1,720,978 research outputs found
Grammatica generativa e variazione
No full textLa teoria generativa considera la grammatica una conoscenza rappresentata nella mente del parlante, e mette il parlante al centro della ricerca. La teoria considera il suo oggetto di ricerca, la lingua interiore (I-language), come un sistema ideale, completamente fisso e compatto, con regole ineccepibili che producono un unico risultato osservabile; il “parlante nativo” ideale è competente di una sola lingua. D’altra parte è facile osservare che nella realtà le comunità linguistiche non sono compatte e uniformi, e, cosa ancor più problematica per la teoria, che uno stesso parlante produce dati variabili in momenti diversi. La teoria generativa non può ignorare la variazione, sia dentro la mente del parlante nativo reale (la variabilità dei dati che egli produce), sia dentro una qualsiasi comunità linguistica; anche se la teoria ha come oggetto la lingua interiore, la variazione nella comunità a cui il parlante appartiene è altrettanto rilevante, in quanto è proprio a partire dai dati linguistici variabili prodotti da questa comunità che l’individuo — acquisendo una lingua — deve formarsi una grammatica coerente, ovvero un insieme di grammatiche coerenti.
Anche se tutto questo è indiscutibile, è necessario che la teoria tratti la variazione in modo da poter produrre sul linguaggio e su singole grammatiche un’ipotesi empirica falsificabile.
Il lavoro presenta situazioni concrete di variazione e cerca di elaborare riflessioni più preciseSi trattano separatamente i diversi aspetti, cercando ugualmente di non oscurare i legami forti e complessi che li collegano. Il lavoro si concentra esclusivamente sulla sintassi, perché è l’area su cui più intensamente le autrici hanno fatto ricerca; la stessa discussione potrebbe essere applicata, o adattata, alla variazione fonologica e morfologica. Nel § 2, si esamina la variazione laboviana dal punto di vista del parlante e dal punto di vista del linguista. Nel § 3, si affronta il problema che questo tipo di variazione presenta per la teoria del clustering, l’aggregazione di fenomeni riconoscibili come la manifestazione di un’unica proprietà astratta della grammatica; nel § 4 si discute la relazione fra variazione e mutamento linguistico; nel § 5, come conclusione, si esamina una serie di variazioni relative alla negazione postverbale in varietà romanze del nord Italia, che permettono di ricapitolare i concetti presentati nel lavoro. Benché apparentemente simili, i comportamenti delle diverse varietà rivelano all'analisi meccanismi distinti: accanto a variazioni riconducibili a diverse proprietà minime della grammatica, troviamo un caso che si deve riconoscere come possibilità di libera scelta per il parlante, senza alcun correlato grammaticale, connesso a una specifica condizione sociolinguistica
Towards a finer-grained theory of Italian participial clausal architecture
Full text linkMuch of the recent literature on clitic placement in the Romance languages is converging on the
idea that the clause contains three different domains for complement clitic placement. Benincà
(2006), for example, provides arguments based on Medieval Romance for a complement clitic
placement site in the C-domain (see also Benincà, 1983 and Uriagereka, 1995); Kayne (1989,
1991) gives arguments based on French and Italian for complement clitic placement in the Idomain
(see also Martins, 1994 for Portuguese); and, more recently, Cardinaletti and Shlonsky
(2004), Cardinaletti (2008), Ledgeway and Lombardi (2004), and Tortora (2000, 2002, to appear)
provide evidence for a relatively low clitic placement site, immediately outside the VP (the Vdomain).
The question of whether all three domains (C, I, and V) could be available for complement
clitics in a single language, or whether languages only make available one or the other domain,
is an empirical question which needs to be examined on a language by language basis. A
related theoretical question (but one which we do not address in this paper) is why some languages
utilize one domain and not the others.
The paper is organized as follows: in section 2.1, we present evidence from the behavior of
Impersonal si for low clitic placement in Italian participial clauses. In section 2.2, we support the
conclusion drawn in section 2.1 by examining the behavior of the clitic ci as it is used with the
Italian verb volerci ‘to be necessary.’ We show that the behavior and interpretation of this verb in
participial clauses (which is more restricted than that found in finite clauses) is best understood if
we take participial clauses to have no access to the higher inflectional field. Section 3 concludes
On Clausal Architecture: Evidence from Complement Clitic Placement in Romance
Full text linkThe paper expands on previous work (Benincà 1983; Benincà 2006; Benincà and Tortora 2009; Tortora 2002; Tortora to appear), in which we argue that certain patterns of complement clitic placement in Romance varieties reveal that clausal architecture provides at least three different domains of placement for complement clitics, what we have termed the C-domain, the I-domain, and the V-domain. Specifically, we have shown that some languages (such as Borgomanerese, a Piedmontese dialect) utilize only one domain (in this case, the V-domain), no matter what the nature of the clause (interrogative, declarative, or imperative; matrix or embedded; finite or non-finite), while other languages utilize more than one domain, depending on clause type. For example, Italian arguably utilizes the I-domain in finite clauses, but the V-domain in participial clauses (see Benincà & Tortora 2009 and Tortora to appear for arguments for the latter). This paper adds to the empirical base supporting this view of the clause and of clitic syntax by examining a previously unnoticed restriction on complement clitic placement in Paduan (a Veneto dialect), which depends on clause type; it is our hope that the more wide-ranging the empirical findings, the better a position we will be in to understand the nature of the restrictions on complement clitic placement; this in turn, we hope, will contribute to our understanding of the nature of clausal architecture, as well as to our understanding of the nature of clitic pronouns themselves (independent of the question of their placement in the clause).
Specifically, we look at the behavior of the verb volerghe ‘to be necessary’, which is composed of the verb volere ‘to want’ and the clitic ghe. As we will see, the behavior of this clitic, when used with this verb in simple tense and participial clauses, is variable, suggesting an analysis whereby the participial clause has a lower clitic placement site than the simple tense clause
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
