27 research outputs found
La brecha de género en la educación financiera: una perspectiva internacional
Get PDFLos resultados del programa PISA revelan que los hombres obtienen sistemáticamente
mejores puntuaciones medias que las mujeres en las pruebas de competencia financiera.
Este trabajo analiza empíricamente la brecha de género en la competencia financiera de
estudiantes de secundaria en países de la OCDE utilizando datos de PISA 2022. Los
resultados obtenidos confirman que las mujeres obtienen sistemáticamente peores
resultados que los hombres, incluso controlando por variables sociodemográficas,
educativas y culturales. El análisis revela que la brecha no está explicada por
características observadas, lo que sugiere la influencia de factores no observables como
la confianza, los estereotipos de género o normas sociales
La evolución temporal del Gasto en Consumo Final de las Familias
Get PDFLa evolución temporal del gasto en consumo final de las familias es un indicador económico clave que refleja los patrones de consumo y el bienestar económico de los hogares a lo largo del tiempo. Este gasto incluye todas las compras realizadas por los hogares en bienes y servicios para satisfacer sus necesidades diarias, tales como alimentación, vivienda, transporte, salud, educación y ocio.
El análisis de su evolución a lo largo del tiempo permite entender mejor cómo los cambios en la economía, como el crecimiento del PIB, la inflación, las tasas de interés, o las fluctuaciones del mercado laboral, afectan el comportamiento de consumo de las familias. Por ejemplo, durante periodos de recesión económica, las familias tienden a reducir su gasto en bienes no esenciales, mientras que en fases de crecimiento económico, pueden permitirse incrementar su consumo en bienes de lujo o discrecionales.
Además, la evolución del gasto en consumo final también está influenciada por factores demográficos como el envejecimiento de la población, los cambios en la estructura familiar y las tendencias sociales que modifican las prioridades de gasto, como la creciente importancia de la tecnología o la preferencia por productos sostenibles.
En este trabajo se analizarán los datos sobre gasto en consumo final de las familias desde el 2000 al 2020 obtanidos de la Contabilidad Nacional y Regional elaborada por el INE
Drivers of change in the European youth employment: a comparative structural decomposition analysis
No full textThis paper uses a structural decomposition approach to examine the proximate causes of change in the EU15 youth workforce from 1995 to 2011. Besides the traditional sources considered by the literature, I include age-specific factors: a labor utilization index that accounts for the hours that employed youth work by showing the extent of part-time contracts; an age mix factor that indicates the share that youth comprise of total employment and, finally, changes in the inverse of the overall sectoral labor productivity, which describes variations in total labor demand. By applying this approach, I identify the core drivers behind the recent changes in the evolution of youth employment in each of the 15 countries; this is crucial for tailoring policy strategies. Results suggest that to foster youth employment, most Mediterranean countries should implement youth-specific measures while other EU15 countries could do so by enhancing overall employment
Tourism and income distribution: general equilibrium models applied to the Galician economy
No full textTourism is a growing economic activity. Even in a moment of crisis like present days,
different organizations estimate that the evolution of tourism variables are going to
increase more than triple the estimated growth for the whole economy. In this
context, it is normal that specializated literature were focused on analyzing the
economic impact of tourism, more related to the studies on its quantitative aspects
(impact on GVA, employment, production, taxes, etc.) and not paying much attention
to the qualitative analysis.
However, the relationship between income distribution and economic growth is a
topic which, in one way or another, must come to light in any economic debate. In all
economic processes we know that there are some people winners and others losers.
Or at least ones that get more benefits than others. With tourism is not going to be
different. The revenues generated in the production process in order to satisfy tourist
demand is distributed throughout the economic cycle to become part of the
disposable income of the resident families. But this is not distributed equitably. There
are some types of households that earn more income than others. The question is: can
we identify them a priori? The answer is yes. In fact, the main objective of this work is
to identify these groups in the Galician context. The way to identify them is through
general equilibrium models that consider the economy as a whole, allowing a
dissagregation by types of households and covering the circular flow of income,
completely and endogenously.
