilizando diferentes ensaios de atividade biológica. Uma extensa avaliação eletrofisiológica em canais iônicos (16 Kvs e 5 Navs) expressos em oócitos de X. leavis demonstrou que a toxina é capaz de bloquear seletivamente canais para potássio do tipo Kv1.2 (IC50 = 544 ± 32 nM). Ensaios in vivo (camundongos C57BL/6) de dor revelaram que a Ts19 Frag-II (2 e 4?g) não é capaz de induzir comportamento nociceptivo espontâneo ou mecânico em camundongos, tanto pela administração intraplantar quanto pela via intratecal. Ensaios in vivo (camundongos BALB/c) também demonstraram que a nova toxina (4 e 8?g) induz aumento dos níveis séricos de ureia, ALT, ?-globulina, IL-6, TNF-?, IL-17A e NO, além de diminuir a quantidade de ?-globulinas. Adicionalmente, utilizando ensaios in vitro de cultura celular de linfócitos T CD4+, demonstrou-se que a Ts19 Frag-II (2 ?g) foi capaz de diminuir a diferenciação de células Th17, assim como suprimir sua função (diminuiu a produção de IL-17 e IL-22). Assim, no presente estudo foi realizado o isolamento e a caracterização molecular e funcional de uma nova toxina de Ts, a qual apresentou atividade neurotóxica e pró-inflamatória, podendo contribuir significativamente para a gravidade do quadro de envenenamento ocasionado pelo escorpião Ts. Adicionalmente, sua seletividade para canais Kv1.2 faz com que Ts19 Frag-II possa ser utilizada como ferramenta de estudo deste canal iônicoThe scorpion Tityus serrulatus (Ts) is responsible for most cases of scorpion envenomations in Brazil. Although its venom consist of many components, neurotoxins present major relevance because their specific interaction with voltage-gated sodium (Nav) or potassium (Kv) channels. So far, 20 neurotoxins have been described (Ts1 -> Ts20) in the Ts venom. However, omics analysis indicate that this number is much higher. Toxins that interact selectively with ion channels are used as pharmacological tools, as they allow the identification of specific channels and the determination of their physiological roles. Additionally, these toxins may be used for the development of new drugs for treating disorders related to ion channels. Considering the high biotechnology potential of this class of molecules, this study isolated (by 3 chromatographic steps) and characterized a new toxin from Ts venom, named Ts19 Frag-II. The novel toxin presented 49 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 5534.54012 Da. Classified as ? - KTx, it is speculated that the Ts19 Frag-II is produced from a post- translational modification, referred in this study as post- splitting, a transcript of Ts19. The functional characterization of Ts19 Frag-II was performed using different biological assays. The extensive electrophysiological study on ion channels (16 Kvs and 5 Navs) expressed in oocytes of X. leavis showed that the toxin is able to selectively block the potassium channel Kv1.2 (IC50 = 544 ± 32 nM). In vivo assays (C57BL/6 mice) of nociception showed that Ts19 Frag-II (2 and 4?g) is not able to induce spontaneous or mechanical nociceptive behavior in mice, both by intraplantar as by intrathecal administration. In vivo assays (BALB/c mice) also demonstrated that the novel toxin (4 and 8?g) increased serum levels of urea, ALT, ?-globulin, IL-6, TNF-?, IL-17A and NO, besides decreasing ?-globulins. In addition, using in vitro assays of CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell culture, it was demonstrated that Ts19 Frag-II (2 ug) was able to decrease the differentiation of Th17 cells, as well as it suppresses Th17 function (decreased IL-17 and IL-22 production). Therefore, the present study isolated and performed the molecular and functional characterization of a new toxin from Ts, which presented neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity and could contribute significantly to the severity of the envenoming caused by the Ts scorpion. Moreover, based on its selectivity for Kv1.2 channels, this toxin could be used as a tool to study this type of ion channe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
New fractionation procedure of Tityus serrulatus venom and electrophysiological characterization of toxins Ts6 and Ts7
No full textNo Brasil, a espécie Tityus serrulatus (Ts) é a responsável pela maioria dos acidentes de envenenamento com escorpiões, bem como pela maior incidência de acidentes ocasionados por animais peçonhentos. Isso ocorre devido ao fato desta espécie possuir somente fêmeas, realizando uma reprodução assexuada (partenogênese), facilitando assim sua proliferação. Atualmente, existem 16 diferentes toxinas descritas provenientes da peçonha de Ts, sendo a Ts1 a mais abundante na peçonha solúvel. Dentre estas toxinas, as neurotoxinas com ação em canais para sódio e potássio são as que despertam maior interesse da comunidade científica, devido aos seus efeitos no envenenamento e especificidades por canais iônicos. As neurotoxinas com ação em canais para potássio são compostas por uma alfa-hélice e três fitas-beta antiparalelas, e são constituídas por 23-43 resíduos de aminoácidos. Essas estão classificadas em quatro famílias (?-, ?-, g- e k-KTx). A família ?