51 research outputs found
WANDERING HEART: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INQUIRY ON THE PLIGHT OF HOMELESS CHILDREN
No full textThis study explores the lived experiences of homeless children in one of the shelters in Davao City, their coping mechanisms, and insights in relation to their experiences to share with the community. The study employed a qualitative phenomenological approach. A researcher-made interview protocol was developed to be used in an In-depth Interview with five (5) study participants from the shelter aged between 15-17 using a purposive sampling technique. Data gathered were analyzed using the thematic analysis. The study revealed that the themes on the experiences of homeless children in shelters revolved around Adjustment and Community, Support and Care, and Challenges in Adaptation. As with the coping mechanisms of homeless children, the themes that emerged are as follows: Emotional Resilience, Social Support, and Divine Intervention. Lastly, as with the insights of homeless children, the themes generated included Learning and Growth, and Future Aspirations emerged as essential themes. It is important that shelter staff undergo training and seminars to equip them with knowledge and skills in dealing with these vulnerable children. In addition, DSWD, Policymakers and future researchers may utilize this paper as the baseline to create strategies intended for the development of these vulnerable children. SDG Indicator #1: (No Poverty) #4: (Quality Education) Article visualizations
Adelmo Genro Filho e a teoria do jornalismo no Brasil: uma análise crítica
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política, Florianópolis, 2015.A afirmação de Adelmo Genro Filho, em "O Segredo da Pirâmide: para uma teoria marxista do jornalismo", de que o jornalismo é uma forma de conhecimento cristalizada no singular mobilizou jornalistas, pesquisadores e professores nos últimos 27 anos para instituição e legitimidade das teorias do jornalismo no Brasil. Com o arcabouço teórico e filosófico da Ontologia Crítica de Marx e Lukács, este estudo expõe as mediações presentes na produção e recepção da teoria, bem como os conceitos filosóficos que fundamentam a assertiva de Genro Filho. O trabalho divide-se em duas partes interdependentes. Na primeira, são trabalhadas as principais questões que se impunham para o jornalismo brasileiro nos anos 1980 (com ênfase para a formação acadêmica, a escrita jornalística e a hierarquia dos profissionais), a biografia do autor e o modo como o livro foi recepcionado pelos professores e pesquisadores em jornalismo no Brasil. A segunda parte reconstitui as bases filosóficas do livro, recuperando o entendimento ontológico do autor e o modo como esses fundamentos otimizam sua compreensão do jornalismo como forma de conhecimento. O objetivo é o de demonstrar como as escolhas teóricas do autor possuem estreita ligação com sua biografia e o modo como ele compreendia as questões de sua época. Ao passo que, por meio de análise do modo de recepção do livro, foi possível estabelecer uma cartografia da produção brasileira com base em 411 textos que citam "O Segredo da Pirâmide", evidenciando que o processo de institucionalização para a defesa do jornalismo como profissão, graduação especializada e com teorias específicas coincide com esse mapa. Paradoxalmente, demonstra-se que o processo de recepção do livro se faz acompanhar de uma negação da peculiar base marxista que o fundamenta, o que motiva o estudo detalhado das categorias utilizadas por Genro Filho.Abstract : In the book ?O Segredo da Pirâmide: para uma teoria marxista do jornalismo" [?The Secret of the Pyramid: for a Marxist theory of journalism"], Adelmo Genro Filho stated that journalism is a form of knowledge that is crystallized in the singular. This statement has mobilized journalists, researchers and professors over the last 27 years for the institution and legitimacy of theories of journalism in Brazil. With the theoretical and philosophical framework of Critical Ontology of Marx and Lukács, this study exposes the mediations present in the production and reception of the theory and the philosophical concepts that ground the Genro Filho's statement. The work is divided into two interdependent parts. At first, the text brings the main issues that were necessary to the Brazilian journalism in the 1980s (with emphasis on the academic, journalistic writing and the hierarchy of professionals), the author's biography and how the book was received by professors and researchers on journalism in Brazil. The second part reconstitutes the philosophical bases of the book, recovering the ontological understanding of the author towards journalism and how those fundamentals optimize the understanding of journalism as a form of knowledge proposed by the author. The objective was to demonstrate how the author's theoretical choices have close connection with his biography and how he understood the issues of his time. Simultaneously, through the analysis about the book's reception, it was possible to establish a cartography of the Brazilian production based on 411 texts mentioning "The Secret of the Pyramid", evidencing that the process of institutionalization for the defense of journalism as a profession, specialized graduation and with specific theories coincides with that map. Paradoxically, it is demonstrated that the book's reception process is accompanied by a denial of peculiar Marxist basis underlying it, which motivates the detailed study of the categories used by Genro Filho
. 43 Tomo XIV (1961) Sexta Época (1939-1966). Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
