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Caracterização estrutural e polimorfismo de genes candidatos à efetores de Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Get PDFO fungo biotrófico obrigatório Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. e P. Syd. é o agente causador daferrugem asiática da soja (FAS), uma das principais doenças que acomete a cultura da soja(Glycine max). Embora já tenham sido descritos locus de resistência à ferrugem asiática ou Rpp(Resistence to Phakopsora pachyrhizi), ainda não existe cultivares de soja completamenteresistentes à grande diversidade de raças patogênicas do fungo P. pachyrhizi. Durante oprocesso de infecção, o fungo secreta pequenas proteínas ou SSP (Small Secreted Protein) quepodem agir como efetores de virulência (vr) quando o hospedeiro for suscetível ou avirulência(Avr) quando o hospedeiro for resistente. O processo de coevolução entre a soja e o fungo fazcom que as interações Avr-R permaneçam sob constante pressão de seleção. Assim, constataro nível de variação genética em genes candidatos a efetores de P. pachyrhizi poderá permitir acompreensão do processo de seleção atuante, além de auxiliar na identificação dos domínioschave no reconhecimento R-Avr. Recentemente, 13 famílias ou tribos gênicas, enriquecidas emcandidatos à efetores de P. pachyrhizi foram identificadas, e destas, as famílias 1, 2 e 3 forameleitas como principais. No presente trabalho, a estrutura molecular, a variabilidade genética ea filogenia de sete genes candidatos à efetores, distribuídos nas famílias 1 e 3, foram avaliadas.Com o objetivo de observar possíveis padrões de evolução dos polimorfimos e mecanismos deseleção, três isolados do fungo (FTPY15.1M, LDA13.2M e L.PF02B07) produzidos a partir demateriais coletados em diferentes anos e regiões geográficas foram utilizados. Em geral, todosos candidatos avaliados possuem características comuns à outros efetores descritos na literatura:tamanho reduzido, presença de peptídeo sinal de secreção, motivos conservados e resíduos decisteína. Os candidatos pertencentes à família 1 apresentaram maiores índices de polimorfismoscom total de 160 SNPs e 8 substituições não sinônimas comparado com os candidatos da família3 com 48 e 1, respectivamente. Os candidatos da família 1 também apresentaram maiordiversidade filogenética, sendo o 5849 o único capaz de separar os isolados do mesmo efetorem dois clusters e o que também demonstrou resultado significativo para seleção positiva,juntamente com o 2238, ambos com ênfase nos motivos RCR conservados encontrados,sugerindo que estes genes possam realmente atuar como efetor e ainda este motivo ter umimportante papel no reconhecimento pelos genes R.Soybean rust (ASR) caused by the obligate biotrophic fungi Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. &P. is the most devasting diseases affecting the culture (Glycine max). Althoughsix locus for Phakopsora pachyrhizi resistance (Rpp) has been maped in soybean, there are stillno cultivars completely resistant to the great diversity of P. pachyrhizi pathogenic races. Duringthe infection process, the fungi secrets small proteins or SSP (Small Secreted Protein) whichcan act as virulence effectors (vr) when the host is susceptible or avirulence effectors (Avr)when the host is resistant. The coevolution process between soybean and fungus causes theAvr-R interactions to remain under constant selection pressure. Thus, verify the level of geneticvariation in candidates to effector genes into P. pachyrhizi, will improve our comprehension ofthe selection process underlying R-Avr coevolution, besides helping to identify the key domainsin the R-Avr recognition. Recently, 13 families or gene tribes, enriched in candidates for P.pachyrhizi effectors were identified, of these, families 1 to 3 were suggested as the mostimportant. In the present work, the molecular structure, genetic variability and phylogeny ofseven effectors candidate genes distributed in families 1 and 3 were evaluated. In order toobserve possible evolution patterns of the polymorphs and selection mechanisms, three fungusisolates (FTPY15.1M, LDA13.2M and L.PF02B07) produced from materials collected indifferent years and geographic regions were used. In general, all evaluated candidates havecharacteristics common to other effectors described in the literature: reduced size, presence ofsignal peptide secretion, conserved motifs and cysteine residues. Candidates belonging tofamily 1 had higher polymorphism indexes with a total of 160 SNPs and 8 non-synonymoussubstitutions compared to the candidates in family 3 with 48 SNPs and 1non-synonymoussubstitution. Family 1 candidates also had greater phylogenetic diversity. 5849 candidate wasthe only one capable of separating the fungi isolates into two clusters. This candidate and thecandidate 2238 showed a significant detection of positive selection, mainly on conserved RCRmotifs, suggesting that these genes can probably act as effectors and that the RCR motifs canreally plays a role in R-Avr recognition.CAPE
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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