130,781 research outputs found
Accelerating Regular-Expression Matching on FPGAs with High-Level Synthesis
No full textThe importance of security infrastructures for high-throughput networks has rapidly grown as a result of expanding internet traffic and increasingly high-bandwidth connections. Intrusion-detection systems (IDSs), such as SNORT, rely upon rule sets designed to alert system administrators of malicious packets. Methods for deep-packet inspection, which often depend upon regular-expression searches, can be accelerated on programmable-logic (PL) architectures using non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs). Prior designs have relied upon register-transfer level (RTL) design descriptions and have achieved efficient resource utilization through fine-grained optimizations. New advances made by field-programmable gate array (FPGA) vendors have led to powerful compiler toolchains for OpenCL and SYCL that allow for rapid development on PL architectures while generating competitive designs in terms of performance. The goal of this research is to evaluate performance differences between a custom, SYCL- and OpenCL-based, acceleration architecture for regular expressions and comparable RTL-based designs. The simplicity of the application, which requires only basic hardware building blocks, adds to the novelty of the comparison. In contrast to prior RTL-based solutions, which show frequency degradation with bandwidth scaling, this approach is able to maintain stable and high operating frequencies at the cost of resource usage. By scaling input bandwidth with multi-character transformations, high-throughput designs can be realized.Using Intel's OpenCL compiler, throughputs in excess of 17 Gbps can be achieved on Intel’s Arria 10 Programmable Acceleration Card and 19.4 Gbps with Intel's Stratix 10 Programmable Acceleration Card, outperforming similar designs with RTL, as reported in the literature. SYCL-based designs, synthesized with Intel's oneAPI compiler show performance degradation but still achieve higher throughput, up to 15.6 Gbps, than past RTL-based implementations. Overall, OpenCL and SYCL development yields both competitive results, when compared to the fine-grained RTL development process, and many ease-of-use improvements and design abstractions
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Scholarly Communication and Publishing Lunch and Learn Talk #11: The ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund
No full textAt the May 2014 talk, you will learn about the ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund--what it is, why we do it, how it works, and how the program is going so far
The R&D Tax Incentives
No full textThis article sets out some background information and reflections of the author on the R&D tax incentive schemes included in the Common Corporate Tax Base (CCTB) Proposal. In particular the author analyzes the stimulus to private R&D through ad hoc tax incentives included in the CCTB Proposal and dives into the actual provisions included in the Proposal highlighting the most relevant issues connected with their design and interpretation. Moreover, the author explores the interaction between the CCTB Proposal and the granting by Member States of domestic R&D tax incentives
An architecture for sensate robots : real time social-gesture recognition using a full body array of touch sensors
No full textThesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references.Touch plays a central role in social expression but, so far, research into social touch behaviors for robots has been almost. non-existent. Embodied machines have the unique capability to sense human body language, which will enable robots to better comprehend, anticipate and respond to their human companions in a natural way.This thesis addresses the novel field of sensate touch by (1) creating the first. robot with full Body sensate touch and with on-screen visualization, (2) establishing a library of salient social gestures through behavioral studies, (3) implementing a first-pass touch gesture recognition system in real-time, an(d (4) running a small pilot study with children to evaluate classifications and test the device's acceptance/utility with humans. Such research is critical path to conceiving and advancing thee use of machine touch to better integrate robots in.to human social environments.All of the above will be incorporated into the huggable robotic teddy bear at the MIT Media Lab's Personal Robotics group and makes use of the Sensitive Skins circuit design created in Dan Stiehl's Masters thesis. This implementation substantially reduces his proposed total sensor numbers and type, modularizes sensors into two uniform shapes, and extends his valuable work on a single body sections to an evaluation of sensors over the entire surface of the robot.Heather-Marie Callanan Knight.M.Eng
Building hepatocytes a home: new frontiers in bioactive scaffolding techniques for liver tissue engineering
No full textLiver disease is one of the top five leading causes of premature death in the UK, with incidence rising
sharply by 20% over the last decade, and mortality increasing over 400% since 1970. Liver disease
incidence and mortality is rising in stark contrast to trends in the other top healthcare burdens, with
stroke, cancer, heart disease and lung disease incidence and mortality rates plummeting and
continuing to fall.
Liver disease’s hallmark pathology of late diagnosis and rapid acute disease progression leads to an
urgent need for donor organs; the only curative treatment for end stage liver disease. However, a
chronic and ongoing shortage of suitable organs for transplant means many die before a donor liver
can be found, and countless others live with severe, debilitating symptoms at a high cost to both the
patient and the healthcare system.
As part of the push for a solution to this problem, tissue engineers are focussing on creating niche
microenvironments for hepatocytes which support their survival and function in as close to an in vivo
like state as possible; addressing the need for an ideal in vitro model of the human liver and for lab
created ‘organoids’ which could be used to treat patients. Such an environment would allow for the
study of new pharmaceuticals, disease biology and hepatocyte behaviour in the laboratory and lead
to more effective treatments for patients. While research to date is making inroads into this dilemma,
we are yet to see a lab created environment which accurately recapitulates the complex, finely tuned
and responsive extracellular matrix (ECM) of the liver. In an effort to address this, researchers have
been incorporating bioactivity into scaffold environments for hepatocytes.
This thesis presents three methods of incorporating bioactivity into scaffolds for liver tissue
engineering; drug induced ECM biodecoration, synthetically derived ECM biodecoration and
decellularized human liver ECM incorporation. Scaffolds were seeded with hepatocyte cells and their
response to their microenvironment analysed. Mechanical characterisation and
immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated the differences between the scaffold and the ECM
biodecoration, as well as retention of ECM proteins through the manufacturing process. Each method
altered the protein production and gene expression of hepatocytes, indicating that these methods
provide a viable, translatable platform for creating a niche microenvironment for hepatocytes,
supporting and manipulating phenotype and function. These scaffolds offer great potential for tissue
engineering and regenerative medicine strategies for liver and a translatable method for other whole
organ tissue engineering
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