No full textPublicación que recopila y difunde cien años de trabajo de la antropología en México (1877-1977), integrada por documentos y manuscritos arqueológicos, antropológicos, históricos, geológicos, botánicos y lingüísticos.- Información general de las actividades del Instituto Nacional de antropología e Historia durante el año 1961 por Eusebio Dávalos Hurtado. - Exploraciones arqueológicas en Palenque: 1957 por Alberto Ruz Lhuillier. - Exploraciones arqueológicas en Palenque: 1958 por Alberto Ruz Lhuillier. - La calzada de Iztapalapa por Francisco González Rul y Federico Mooser. - Un curioso refinamiento en la cerámica zapoteca por Dudley T. Easby y Elizabeth K. Easby. - Una nueva categoría de urnas "acompañantes" por Frank H. Boos. - Antecedentes históricos del cambio social y económico en el México contemporáneo por Wigberto Jiménez Moreno. - Industrias y tejidos de Tuxpan, Jalisco, México por Irmgard Weitlaner, Jean B. Johnson y Grace C. Beardsley. - Estudio de las clases sociales en la Ciudad de México. Experiencias con un grupo obrero. (Apéndice de los autores y de Carlos M. Raggi. Sociografía de la clase media) por Beatriz Barba A. y Julio César Olivé Negrete. - Notas sobre la educación rural en México por Margarita Nolasco Armas. - Control médico de un grupo de niños en estudio antropológico por Rosa María Puente Prieto. - La prueba de disociación de movimientos. Comunicación preliminar por Felipe Montemayor. - Formas pronominales del maya-yucateco por Moisés Romero Castillo. - El pima bajo ('obnók) por Roberto Escalante H
Dealing with the coffee crisis in Central America - impacts and strategies
No full textCurrent coffee prices are at record lows and below the cost of production for many producers in Central America. Moreover, the coffee crisis is structural, and changes in supply and demand do not indicate a quick recovery of prices. So, coffee producers in Central America are facing new challenges-as are coffee laborers, coffee exporters, and others linked to the coffee sector. Coffee plays a major economic role in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The coffee crisis is actually part of a broader rural crisis caused by weather shocks (such as Hurricane Mitch and droughts), low international agricultural commodity prices, and the global recession. These challenges call for new strategies for Central American countries aimed at broad-based sustainable development of their rural economies. The authors deal with the impact of the coffee crisis and strategies to deal with it. They include an analysis of the international coffee situation and country-specific analyses. The authors explore options and constraints for increased competitiveness and diversification, and discuss social, environmental, and institutional dimensions of the crisis. The authors conclude that there are specific solutions that can be pursued for the coffee sector. Some are already being applied, but more can be done in a more systematic way. Also, there is a need for safety nets to deal with the short-term impact of the crisis. Longer-term solutions are to be found in increased competitiveness and diversification in the context of broad-based sustainable rural economic development.Crops&Crop Management Systems,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Markets and Market Access,Crops&Crop Management Systems,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access
Considerations on a revision of the quality factor
No full textA modified analytical expression is proposed for the revised quality factor that has been suggested by a liaison group of ICRP and ICRU. With this modification one obtains, for sparsely ionizing radiation, a quality factor which is proportional to the dose average of lineal energy, y. It is shown that the proposed relation between the quality factor and lineal energy can be translated into a largely equivalent dependence on LET. The choice between the reference parameters LET or y is therefore a secondary problem in an impending revision of the quality factor
Microctonus gouleti Pucci 2013, new species
No full textM. gouleti Pucci new species Figures 61–63 Etymology: In honor of Dr. Henri Goulet, an accomplished entomologist who has been especially helpful to the author with this project. Females.—Color: Head orange but flagellum and near the ocelli brown to black; mesonotum black but occasionally orange anteriorly and/or scutellar disk orange to brown, orange below but often dark brown to black ventrally; legs orange but tarsi and hind tibia often brown; propodeum black but occasionally orange laterally; petiole black but for anterior end orange; remaining metasoma orange to black. Length excluding ovipositor: approximately 3.1–4.0. Head: Occipital carina absent medially; lateral eye/gena 1.3–1.6; transverse head/face 2.1– 2.3; flagellum length 2.5–3.0, number of flagellomeres 23–26; first flagellomere/second 1.2–1.3; face smooth but for setal insertions; clypeus suboval to subtriangular; length of last four maxillary palpomeres/fore femur length 0.67–0.77. Mesosoma: Subanterior pronotum carinate, pronotum smooth to rugulose elsewhere; number of setae along widest transverse line of anterior lobe approximately 16; notaulus foveate, joined at approximately posterior 1/3 of mesoscutum; longitudinal carina on the posterior mesoscutum present or absent; lateral mesonotal lobes glabrous but for a narrow fringe, exceptionally with setae present centrally; C+SC+R length 1.2–1.5; stigma length/R1 1.4–1.7; fore wing RS a shallow arch; sternaulus formed by fovea extending diagonally dorso-anteriorly to postero-ventrally then horizontally to propodeum; propodeum areolate-rugose, median groove moderate; outline of propodeum in lateral view usually convex, sometimes posterior end vertical; setae of hind femur less than half maximum femur width; hind tibia less than C+SC+R. Metasoma: Petiole with longitudinal striae curved medially as they extend posteriorly; subbasal petiole rounded dorso-laterally; petiole length/posterior width 2.6–3.2; terga 2 + 3 length 0.67–0.80; sheath length 0.90–1.0, sheath/C+SC+R 0.62–0.78. Males differ from females by the following: length approximately 2.9; C+SC+R 1.1–1.2; transverse head/face 1.9; flagellum length 3.2, number of flagellomeres 