1,721,110 research outputs found
América latina como espacio de experimentación y confrontación
No full textLa Guerra Fría fue un fenómeno clave para entender la deriva histórica del siglo XX. Los años 60 constituyeron una coyuntura especial, ante los desafíos planteados por la descolonización, las expectativas de cambio en los países en vías de desarrollo y el ascenso de movimientos revolucionarios en el “Tercer Mundo”. La rivalidad entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética por aumentar sus espacios de influencia no se limitó a la esfera política-militar; también compitieron por ver qué modelo de modernización resultaba más atractivo: si el estadounidense basado en la libertad de mercado, o el soviético sustentado en la planificación estatal. América Latina fue, sobre todo para Washington, una región especialmente sensible, con el reto añadido de contrarrestar el atractivo de Fidel Castro, y su pretensión de crear focos de disidencia anti-yanqui en el resto del continente.
Este libro colectivo examina la oleada modernizadora que la potencia capitalista trató de irradiar a sus vecinos del sur, para transmitirles el “camino correcto” hacia el progreso, librándoles del caos político y social que desde la óptica estadounidense se asociaba al comunismo. A menudo con la complicidad de actores locales, el gobierno de Estados Unidos intentó aplicar su modelo, Made in USA, para mejorar las condiciones socioeconómicas de sus interlocutores de América Latina. La evolución de aquel proyecto demostró que se aspiraba a forjar un “Americano Imposible” (parafraseando The Quiet American de Graham Greene, ambientada en el conflicto de Vietnam). La implementación de lo proyectado entrañaba gran dificultad. De un lado, las aspiraciones de las sociedades a transformar divergían de la estrategia modernizadora impulsada desde Washington. Del otro, buena parte de las élites conservadoras latinoamericanas recelaban de las derivas del proceso. En no pocos casos, cuando la persuasión no funcionó, se echó mano de la contrainsurgencia. Se examinan aquí el desarrollo económico y los cambios sociales, las respuestas en clave nacionalista, las transferencias científico-tecnológicas, el papel de la diplomacia pública o algunas de sus derivaciones sindicales
Exploring the liberal transformation: The Rockefeller Foundation and the Green Revolution in Chile
No full textThis chapter analyzes the role played by the Rockefeller Foundation in Chile from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s in relation to an agricultural development program under the umbrella of the so-called Green Revolution. This case study, not sufficiently analyzed by historiography, delves into the The Chilean case, a country of special interest, representing a territory of modernizing experimentation on the part of private US actors, shows how this process occurred even before the better-known cases of Asian countries. Indeed, it was one of the most deeply integrated in the Green Revolution. The sources used, from the Rockefeller Foundation archive, show consistent circulation and exchange of seeds, techniques, and experts. In addition, they provide us with key information on the complementarity of interests between the U.S. foreign policy (for which Chile was a privileged interlocutor), the philanthropic foundation, and hemispheric organizations of agricultural modernization
US public diplomacy strategies in Latin America in recent historiographical debates
No full textThis chapter is an overview of recent historiographical debate on US public diplomacy strategies in Latin America, of particular importance during the 1960s when the leadership of the United States
had been questioned after the Cuban Revolution.
The implicit mandate was “No more Cubas” so that what happened in the
Caribbean country would not spread to other countries. The actions of the United
States toward its southern neighbors in the first half of the twentieth century are
quite well known. In contrast, Latin American scenarios of the Cultural Cold War
have remained relatively less well known. The contributors and editors of this
volume examine various facets and means of action used by the “US machinery
of persuasion” with the aim of disseminating the virtues of its socioeconomic and
political model, including both public and private efforts, and the significance of
nonstate actors. Subjects examined include the impact of the theory of modernization;
anti-Americanism; the deployment of public diplomacy in the region; the activities
of the Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Rockefeller Foundation; and the
influence of these efforts on sporting, artistic, and musical events.
This volume will be of value to students an
“¡Unamos nuestras manos!” Tracce e frammenti della solidarietà italiana alle donne latinoamericane durante i regimi autoritari (1964-1990)
Full text linkThe essay is focused on a specific component of the Italian solidarity toward the victims of Latin American military coups: women’s association, as widely known, a plural world. Based on primary sources, it considers the time span included between the first episode of that kind – the Brazilian coup of 1964 – and Chile’s 1973 one, an experience that produced a widespread and constant interaction between civil society and political institutions in our country. Through fund raising, counter information and multiple forms of denounce, several female associations in Italy have made their voice heard in support of the victims – women themselves – of political repression in Latin America during the ‘long seventies’. It was a decade in which, along with women’s enhanced participation in the public sphere, transnational activism began to denounce authoritarian regimes’ human rights abuses.
