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    The sealed osteons of cortical diaphyseal bone. Early observations revisited with scanning electron microscopy.

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    The frequency, structure, mode of formation and significance of sealed osteons remain unsettled. Sealed osteons have been reported as an unusual finding in the cortical bone of experimental animals: we extended the observation to human cortical bone studied with SEM. Tibial bone specimens from three patients who sustained a traumatic below-the-knee amputation were used in the study. The observed total mean density of osteons was 19.25/mm2 and the percentage of sealed and partially sealed osteons was 4.2% and 1.7% respectively. The material sealing the central canal showed an X-ray microanalysis spectrum with the same Ca/P ratio as the peripheral lamellae and a lower carbon signal. The morphology suggested a reactivation of bone apposition triggered by exclusion of the occluded canal from blood flow rather than a physiological evolution of the closing process of secondary osteons. This presupposes collapse and degeneration of the central vessel before the osteoblasts resting on the inner surface of the canal could start to lay down new bone matrix. This explanation is consistent with a dynamic model of intracortical blood flow

    Imageability of Geo-Mining Heritage. Case Study of Nebida Settlement, Geo-Mining Park Sardinia (Italy)

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    With respect to the scale of observation and the low-urbanized context, this paper argues perceptual qualities that help the interpretation of heritage settings experienced by walking. Focused on physical environmental indicators and aesthetic qualities to be used in Geo-mining heritage settings, the paper redefined qualities of visual impact from previous findings including geometric features of a path (profile and edges) and imageability as comprehensive perceptual quality. Selected indicators were implemented at two selected routes in the ex-mining settlement of Nebida. Results demonstrated relationships between indicators of path geometry and of imageability; the more complex geometry, the more diverse imageability and experience of walking. Moreover, in the case of Nebida, a planned and maintained route offers a less direct and variable experience of Geo-mining heritage than an informal track beaten by hikers
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