28; petiole length/posterior width 2.3–2.7; the striae of the petiole is not as strongly curved. Specimens examined: Holotype: female, Mexico, Chiapas, 7200’, S. Crist. las Casas, VI. 1.1969, Malaise trap (CNC). Paratypes: Mexico: 1 male, Chiapas, Teopisca, route 190, H. V. Weems Jr., VIII. 20.1963, 6000–6500’ (FSCA); 1 male, Chiapas, 7200’, S. Crist. las Casas, VI. 18.1969, Malaise trap (CNC); 1 female, Chiapas, Mpio. San Cristobal, Reserva Huitepec, 7440’, VII.2–14.1997, 97/073, Wooley & Gonzales (TAMU); 1 female, Chiapas, Munic: San Cristobal, San Felipe, 2200m, VII.1991, R Jones (TAMU); 1 female, Durango, 9000’, El Salto, 10 mi. W, VI.11.1964, W.R. M. Mason (CNC); 1 female, as above but VI. 19.1964 (CNC); 1 female, as above but VI. 20.1964 (CNC); 1 female, as above but VI. 22.1964 (CNC); 1 female, Durango, 3 mi. E El Salto, 8400’, VI.21.1964, W.R. M. Mason (CNC); 2 female, Guerrero, 6.4 mi. SW Filo de Caballo, VII.8.1987, 9000’, Wooley & Zolnerowich (TAMU); 1 female, Guerrero, 6.6 mi. SW Filo de Caballo, VII.12.1985, J. Wooley & G. Zolnerowich (TAMU); 1 male, Michoacan, 6 miles N. Cheran, VII.7–8.1985, J. Wooley, G. Zolnerowich, 85/034 (TAMU); 1 male, as above but VII.8.1985, Wooley & Zolnerowich (TAMU); 1 male, Nayarit, Ahuacatlan, VIII. 6.1965, HE & MA Evans (MCZ); 1 male, Puebla, 4.7 mi. SW La Cumbre, 5100’, VII.23.1987, Wooley & Zolnerowich (TAMU); 1 male, Sinaloa, 20 mi. E Condordia, 3000’, VIII.8.1964, W.R. M. Mason (CNC); 1 female, Texpan [Tuxpan, Veracruz?], VIII.12.1954, 7500’, R. R. Dreisbach (MSUC); 1 male, Orizaba [Veracruz], Crawford (USNM). Guatemala: 1 male, Escuintla, VIII. 20.1975, N.L.H. Krauss (USNM). Flight period: June through August. Remarks: The orange dorso-posterior edge of the pronotum almost always distinctly contrasts with the black mesonotum. There are four specimens from Smokemont, NC (NCSU) that correspond with the description above but the hind wing M/r-m is 0.47–0.58 as opposed to measures of 0.75–1.0 for M. gouleti. This character is rarely used by the present author because large ranges within a species have been observed. The Smokemont specimens are designated, “near M. gouleti ” because of the disjunct distribution.Published as part of Pucci, Thomas M., 2013, Contributions to the classification of North American Microctonus (Braconidae, Euphorinae), pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 3725 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3725.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/526804
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Human Fungal Pathogens Causing Paracoccidioidomycosis
No full textParacoccidioides is a fungal pathogen and the cause of paracoccidioidomycosis, a health-threatening human systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. Infection by Paracoccidioides, a dimorphic fungus in the order Onygenales, is coupled with a thermally regulated transition from a soil-dwelling filamentous form to a yeast-like pathogenic form. To better understand the genetic basis of growth and pathogenicity in Paracoccidioides, we sequenced the genomes of two strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb03 and Pb18) and one strain of Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01). These genomes range in size from 29.1 Mb to 32.9 Mb and encode 7,610 to 8,130 genes. To enable genetic studies, we mapped 94% of the P. brasiliensis Pb18 assembly onto five chromosomes. We characterized gene family content across Onygenales and related fungi, and within Paracoccidioides we found expansions of the fungal-specific kinase family FunK1. Additionally, the Onygenales have lost many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and fewer genes involved in protein metabolism, resulting in a higher ratio of proteases to carbohydrate active enzymes in the Onygenales than their relatives. To determine if gene content correlated with growth on different substrates, we screened the non-pathogenic onygenale Uncinocarpus reesii, which has orthologs for 91% of Paracoccidioides metabolic genes, for growth on 190 carbon sources. U. reesii showed growth on a limited range of carbohydrates, primarily basic plant sugars and cell wall components; this suggests that Onygenales, including dimorphic fungi, can degrade cellulosic plant material in the soil. In addition, U. reesii grew on gelatin and a wide range of dipeptides and amino acids, indicating a preference for proteinaceous growth substrates over carbohydrates, which may enable these fungi to also degrade animal biomass. These capabilities for degrading plant and animal substrates suggest a duality in lifestyle that could enable pathogenic species of Onygenales to transfer from soil to animal hosts.National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services (contract HHSN266200400001C)National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services(contract HHSN2722009000018C)Brazil. National Council for Scientific and Technological Developmen
El Tribunal de Vagos de la Ciudad de México del siglo XIX. Una Introducción. Antropología. Boletín Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Num. 70 Nueva Época (2003) abril-junio
