130,766 research outputs found
Dick Calloway portrait in Moslah Patrol fez
No full textDick Calloway portrait in Moslah Patrol fezhttps://mavmatrix.uta.edu/specialcollections_wdsmithphotography/3306/thumbnail.jp
Integrative and predictive processes in text reading: The N400 across a sentence boundary
No full textIn the present study we used two experiments to test whether readers use integrative (retrospective), predictive (prospective), or both processes when reading words across a sentence boundary. We used Experiment 1 to determine whether prediction and integration could be measured as distinct processes. Response times (RTs) to determining whether probe words occurred in a previous sentence were measured. Critical probes were either high or low predictable words, given a context sentence. Both word types were easy to integrate, fitting well with the previous sentence. Results showed high predictable words had longer RTs than low predictable words, demonstrating that prediction and integration are distinct processes. In Experiment 2 we aimed to determine which processes were used when reading across a sentence boundary using event-related potentials (ERPs). The ERP component of interest was the N400, an indicator of semantic fit. We measured processing differences for high and low predictable words that were matched for integrability in sentence pairs. In a control condition, words were unpredictable and difficult to integrate. There was no difference in word processing (indicated by N400 amplitudes) between high and low predictable words across a sentence boundary. However, both word types were easier to process (reduced N400s) than control conditions. Findings show semantic overlap from word- and sentence-level activations facilitate integration in cross-sentence boundary reading
Why do You Read? Toward a More Comprehensive Model of Reading Comprehension: The Role of Standards of Coherence, Reading Goals, and Interest
No full textReaders read for different purposes and the texts they read vary in topic and difficulty. These situational factors influence standards of coherence—how much understanding a reader aims to have for a given text. Three studies examined whether individual differences in reader-based standards of coherence influenced off-line and on-line comprehension. Study 1 designed and evaluated a self-report measure of reader-based standards of coherence. For an adult community sample, an exploratory factor analysis found that the reader-based standards of coherence measure had four factors: 1) intrinsic reading goals, 2) extrinsic reading goals and learning strategies, 3) desire to understand and reading regulation strategies, and 4) desired reading difficulty. The measure predicted readers’ reading habits. Study 2 positioned reader-based standards of coherence within a structural equation model of reading comprehension and the findings supported predictions from the Simple View of Reading (Gough & Tunmer, 1986) and the Reading Systems Framework (Perfetti, 1999; Perfetti & Stafura, 2014). College students’ listening comprehension and vocabulary knowledge directly affected reading comprehension and decoding ability and reading experience indirectly affected reading comprehension via vocabulary knowledge. Crucially, the structural equation model showed that students with higher reader-based standards of coherence sought out more reading experiences, indirectly affecting vocabulary knowledge. Study 3 tested effects of reader-based standards of coherence, comprehension goal (answering open-ended questions vs. phrase matching), and interest on on-line reading and listening comprehension. Participants with the goal to answer open-ended questions read more slowly than those who completed a phrase matching task, indicating that comprehension goals influenced reading regulation strategies. Additionally, participants with more reading experience and more interest read passages more quickly. Participants across both comprehension goal conditions showed evidence of activating bridging inferences during reading and listening comprehension tasks; however, only participants with high interest showed evidence of activating predictive inferences during reading. Finally, reader-based standards of coherence predicted participants’ interest in the passages they comprehended only in more difficult comprehension situations. Overall, the studies demonstrate that reader-based standards of coherence, interest in text material, and reading-related skills help explain sources of comprehension failures in adult readers
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Scholarly Communication and Publishing Lunch and Learn Talk #11: The ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund
No full textAt the May 2014 talk, you will learn about the ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund--what it is, why we do it, how it works, and how the program is going so far
The R&D Tax Incentives
No full textThis article sets out some background information and reflections of the author on the R&D tax incentive schemes included in the Common Corporate Tax Base (CCTB) Proposal. In particular the author analyzes the stimulus to private R&D through ad hoc tax incentives included in the CCTB Proposal and dives into the actual provisions included in the Proposal highlighting the most relevant issues connected with their design and interpretation. Moreover, the author explores the interaction between the CCTB Proposal and the granting by Member States of domestic R&D tax incentives
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