The essay is focused on a specific component of the Italian solidarity toward the victims of Latin American military coups: women’s association, as widely known, a plural world. Based on primary sources, it considers the time span included between the first episode of that kind – the Brazilian coup of 1964 – and Chile’s 1973 one, an experience that produced a widespread and constant interaction between civil society and political institutions in our country. Through fund raising, counter information and multiple forms of denounce, several female associations in Italy have made their voice heard in support of the victims – women themselves – of political repression in Latin America during the ‘long seventies’. It was a decade in which, along with women’s enhanced participation in the public sphere, transnational activism began to denounce authoritarian regimes’ human rights abuses.
 
Il corpo del Caribe. Le politiche sulla riproduzione tra Puerto Rico e Stati Uniti (1898-1993)
No full textAncora poco esplorato nella storia delle relazioni interamericane durante il XX secolo risulta il tema del controllo delle nascite e della popolazione, al crocevia tra interessi pubblici e privati. La ricerca è centrata sulle politiche della riproduzione a Puerto Rico, un contesto sinora trascurato dalla storiografia americanistica italiana a dispetto della sua singolarità: costituisce uno scenario privilegiato di osservazione dei rapporti tra Stati Uniti e America Latina sin dal 1898. Microcosmo politicamente ambiguo dato il suo status semi-coloniale, lacerato tra un’identità latina e cattolica e la tensione verso il colosso imperiale, l’isola rappresenta un laboratorio sociale sul quale l’amministrazione statunitense esercita precocemente quella “ossessione modernizzatrice” che investirà tutta la regione sottostante. Attraverso fonti statunitensi e portoricane, questo studio indaga su come, dagli anni Venti agli anni Ottanta del Novecento, diversi attori sociali hanno interagito, negoziato e sono stati coinvolti in intense polemiche su due tematiche che segnano la peculiarità della storia insulare e incendiano il dibattito pubblico: le sterilizzazioni femminili e i primi esperimenti su ingenti dosaggi ormonali al fine di commercializzare le prime pillole anticoncezionali. Scandiscono la narrazione le vicende biografiche di tre donne particolarmente significative per la storia della pianificazione familiare e per quella dell’isola caraibica: Margaret Sanger e Katharine Dexter McCormick, attiviste statunitensi, ed Helen Rodríguez-Trías, dottoressa portoricana tra New York e San Juan
Un continente in fermento. Gli anni Venti latinoamericani tra ordine oligarchico e società di massa
Full text linkIl contributo fornisce un quadro d’insieme sul dibattito storiografico relativo a un momento di passaggio cruciale nel ventesimo secolo latinoamericano, gli anni Venti: scenario di importanti cambiamenti sociali, politici e culturali che fungono da cornice alle avanguardie artistiche e letterarie. L’obiettivo è contestualizzare storicamente la genesi di diversi movimenti culturali locali e aiutare alla comprensione di questi in relazione al contesto nazionale, regionale e internazionale. Dopo una prima riflessione concernente possibili ipotesi di periodizzazione in merito all’arco temporale delle avanguardie, il saggio passa in rassegna, attraverso diversi casi nazione, alcuni grandi nodi problematici che segnano l’identità latinoamericana dell’epoca, come il nazionalismo, la questione agraria, il complesso rapporto con la potenza statunitense.This essay aims to reconstruct the overall historiographical debate around the 1920s, a
crucial watershed in Latin American 20th century, that gave birth to several social, political and
cultural events during the literary and artistic avant-garde movements. The goal of this
contribution is therefore to historically contextualize the genesis of cultural movements in their
local, regional and international dimension. After illustrating different stances about the
periodization of the chronological framework that encompasses the avant-garde tendencies, we
will take into account, through different case studies, some broad issues that mark Latin
American identity at that time, such as nationalism, agrarian reforms, and the troublesome
relation with the imperial power of the United States
Le transizioni democratiche in America Latina. Argentina e Cile a confronto (1983-2023)
No full textTransitions to democracy in Latin America : a comparison between Argentina and Chil
De emigrantes a exiliados: trayectorias de migración profesional y política entre el Cono Sud, Europa y Estados Unidos (1973-1983)
No full textCombinando l'uso di testimonianze orali e fonti di archivio l'articolo ricostruisce le vicende personali e politiche di alcuni emigranti ed esiliati dal cono sud latinoamericano agli Stati Uniti nei primi anni settanta, nella particolare congiuntura politica dei golpes autoritari. A una parte descrittiva è affiancata una riflessione di carattere storiografico sulla flessibilitá/permeabilità delle categorie di esilio, migrazione, rifugio politico
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