No full textAltamirano, Ignacio Manuel; Historia de México, 1808-1876, México, Editores Unidos Mexicanos, 1977.Anna, Timothy E.; La caída del gobierno español en la Ciudad de México, México, FCE, l981, p. 101.Archivo General de la Nación (AGN), Fondo Gobernación, ramo "Tranquilidad pública", año de 1828, "Alteraciones del orden en México D. F.".Archivo Histórico del Distrito Federal (AHDF), ramo de Actas ordinarias del Cabildo, año de 1828, vol. 148-A [especialmente las actas de los días 6, 7, 13, 16, 19 y 30 de diciembre y ramo de Actas de Cabildo de sesiones secretas, vol. 290- Actas de los días 8 y 16 de diciembre de 1828].AHDF, Ramo Vagos, vol. 4151, exp. 5.AHDF, Ramo Alumbrado, vol. 346, exp. 18, fojas 67-72.Arrom, Silvia; “Documentos para el estudio del Tribunal de Vagos, 1828-1848. Respuesta a una problemática sin solución”, en Anuario Mexicano de Historia del Derecho I, México, UNAM, 1989, pp. 215-235."Consideraciones sobre la situación política y social de la República Mexicana en el año de 1847", en Mariano Otero, Obras, t. I, México, Porrúa (Biblioteca Porrúa), 1967, pp. 99-147.Curia Filípica Mexicana, atribuida a Juan Rodríguez de San Miguel, facsímil, edición de 1852, México, UNAM, 1978, p. 2.Diario de Cortes, núm. 13, sesión del 26 de agosto de 1820.Dictamen de las comisiones unidas de constitución y legislación sobre el proyecto de ley, consultado al gobierno por el consejo de Estado, y comunicado por aquel, al Soberano Congreso, México, Oficina de D. José María Ramos Palomera, 1822, p. 6.Dictionnaire de Police Moderne. Pour toute La France Contenant, por ordre alphabetique de matieres et dans la forms reglementaire. Par M. Alletz ancien administrateur et ancien commissaire de police a Paris, t. III, Deuxieme edition, Paris, La Libraire de Jurisprudence et d'administration, 1823, pp. 668-669.Di Tella, Torcuato S.; “Las clases peligrosas a comienzos del siglo XIX en México”, en Desarrollo Económico. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires, Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social, vol. 12, núm. 48, enero-marzo 1973.González Navarro, Moisés; en Historia documental de México, t. II, La era de Santa Anna, México, UNAM, 1964.Gortari, Hira de y Regina Hernández Franyuti, La ciudad de México y el Distrito Federal. Una historia compartida, México, Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora, 1988, pp. 105-107.———; Memoria y encuentros: la ciudad de México y el Distrito Federal (1824-1928), t. III, México, Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora, 1988, pp. 345-350.Gutiérrez Flores Alatorre, Blas José; Las Leyes de Reforma, t. I., México, Imprenta de El Constitucional, 1868, pp. 334-415.Herrera, Vicente de; “Nuevo plan para la mejor administración de justicia en América", Nueva España, s/p, 1782, pp. 377 y 397.Lechner, J.; “El concepto de ‘policía’ y su presencia en la obra de los primeros historiadores de Indias”, en Revista de Indias, vol. XLI, núm. 165-166, Madrid, julio-diciembre de 1981.Ley 1, Don Juan I en Bribiesca, año de l387. Ordenamiento Real, lib.8, tit. 14, en Antonio Pérez y López, Teatro Universal de Legislación; leyes 1, 2, 3 y 7; tit. XXXI, lib. XII, de la Novísima Recopilación y Nuevo Febrero Mexicano, México, 1851, p. 761.Ley 7, Tit. XXXI, Lib. XII, Novísima Recopilación, Madrid, 1804.López Cámara, Francisco; La estructura económica y social de México en la época de la Reforma, México, Siglo XXI (El mundo del Hombre, sociología y política), 1967.Moreno Toscano, Alejandra; “Los trabajadores y el proyecto nacional”, en Enrique Florescano (coord.), Historia de la clase obrera en México, t. I, México, Siglo XXI, 1982.Norman, Martin; Los vagabundos en la Nueva España en el siglo XVI, México, UNAM, 1957.———; "Pobres, mendigos y vagabundos en la Nueva España, 1702-1766: antecedentes y soluciones presentados", en Estudios de Historia Novohispana, México, UNAM-IIH, vol. III, 1985, pp. 99-126.Ordenanza de la división de la Nobilísima Ciudad de México en cuarteles, creación de los alcaldes de ellos, y reglas de su gobierno: dada y mandada observar por el Exmo. Señor Don Martín de Mayorga, virrey, gobernador, y capitán general de esta Nueva España &c. En México: por los herederos de don Felipe de Zúñiga y Ontiveros, calle del Espíritu Santo, año de 1793, p. 93.Pérez Toledo, Sonia; “Los vagos de la ciudad de México y el Tribunal de Vagos en la primera mitad del siglo XIX”, en Secuencia. 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Bromus anomalus Ruprecht ex Fournier 1886
No full text1. Bromus anomalus Ruprecht ex Fournier (1886: 126). Figs. 1–3. Bromus anomalus Rupr. in Galeotti (1842: 236), nom. nud. Bromopsis anomala (Rupr. ex E. Fourn.) Holub (1973: 167). Zerna anomala (Rupr. ex E. Fourn.) Henrard (1940: 499). Type:— MÉXICO. Estado de México: Teotihuacan, July–August 1865, Hahn s.n. (lectotype P-00748832!, designated by Soderstrom & Beaman 1968: 496). We agree with Soderstrom & Beaman that the lectotypes chosen by Shear (1901: 243) [Cerro San Felipe in prov. Oajacensi, 8000 ft, Nov– April 1840, H. Galeotti 5757 (lectotype P-00624352!, isotypes US-A865510! fragm. ex P, LE-00000752!)] and Wagnon (1952: 469) 10 Phytotaxa 185 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press SAARELA ET AL. [Hidalgo: Real de Monte, H. Galeotii 5815 (P)] are ambiguous. Bromus meyeri Swallen (1950: 29). Type:— MÉXICO. Nuevo León: Dulces Nombres, and just Eof border into Tamaulipas, 24ºN, 99.30'–100.0' W, 1850 m, rhizomatous perennial to 2 ft tall, amongst low thorny shrubs on north hillside, 18 June 1948, F. G . Meyer & D. J. Rogers 2561 (holotype US-1962983!, isotype MO-1598683!). Plants perennial, not rhizomatous. Culms up to 110 cm tall, 2–4 mm wide at base, erect or ascending, bases often weakly to strongly decumbent, glabrous, scabrous or pubescent below inflorescences; nodes 2–5, glabrous to pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous, pubescent, or pilose, hairs up to 1.5 mm long, midrib distinctly narrowing below the collar; auricles usually present, sometimes absent; ligules 0.2–1.6 mm long, glabrous, erose-lacerate, ciliate; blades up to 35 cm × 2–4 mm, flat, adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous or weakly to moderately pubescent or pilose, hairs up to 1 mm long, margins serrulate. Panicles up to 18 cm long, open, nodding, branches ascending or spreading, scabrous, 1–5 spikelets per branch. Spikelets 1.5–2.8 cm long, 4–12-flowered, elliptic to lanceolate, terete to moderately laterally compressed; glumes usually pubescent, hairs up to 0.4 mm long, occassionally glabrous to puberulent, margins hyaline, midnerves glabrous or scabrous; lower glumes 4.9–7.5(–8.5) mm long, triangular or narrowly lanceolate, 1- or 3-nerved, green, purplish-green to purple along and