-KTx é a de maior relevância e está dividida em 21 subfamílias. Estas toxinas com alta especificidade para diferentes subtipos de canais para sódio e potássio são de extrema importância, pois podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas terapêuticas específicas para células-alvo. Até o momento, nosso grupo realizava o isolamento dessas toxinas utilizando como primeira etapa de purificação a cromatografia da peçonha em coluna de CM-Celulose-52, segundo protocolo descrito por Arantes e colaboradores (1989). O presente trabalho padronizou um novo método de fracionamento inicial da peçonha utilizando a mesma coluna, porém incorporando o uso de CLAE (Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência), onde foi possível observar um perfil cromatográfico semelhante ao anterior (XIII Frações), porém com maior reprodutibilidade e praticidade. Algumas frações do método anteriormente descrito foram subdivididas em duas (VIA-VIB, VIIIA-VIIIB, IXA-IXB e XIA-XIB), demonstrando que o novo procedimento também apresenta melhor resolução dos componentes da peçonha. Utilizando o novo método, foram purificadas as toxinas Ts6 e Ts7. Os efeitos dessas toxinas foram avaliados em 14 diferentes tipos de canais para potássio (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG e Shaker), expressos em células de oócitos de Xenopus laevis, através da técnica de voltage-clamp com dois microeletrodos. A toxina Ts6 (1?M) demonstrou ter ação em 11 tipos de canais (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG e Shaker), porém nos canais Kv1.2, Kv1.3 e Shaker sua ação bloqueadora foi mais intensa. Através de experimentos de dose-resposta foi possível comprovar tal seletividade, demonstrando que a toxina Ts6 atua em quantidades extremamente baixas em ambos os canais (IC50 Kv1.2 = 6,19 ± 0,35 nM /IC50 Kv1.3 = 0,55 ± 0,20 nM). A toxina Ts7 (1?M) demonstrou ter ação em 11 tipos de canais para K+ (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.4 Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv7.1, hERG e Shaker), porém a ação de bloqueio em vários subtipos de canais não apresentou diferenças significativas, mostrando baixa seletividade entre os canais analisados. Este trabalho foi de Resumo ii extrema importância por melhorar a reprodutibilidade, praticidade e resolução do método de fracionamento da peçonha de Ts, bem como por fornecer uma avaliação eletrofisiológica criteriosa das toxinas Ts6 e Ts7 em diferentes subtipos de canais para potássio. O presente estudo demonstra a potencial aplicação da toxina Ts6, seletiva para canais Kv 1.3, para o tratamento de doenças autoimunes. Além disso, indica o uso das toxinas Ts6 e Ts7 como ferramentas para o estudo de características estruturais e funcionais de canais para potássio.In Brazil, Tityus serrulatus (Ts) species is the responsible for the most scorpion accidents and also for the major incidence of accidents caused by venomous animals. About 16 different toxins of Ts venom have been listed so far, being Ts1 the major one. Among these toxins, the neurotoxins with action on sodium and potassium channels are the most interest in the scientific community, due to their effect in the envenomation and ion channel specificity. The neurotoxins with action on potassium channels are composed of an ?-helix and three ?-strands formed by 23-43 amino acid residues. They are classified into four families (?-, ?-, g- and ?- KTx). The ?-KTx family is the most relevant and is divided into 21 subfamilies. These toxins with high specificity for different subtypes of sodium and potassium channels are very important, because they can be used as therapeutic tools to specific target cells. Until now, the fractionation of these toxins was done using a CM-Cellulose-52 column, according to the protocol of Arantes and co-workers (1989). The present work standardized a new method of isolation using the same column, but incorporated the use of HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), in which was observed a chromatographic profile such as the previous one (XIII Fractions), however with high resolution and more practical. Some fraction of the previous method were divided in two subfractions (VIA-VIB, VIIIA-VIIIB, IXA-IXB e XIA-XIB), showing that the new method also present high resolution. Using the new method, it was isolated the Ts6 and Ts7 toxin. The effects of these toxins were evaluated in 14 different types of potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG and Shaker), which were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes using the voltage-clamp technique with twomicroelectrodes. The Ts6 toxin (1?M) shows to act on 11 types of potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG and Shaker), but the blocking of Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 was significantly more intense. Using dose-response experiments, it was possible to confirm this selectivity, in which Ts6 demonstrates to act in both channels in extremely low quantities (IC50 Kv1.2 = 6,19 ± 0,35 nM /IC50 Kv1.3 = 0,55 ± 0,20 nM). The Ts7 toxin (1?M) shows to act on 11 types of potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv1.6, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.4, hERG and Shaker), but the blocking action on multiple subtypes channels showed no significant differences, showing low selectivity among the channels analyzed. This work was important to improve and facilitate the method of fractionation of Ts venom, as well as evaluate the electrophysiology properties of the toxins Ts6 and Ts7 of interacting with different types of potassium channels. These studies will be essential for future applications of these toxins as drugs to treat channelpathies or as tools to study potassium channels structurally and functionally
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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