1,721,019 research outputs found
GLI ENTI DI CLASSIFICAZIONE DELLE NAVI E IL PROBLEMA DEL-LA LORO RESPONSABILITÀ VERSO TERZI
Full text linkShips are subject to surveys carried out to verify their compliance to certain standards. These surveys are mostly performed by classification societies, entities formed starting from the seventeenth century and that went developing technical knowledge in sea going vessels’ structural requirements and a network of surveyors able to operate all over the world. Classification societies verify and certify the conditions of a ship at the time it is surveyed. The certificates issued by classification societies state a ship’s compliance with technical requirements. These requirements can be established either from the classification societies itself in its rules for classification of ships (class certificates) or from the relevant regulation of the Flag State of the ship (statutory certificates).
When a ship, despite the information contained in a valid certificate, fails to comply with the relevant regulations, it represents a potential source of damage for a wide variety of stakeholders. The damage can be to the detriment of the ship owner who contracts with a classification society for its vessel to be surveyed as well as harming third parties who are not in a contract binding the classification society to perform ship surveys with the required diligence.
This study analyzes the role of classification societies in the maritime industry and explores the legal issues surrounding the liability of classification societies towards third parties. By scrutinizing both foreign and domestic case law it aims to assess the actions that third parties can bring against a classification society to recover from damages under Italian law and the nature of this liabilityLe navi, sin dalla loro costruzione, sono sottoposte a visite e ispezioni volte a verificare la loro conformità a standard predeterminati. Tali verifiche sono perlopiù eseguite dagli enti di classificazione delle navi, organismi sorti a partire dalla fine del XVII secolo che hanno sviluppato nel tempo altissime competenze tecniche - fino a elaborare dei regolamenti indicanti le caratteristiche strutturali che rendono una nave affidabile - e un'organizzazione che consente loro di eseguire visite e ispezioni in tutto il mondo. Gli enti di classificazione, anche detti registri o società di classificazione, attraverso la propria attività, controllano che la nave abbia determinate caratteristiche e ne certificano lo stato. Con i certificati viene attestata la rispondenza della nave sia ai regolamenti dei registri stessi sia alla normativa che determina i requisiti affinché la nave possa legittimamente intraprendere la navigazione.
Quando una nave, pur avendo valide certificazioni, è carente dei requisiti da queste attestati, possono verificarsi diverse tipologie di eventi pregiudizievoli. Eventuali danni possono colpire non solo l’armatore, il quale normalmente incarica l’ente di classificazione a compiere le sue attività in relazione alla propria nave ed è pertanto controparte di un contratto con l’ente stesso, ma anche soggetti terzi.
Il presente elaborato, partendo dall’analisi dell’attività dei registri di classificazione, si propone esaminare la configurabilità di una responsabilità degli enti di classificazione nei confronti di tali soggetti terzi e di indagarne la natura in relazione alle diverse fattispecie ipotizzabili
Endogenous and asymmetric magnetic reconnection with associated processes of relevance to fusion burning plasmas
No full textAn endogenous magnetic reconnection process is characterized by a driving factor that lays within the layer where a drastic change of magnetic field topology occurs. This kind of process is shown to take place in the presence of an electron temperature gradient in a well-confined plasma where, referring to quasi-collisionless regimes, the resulting electron temperature fluctuations can be anisotropic. Then a class of (radially) localized reconnecting modes is identified. These involve a transverse generated field (B) over tilde (x) of odd parity (as a function of the radial variable), and have finite (phase) velocities of propagation contrary to commonly considered reconnecting modes. The widths of the relevant reconnection layers remain significant even when large macroscopic distances are considered. Given that there are plasmas in the Universe with considerable electron thermal energy contents, these features can be relied upon in order to produce magnetic field generation, or conversion of magnetic energy into particle energy when the coupling of the localized odd modes to extended even modes can be significant. In any case, the resulting magnetic islands are not symmetric. With their excitation these modes can extract momentum from the main body of the plasma column which should recoil in the opposite direction. The excitation of antisymmetric endogenous modes is shown to be relevant to the electron temperature heating due to the reaction products in a fusion burning plasma as, in this case, the longitudinal thermal conductivity on selected rational magnetic surfaces can be decreased, relative to its collisional value, by the effects of reconnection. This kind of steepening is proposed to have a role in enhancing the growth rate of the instability involved in disruption events of the plasma column. The best agreement between theory and experiments concerning the onset of magnetic reconnection is (probably) represented by the theory of the internal kink mode. The observed accelerated reconnection rate following the onset is suggested as being explained by the formation of a relatively large magnetic island with a local steepening of the electron temperature gradient. A new kind of odd 'thermonuclear heating' mode associated with symmetric reconnection is identified
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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