between the nerves; upper glumes 6–10.5 mm long, obovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, green, purplish-green to purple along and between the nerves, apices obtuse, acute or mucronate, mucros up to 0.6 mm long; lemmas 7–10 mm long, elliptic to lanceolate, rounded over the backs, apices acute, obtuse or truncate, 5–7-nerved, green, purplish-green to purple along and between the nerves, sometimes ± translucent between nerves, marginal nerves sometimes very faint, moderately to densely pubescent to pilose on the backs and margins, hairs up to 0.8 mm long, longest hairs usually along the margins, backs and margins occassionally glabrous to puberulent with hairs up to 0.2 mm long; awns 1.2–3 mm long, inserted 2000 m (México); sites at elevations below 2000 m are mostly in Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. Common Names: ― México brome, nodding brome (English); bromo dormilon (Spanish). Comments: ― Bromus anomalus is the most common and widely distributed species of section Bromopsis in México, where it is used as fodder (Saulés & Dávila Aranda 1992). The species was not reported for Guatemala by Swallen & McClure (1955) or Soderstrom & Beaman (1968), but was reported there by Pohl & Davidse (1994); they cited Smith 658, as we do here, along with another collection from Guatemala. Bromus anomalus is the smallest species of sect. Bromopsis in Mexico. Larger individuals of B. anomalus may be confused with B. richardsonii. It can be distinguished from B. richardsonii by its awns 1.2–3 mm long [vs. 3–6.5 mm long], auricles usually present [vs. absent], lemmas 7–10 mm long [vs. (9–)10–13.5(–15) mm long] and blades 2–4 mm wide [vs. (3–)4–9(–13) mm wide]. Acollection from Nuevo León (Peterson et al. 16765) with broad leaves (up to 6.5 mm wide), long lemmas (up to 13 mm), awns up to 4 mm long, pubescent lemmas and glumes, and auricles better fits B. richardsonii, but we keep it here based on the presence of auricles, which we have not seen in material of B. richardsonii. The extreme lengths of the longer awns, longer lemmas and broader leaves observed in this specimen are not included in the key or description, because its placement in B. anomalus is uncertain. On 6 October 2000 the second author was accompanied by two Tarahumara (Gustavo Arturo Palma Aguirre and Juvencio Antonio Bustillos Ramirez) on a short foray along the edge of the Barranca Río Verde (P.M. Peterson, J. Cayouette, G.A. Palma Aquirre & J.A. Bustillos Ramírez 15372) to collect B. anomalus seed (basiáhuari) used to begin the fermentation process to make a corn drink called tesquino (Kennedy 1963). This differs from the species Saulés & Davila Aranda (1992) reported for this purpose (B. carinatus). Taxonomic status of Bromus meyeri — Bromus anomalus is a morphologically variable taxon. Individuals typically have hairy lemmas throughout most of the species’ range. Individuals with lemmas glabrous or puberulent from the mountains of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas were described as B. meyeri by Swallen (1950), from a collection gathered at Dulces Nombres, Nuevo León. Aside from noting B. meyeri to be a taxon with auricles and stating, incorrectly, that B. latiglumis (Scribner ex Shear 1900: 40) Hitchcock (1906: 211), a Canadian/ U.S.A. taxon that does not occur in México, is the only other known species of Bromus to have auricles at the mouths of the sheaths, he did not provide a diagnosis of his new species. Two years after its description, Wagnon (1952) treated B. meyeri as a synonym of B. anomalus, as have some recent authors (Pavlick 1995, Clayton et al. 2002 onwards). Bromus meyeri was recognized by Soderstrom & Beaman (1968), who suggested it to be most closely related to B. texensis (Shear 1900: 41) Hitchcock (1913: 381), a rare species from southern Texas (Pavlick & Anderton 2007); B. anomalus differs from B. texensis by its longer awns, fewer-flowered spikelets, shorter glumes and lower sheaths short-pilose (vs. villous). Soderstrom & Beaman (1968) did not mention its similarity to B. anomalus. In their key, B. anomalus and B. meyeri are separated by lemma pubescence: "lemmas glabrous, scabrous, or inconspicuously short hirsute" in the lead to B. meyeri, and "lemmas villous over the back or along the margins" in the lead to B. anomalus. Bromus meyeri has also been recognized by Beetle (1977, 1987), Espejo- Serna et al. (2000) and Pavlick et al. (2003), all without comment. 12 Phytotaxa 185 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press SAARELA ET AL. ATAXONOMIC REVISION OF BROMUS (POACEAE) Phytotaxa 185 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press 13 We have studied plants in the field, including in the vicinity of the type location, and herbarium, and we agree with Wagnon (1952) in treating B. meyeri as a synonym of B. anomalus. Although many collections from the Sierra Madre Oriental in Nuevo León have lemmas that are variously glabrous to puberulent (e.g., Peterson, Valdés- Reyna & Sosa Morales 16699, 16703, 16756, 16760, 16763, 16768, 16780, 16783, Peterson & Valdés-Reyna 15872, Peterson & Saarela 21100, Mueller & Mueller 428, 1168, Harvey 987) or have short pubescence (e.g., Peterson & Saarela 21073, 21102)—character states not found elsewhere throughout the range of B. anomalus —the plants otherwise fall within the range of variation of B. anomalus. Plants with densely pubscent lemmas are also present in the same areas (e.g., Peterson & Valdés-Reyna 15824, 15891; Peterson, Saarela & Flores Villegas 21373; Peterson, Valdés-Reyna & Sosa Morales 16753, 16765, 16778; Peterson & Valdés-Reyna, Peterson & Saarela 21103; Mueller 2290; Mueller & Mueller 424, 425, 1058, 1078). Other specimens are intermediate, with dense pubescence along the margins and lemma backs glabrous to puberulent (e.g., Peterson & Valdés-Reyna 15863, 15889). We consider plants previously recognized as B. meyeri to be a local form (in the nontaxonomic sense of the word) of