It is certainly important to know the impact of tourism on income and what represents
on Gross Domestic Product or Gross Value Added of the economy. But this is not
enough. We consider that we must take a step further and try to know how it is
distributed among the different institutional sectors
COVID-19 e os seus efectos económicos: rupturas nas cadeas de valor e cambios nos patróns de consumo
Get PDFA new approach for estimating trade elasticities and measuring the productivity effects associated with trade
Get PDFAlthough there is an extensive literature on the measurement of total factor productivity (TFP) and its decomposition, the benefits of international trade for aggregate TFP have been less frequently studied. Combining the
theoretical trade models and the so-called proxy-variable approach, this paper provides a new method for
estimating trade elasticities based on a production model where trade elasticities and technological parameters
are estimated simultaneously. Our proposed model is used to analyse the main determinants of the degrees of
openness (embeddedness) of countries and sectors. Using data from the World Input-Output Database, we find
that the pecuniary productivity gains attributable to embeddedness tend, on average, to offset its effect on
sectors’ underlying productivity. We also use the model to measure the different factors affecting productivity
changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We find that the trade-related consequences are important in explaining
the contraction in countries’ productions.Spanish research project "Intersectoral and regional effects of institutional responses to the COVID-19 epidemic" [PID2020-113076 GB-I00
Tourism and income distribution:Evidence from a developed regional economy
No full textThe ways in which tourism consumption affects income distribution involves three channels: changes in prices, earnings of households and government revenues. In this paper, we focus our analysis on the latter two channels through a social accounting matrix (SAM) model of Galicia for the year 2008. This SAM, which is elaborated with a special design for the evaluation of tourism policies, incorporates data for a wide variety of households (eight different types disaggregated by level of income), two governments (regional and central), four types of taxes, four wage earners (classified by education skill) and 29 sectors, among other figures. Furthermore, with the purpose of going deeper into the distributive effects, the traditional multiplicative and additive SAM multiplier decompositions are presented. Results show that the positive effects on all income groups are significant. However, high-income households benefit more than low income ones, contributing to a slight increase in income inequality within the region
Exploring the Spatial Link Between Tourism and Construction: How Touristic Landmarks Affect the Second-Home Market in Spain
No full textIncome distributions in multi-sector analysis; Miyazawa’s fundamental equation of income formation revisited
Get PDFIn standard type 1 input-output models, households’ activities are part of the exogenous final demand. This means that their scale and composition are exogenously determined. That is, if some other final demand categories change (say public investment or exports) this does not influence the behaviour of the household categories. In type 2 input-output models households’ activities are explained endogenously to capture the possibility of mutual interaction between household categories and productive sectors. In this area, Miyazawa (1976) proposed a novel way of modeling the endogenization of households’ activities. In modeling terms, Miyazawa’s proposition resulted in the so-called ‘fundamental equation of income formation’, core of which is an extended input coefficients matrix. This extended coefficients matrix produced several new types of multiplier matrices and explains industrial gross output and households’ income in terms of non-household final demand in great detail. The model is traditionally solved by inverting the new extended coefficients matrix, which often generates highly complex outcomes in terms of convoluted multiplier matrices. Consequently, the link between final demand impulses, gross outputs and income formation is not straightforward, working sometimes in different directions. Regarding this aspect, as we shall show, there is a second way to solve Miyazawa’s fundamental equation, which is much more transparent. This second way shows that Miyazawa type endogenization means that gross output and (remaining) final demand are directly linked via a new type of coefficients matrix. This matrix is the sum of the traditional matrix of intermediate input coefficients and a number of matrices of rank 1, each one corresponding to an endogenized households category. The existence of this matrix makes several new applications possible including the study of shifts over time in the distribution of income and (un)employment between the households categories involved. In an appendix we briefly focus on the link between the use of matrices of rank 1 in, respectively, Leontief, Sraffa and Miyazawa input-output economics