B. anomalus, consistent with varying lemma pubescence found in several other Bromus species, including B. exaltatus and B. richardsonii. Distinguishing Bromus anomalus and B. porteri (Coulter 1885: 425) Nash (1895: 512) — Bromus anomalus and B. porteri have long been confused in North America. Bromus porteri has been variously recognized as a distinct species (Wagnon 1952, Pavlick 1995, Pavlick & Anderton 2007, Saarela 2008, Saarela & Peterson 2012) or as a synonym of B. anomalus (Kearney & Peebles 1960, Hitchcock et al. 1969, Jones et al. 1997, Douglas et al. 2001), and the characters used to distinguish these taxa have not been applied consistently. Hitchcock (1913) recognized only B. porteri in México. Wagnon (1952) distinguished B. anomalus from B. porteri by lower glumes 1- or 3-nerved [vs. consistently 3-nerved], auricles usually present on lower leaves [vs. absent] and the midrib of the culm leaves tapered just below the collar [vs. not tapered just below the collar]. By these criteria, he did not consider B. porteri to be present in México. By contrast, Soderstrom & Beaman (1968) recognized both B. anomalus and B. porteri in México, and their circumscription of the species was different than that of Wagnon (1952). They treated plants with 1-nerved lower glumes, awnless upper glumes and lemmas usually obtuse as B. anomalus, and plants with 3-nerved lower glumes, upper glumes awn-tipped and lemmas acute or bifid at the apex 14 Phytotaxa 185 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press SAARELA ET AL. as B. porteri, further noting that some specimens have unusual features. Subsequent to the revision of Soderstrom & Beaman (1968), both taxa have been recognized in México (Beetle 1977, 1987, Gould & Moran 1981, Rivera & Aranda 2004). We find the character states used by Soderstrom & Beaman (1968) to be intermixed among specimens, and conclude that they cannot be used to distinguish two taxa. Our circumscription of taxa follows that of Wagnon (1952), which has been utilized in recent treatments of Bromus in North America (Pavlick 1995, Pavlick & Anderton 2007, Saarela 2008, Saarela & Peterson 2012). By these criteria, we have seen no specimens of B. porteri in México. Bromus porteri is distributed in western North America from Manitoba to British Columbia and south to California and New México (Pavlick & Anderton 2007). Specimens Examined:― COSTA RICA. Cartago: Cantón de Turrialba, Cuenca del Matina, Estación Crestones, [9.4978°N, 83.5°W], 3630 m, 6 November 1996, Billen Gamboa R . 828, E. Alfaro & A. Picado (INB- 60061, MO-5175364). San José: Cantón de Pérez Zeledón P. N. Chirripó, 9.4569°N, 83.5106°W, 3460 m, 7 December 1996, E . Alfaro 1028 (CR-221452, INB-60060); Cantón de Pérez Zeledón P. N. Chirripó, 9.4664°N, 83.4972°W, 3440 m, 17 July 1998, E . Alfaro 1734 (INB-60059, MO-5652818). GUATEMALA. Solola: ca. 4 km Eof Godinez, [14.7°N, 91.1°W], 2100 m, 5 December 1963, L. O . Williams, A. Molina R. & T. P. Williams 25190 (F-1652130); cerca la estación de micro-onda de Guatel, Sierra de Chuatroj, Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán, Sololá, 14.74°N, 91.29°W, 3200 m, 17 August 1977, D. N . Smith 658 (F-185163, F-2069944). Quezeltenango: La Esperanza, [14.84°N, 91.52°W], 2400 m, September 1954, M . de Koninck 50 (US-2151632, US-2153251). MÉXICO. Aguascalientes: Ladera Ndel Cerro San Juan, 5 km al Ede Tepezela, [22.2167°N, 102.1667°W], 2300 m, J. Rzedowski 25009 (MICH-1119140); Mpio. San José de Gracía, 12 km al SW de La Congoja, 22.09°N, 102.63°W, 2700 m, 16–17 October 1973, J . Rzedowski & R. McVaugh 801 (MICH-1119142, NY, US); Sierra Fria Potosina, at 5.6 mi Sof Jtn of road Rancho Cienega de Gallardo, 22.0967°N, 102.7094°W, 2594 m, 30 September 2012, P. M . Peterson, K. Romaschenko, J. Rodriguez Avalos, M. Herrera-Simoni & K. Garcia Rodriguez 24840 (US). Baja California Sur: along trail to El Picacho de la Laguna, Sierra de la Laguna, Eof Todos Santos, 23.5333°N, 110.0833°W, 1830 m, 26 December 1947, A . Carter, A. M. Alexander & L. Kellogg 2395 (MEXU, US- 1936958); La Chuparosa, 23.5667°N, 110°W, 17 October 1893, T. S . Brandegee 73 (US-591101); La Chuparosa, 23.5667°N, 110°W, 2 October 1899, T. S . Brandegee 27 (US-1009557); La Laguna, Sierra de la Laguna, Eof Todos Santos, 23.5667°N, 110°W, 1650 m, 25 December 1947, A . Carter, A. M. Alexander & L. Kellogg 2341 (US- 1936947); La Paz, Sierra La Laguna, Valle, 23.5333°N, 109.9°W, 1800 m, 19 October 1998, M . Domínguez L. 2632 (ARIZ-351918, SD-143637). Chiapas: ca. 15 mi SE of Teopisca, [16.45°N, 92.28°W], 2330 m, 21 August 1953, J. R . Reeder & C. G. Reeder 2031 (RSA-POM-287190); Mpio. Zinacantán, along Mexican Hwy. 190 at paraje Granadilla, [16.5°N, 93°W], 4500 ft, 1 July 1965, D. E . Breedlove 10609 (US-3007632). Chihuahua: 19.6 km W of Balleza and 74.2 km Eof Guachochi, [27.19°N, 106.47°W], 2120 m, 18 September 1991, P. M . Peterson, C. R. Annable & J. Valdés-Reyna 10753 (US); 30 km de Buenaventura, [29.93°N, 107.18°W], 5 September 1981, Ma. Elena Siqueiros 1401 (MEXU); Sierra Madre Occidental, 20.3 mi Sof Creel on road towards Rocheachic, 27.5387°N, 107.51°W, 2510 m, 5 October 2000, P. M . Peterson & J. Cayouette 15367 (CAN, MO, US); Sierra Madre Occidental, 9 mi Sof Guachochi at edge of Barranca Río Verde 1 km along trail descending into canyon, [26.69°N, 107.06°W], 2470 m, 6 October 2000, P. M . Peterson, J. Cayouette, G. A. Palma Aquirre & J. A. Bustillos Ramírez 15372 (CAN, US); along drainage of Río Candasneno at Cascada de Basaseachic, ca. 1 mi Sof village of Basaseachic along trail leading to cascada, 28.1333°N, 108.25°W, ca. 2000 m, 14 October 1984, R. & M. Spellenberg 7930 (NY). Coahuila: 16 mi Sof Saltillo on MEX 57, [25.22°N, 101.1°W], 6800 ft, 21 July 1970, L. H . Harvey 8501 (MICH-1119120); 21 km SE of Saltillo on Hwy. 57 towards Matehuala, 25.247°N, 100.9061°W, 2460 m, 19 September 2001, P. M . Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 15806 (ANSM, CAN, MO, US); 26 mi Eof Saltillo, 25.4167°N, 101.4°W, 2316 m, 3 September 1960, J. R . Reeder, C. G. Reeder & T. R. Soderstrom 3292 (US- 2473591); 4 km Eof Los Lirios on road to Laguna de Sánchez, 50 km SE of Saltillo, [25.39°N, 100.41°W], 2600 m, 8 October 1988, P. M . Peterson & C. R. Annable 06254 (US); Cañón de San Lorenzo, ca. 5 a 6 km al Oriente de Buenavista, paraje de “Los Aguajes”, 2000 m, 20 November 1974, J . Marroquín 3075 (ANSM); El Carmen, 29.15°N, 102.71°W, 26 August 1936, E. G . Marsh, Jr. 628 (GH); entrance to Monterreal, at 33 mi Eof Arteaga, 25.2365°N, 100.4426°W, 2619 m, 27 September 2001, P. M . Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 15942 (ANSM, CAN, MO, US) & 15943 (CAN, US); just above Monterreal on road to Mesa de las Tabla and 34.7 mi Eof Arteaga, 25.2291°N, 100.4331°W, 2733 m, 27 September 2001, P. M . Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 15947 (ANSM, CAN, US); Maderas del Carmen, 11.2 mi NE of Los Pilares, 28.9367°N, 102.61°W, 1953 m, 21 September 2007, P. M . Peterson, J. M. Saarela, S. Lara Contreras & J. Reyna Álvarez 20954 (CAN, MO, US); Maderas del Carmen, 13.7 ATAXONOMIC REVISION OF BROMUS (POACEAE) Phytotaxa 185 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press 15 mi NW of Pilares and 0.4 mi Sof El Cinco Junction, 28.9538°N, 102.5853°W, 2365 m, 7 September 2005, P . M. Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 18900 (CAN, MO, US); Maderas del Carmen, 13.8 mi NE of Los Pilares, 28.9536°N, 102.5854°W, 2335 m, 21 September 2007, P . M. Peterson, J. M. Saarela, S. Lara Contreras & J. Reyna Álvarez 20978 (CAN, MO, US); Maderas del Carmen, 28.9899°N, 102.61°W, 2280 m, 8 September 2005, P . M. Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 18917 (ANSM, CAN, MO, US); Maderas del Carmen, 9.5 mi NW of Pilares, 28.9318°N, 102.61°W, 1890 m, 7 September 2005, P . M. Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 18879 (ANSM, CAN, MO, US); Mesa del Rosario, Santiago, 25.4333°N, 101.0167°W, 6 November 1983, I . Cagral C. 645 (ANSM); Mpio. Arteaga, Sierra Rancho Nuevo, Cañón de San Juan, ca. 2 km al Nde San Juan, 25.2614°N, 100.3361°W, 2600 m, 31 August 1997, M . A. Carranza 2613, L. Zamora M. & D. Sánchez V. (ANSM); Mpio. Arteaga, Ejido Agua Blanca, [25.44°N, 100.84°W], 2600 m, 22 July 1993, J . Garza 4 (MEXU); Mpio. Arteaga, Ejido La Efigenia, [25.44°N, 100.84°W], 2460 m, 22 July 1993, P . Lobato 24 (MEXU); Mpio. Arteaga, Sierra Catana, 40 km SW de Saltillo, [25.15°N, 101.18°W], J . A. Villarreal Q., M.A. Carranza & J. Valdés R. 6576 (MEXU); Mpio. Arteaga, Sierra de Arteaga, Cañón de Jamé, 3 mi al Ede Jamé, 25.35°N, 101.0336°W, 2180 m, 16 September 1989, P . S. Hoge 225, M. E. Barkworth, J. Valdés-Reyna & J. A. Villarreal Q. (ANSM); Mpio. Arteaga, Sierra Madre Oriental, 3 km al Ede Los Lirios, 25.3669°N, 100.5833°W, 2604–2636 m, 22 October 2009, J . A. Villarreal 9473, L. Ramírez, M. Zárate & J. Ayala (ANSM); Mpio. Ocampo, Sierra del Pino, Ejido Acebuches, Cañón La Vaca, 1850 m, 2 October 2000, M . A. Carranza 4072 & Ramírez (ANSM); Mpio. Ramos Arizpe, Sierra de la Paila, Ejido el Cedral por el Cañón El Carmen, 1300–1600 m, J . Valdés-Reyna 2167 (ANSM); Mpio. Saltillo, Sierra de Zapaliname, camino al Penitente, en vista del oso a orilla de camino Oeste de la Sierra, 25.3462°N, 101.95°W, 2953 m, 15 October 2005, E . Francisco García 155 & S. G. Gómez Pérez (ANSM); Mpio. Saltillo, Cerro El Penitente, en exposición noroeste de la sierra, 25.3478°N, 100.9022°W, 2035 m, 16 October 2005, J . A. Encina 1796, F. J. Encina D., J. M. Guillermo E. & S.G. Gómez P. (ANSM); Mpio. Saltillo, pies del Muerto, 25.355°N, 100.95°W, 2480–2560 m, 4 August 2000, J . A. Encina 550 & alumnos de la Escuela Técnica Forestal No. 3 (ANSM); Mpio. Saltillo, along trail from camino El Cuatro to El Penitente, 25.3497°N, 100.908°W, 2840 m, 28 September 2007, P . M. Peterson, J. M. Saarela & S. G. Gómez Pérez 21123 (CAN, MO, US) & 21125 (CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, along trail from camino El Cuatro to El Penitente, 25.3548°N, 100.93°W, 1628 m, 28 September 2007, P . M. Peterson, J. M. Saarela & S. G. Gómez Pérez 21121 (CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, along trail from El Cuatro to El Penitente, 25.3494°N, 100.908°W, 2925 m, 28 September 2007, P . M. Peterson, J. M. Saarela & S. G. Gómez Pérez 21130 (CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, Cañón de Santa Rosa - los Aguajes, 25.3294°N, 100.4325°W, 2375 m, 28 June 2001, J . A. Encina 719 con alumnos de la Escuela Técnica Forestal No. 3 (ANSM); Mpio. Saltillo, above El Penitente on ridge top, 25.346°N, 100.9°W, 3086 m, 28 September 2007, P . M. Peterson, J. M. Saarela & S. G. Gómez Pérez 21135 (CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, above El Penitente, 25.345°N, 100.91°W, 3048 m, 28 September 2007, P . M. Peterson, J. M. Saarela & S. G. Gómez Pérez 21140 (CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, along camino "El Cuatro", Eof Saltillo, 25.3689°N, 100.91°W, 2356 m, 3 September 2005, P . M. Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 18814 (ANSM, CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, ca. 5 km Eof Saltillo (Las Palapas) up camino de Cuatro, then up trail towards cumbre, 25.3576°N, 100.9333°W, 2246 m, 20 September 2003, P . M. Peterson, J. Valdés-Reyna & R. H. Cárdenas 17865 (ANSM, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, Eof Saltillo, 25.3468°N, 100.9016°W, 3070 m, 2 September 2005, P . M. Peterson & J. Valdés- Reyna 18799 (ANSM, CAN, US); Mpio. Saltillo, Eof Saltillo, 25.3536°N, 100.92°W, 2400 m, 2 September 2005, P . M. Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 18782 (ANSM, CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, Eof Saltillo, 25.3556°N, 100.92°W, 2100 m, 2 September 2005, P . M. Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 18776 (US) & 18779 (ANSM, CAN, MO, US); Mpio. Saltillo, Cañon de San Lorenzo, 3 km Sof Saltillo, 23.3333°N, 100.9333°W, 2500 m, 29 August 19
Hacia una escala ecológica de la justicia: una fundamentación a partir de la teoría normativa de la justicia social contemporánea
No full textIlustraciones, mapasspa:El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo justificar la base de fundamentación
de una escala ecológica en la conceptualización de la justicia de Nancy Fraser y la tradición
normativa y crítica de la justicia social. Lo anterior, debido a que la teoría de la justicia social
formulada por esta autora tiene una estructura y fundamentación tridimensional –
distribución, reconocimiento y representación–, lo cual permite realizar un análisis de las
reivindicaciones por la justicia ecológica desde diferentes puntos. La investigación realizada
siguió la metodología cualitativa, la cual implicó revisión documental e interpretación de los
diferentes documentos; asimismo, se hizo uso de la investigación acción participativa (IAP),
puesto que se realiza un estudio de caso –declaratoria del Parque Nacional Natural Los
Nevados como sujeto de derechos– en el cual la investigadora tuvo la oportunidad de
participar de manera activa en la formulación de acciones desde la Clínica Sociojurídica de
Interés Público de la Universidad de Caldas. Teniendo en cuenta tanto la participación en el
caso como la revisión documental realizada, se pudo concluir que la justicia ecológica, tal y
como está planteada actualmente, contiene vacíos en su conceptualización, lo cual permite
que las reivindicaciones por ésta se agoten con la declaratoria como sujeto de derechos de la
naturaleza, al punto de generarse una división entre ser humano–naturaleza, negando la
adopción de miradas ecosistémicas, en donde el ser humano (incluyendo sus construcciones
sociales y culturales) hace parte de los ecosistemas, lo cual permite afirmar que la efectividad
de dichas declaratorias como sujetos de derecho requiere necesariamente de la inclusión del
factor social y cultural en las decisiones judiciales, políticas públicas, normas, entre otros.eng:The present research work aims to justify the foundation of foundation
of an ecological scale in Nancy Fraser's conceptualization of justice and tradition
normative and criticism of social justice. The above, because the theory of social justice
formulated by this author has a three-dimensional structure and foundation -
distribution, recognition and representation -, which allows an analysis of the
demands for ecological justice from different points. The research carried out
followed the qualitative methodology, which implied documentary review and interpretation of the
different documents; Likewise, participatory action research (PAR) was used,
since a case study is carried out –declaration of the National Natural Park Los
Nevados as a subject of rights - in which the researcher had the opportunity to
actively participate in the formulation of actions from the Socio-Legal Clinic of
Public Interest of the University of Caldas. Taking into account both the participation in the
case such as the documentary review carried out, it could be concluded that ecological justice, as
as currently posed, it contains gaps in its conceptualization, which allows
that the claims for it are exhausted with the declaration as a subject of rights of the
nature, to the point of generating a division between human being and nature, denying the
adoption of ecosystemic views, where human beings (including their constructions
social and cultural) is part of ecosystems, which allows us to affirm that the effectiveness
of said declarations as subjects of law necessarily requires the inclusion of the
social and cultural factor in judicial decisions, public policies, norms, among others.Resumen / Introducción / Sección 1: Del continente de la justicia social a la teoría de la justicia propuesta por Nancy Fraser / El continente de la justicia / Evolución de las formulaciones de la justicia / De la justicia social –origen y evolución– a la teoría de la justicia social de Nancy Fraser / Teoría de la Justicia Social propuesta por Nancy Fraser / Las Escalas de la Justicia: una teoría tridimensional / De la Justicia Ambiental a la Justicia Ecológica / Síntesis / Sección 2: Propuesta de fundamentación de una escala de la justicia ecológica / Planteamiento inicial –continente– de la conceptualización de la justicia ecológica / Los binomios que describen el deterioro planetario y la relación ser humano–naturaleza / Antropoceno y Capitaloceno. / Crisis ecológica y crisis civilizatoria. / El colapso como forma de incluir los binomios en su acepción más crítica. / Problemas de la Justicia Ecológica / Escala Ecológica de la Justicia en el marco de la Teoría Normativa de la Justicia Social propuesta por Nancy Fraser / Síntesis / Sección 3: El giro de la justicia ambiental hacia la escala ecológica. El caso del Parque Nacional Natural de los Nevados y su declaratoria como sujeto de derechos / Clínica Socio–jurídica de Interés Público de la Universidad de Caldas / Línea de Conflictos Ambientales de la CLISPUC / Estudio de caso: Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados y su declaratoria como sujeto de derechos / eneralidades del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados. / La acción de Tutela / Coadyuvancia presentada por la Clínica Socio–jurídica de Interés Público de la Universidad de Caldas. / Fallo de primera instancia / Solicitud de aclaración y adición del fallo realizada por la Clínica Socio–jurídica de Interés Público de la Universidad de Caldas y organizaciones ambientalistas / Fallo de segunda instancia. / La Escala Ecológica en el caso de la declaratoria como sujeto de derecho del PNN / Síntesis / Conclusiones y recomendaciones / Recomendaciones en torno a la propuesta de la escala ecológica de la justicia / Recomendaciones derivadas del estudio de caso / BibliografíaMaestríaMagister en Ecología Humana y Saberes AmbientalesJusticia Ambienta
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