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(19(1):6-26)STUDIES ON RELATION OF RETTING AND PROCESSING JUTE AND KENAF TO THERIR FIBER QUALITIES
No full text（一）浸練，為對黃麻纖維品質最具影響之因子，本研究乃從事（Ⅰ）黃麻鮮皮浸水時不同處理及浸水日數對纖維品質之影響，及（Ⅱ）基部未分離黃麻纖維之處理對於其品質之影響，兩項試驗，以探究改造黃麻浸練技術，期使本省得以生產品質優良之纖維，供省內製袋，並進而拓展外銷，爭取外匯。
（二）鮮皮浸水時不同處理及浸水日數對纖維品質之影響，試驗結果，綜述如下：
1.精洗率與浸練日數有關，浸練6天者，平均精洗率為9.7％，9天者為9.2％，12天為8.7％，16天為81％，即洗練日數愈短，精洗率愈高。
2.精洗麻拉力之高低，與浸練用水關係不大，浸練時覆蓋麻桿，或壓麻距水面深20～30公分，所得纖維，其拉力較不覆蓋者為高，不同之浸練天數為對纖維拉力影響最大之因子，浸練6天者平均拉力負荷為33.66～26.85磅，16天者為15.67～10.46磅，且其差異均呈極顯著標準，故縮短浸練，為提高拉力最有效之方法。
3.結節力、耐摩力、耐屈力等纖維品質，與拉力相仿，浸練用水及覆蓋情形等處理間差異均不大，浸練日數間之差異，則均呈顯著標準，即浸練愈久、結節力、耐摩力、耐屈力愈低。
4.於本省南部夏季，水溫28～32℃，PH值6～7，以生育日數123～140天之原料麻，利用浸水醱酵法浸練黃麻，上覆麻桿，或機械剝皮無麻桿時，壓麻深20～30公分，浸水5～6天，所練得纖維，不但精洗率高，品質亦最佳，如水溫較高，原料麻生育日斐較短，則可視實際纖維分離情形，再縮短浸水天數，以利纖維品質之提高。
（三）基部未分離纖維之處理對於品質之影響，試驗所結果綜述如下：
1.使基部未分離纖維分離之各種處理，以纖維乾後斬除基部未分離部份者最節省時工，惟比之浸練7天後，纖維能自然醱酵分離者，所需之時工多約半倍。
2.處理未分離之基部纖維，對精洗率之影響之大，縱使纖維乾後斬除未分離之基部25公分，或梳離未分進者，經處理後之完好纖維，其重量亦較浸練9天後者為高。
3.施予基部未分離纖維之各種處理，磁片刮除表皮者，纖維粗硬，不宜加工。以本棒搥打，在石上摜打，或纖維乾後梳開等處理，對纖維有打擊破損或梳裂損傷之現象，影響纖維拉力等品質，實非理想之處理，故各種處理中，僅以纖維乾後軟除未分離者，對纖維品質之提高，甚具效果。其拉力負荷為44.51～32.91磅，比之浸練7天者之35.67～26.58磅，及第1項試驗，浸練6天者之33.66~26.85磅，顯然提高。
Retting is found to be the most important factor for fiber quality of jute and kenaf. In order to produce better quality of jute retted fiber from its fresh ribbons for meeting the domestic and foreign demands, retting methods and retting time and treatments of incomplete retting butt end of retted jute fibers are studied. The qualities of retted fibers were investigated for comparison among different treatments at Tainan Fiber Crops Experiment Station in 1968. Their results are summarized respectively as follows:
1. Retting methods and retting times
(1) All the retting times are found to greatly influence the retting rate. When the retting time is 6 days, the retting rate is 9.7%. The rate is 8.7% for 12 days and 8.1% for 16 days. So, the shorter a retting period is, the higher the retting rate will be. Moreover, the retting rate from ribbons harvested earlier is lower than those from the ribbons of jute plants allowed to grow longer.
(2) No matter the water has been retted or fresh, there is no statistically significant difference between the breaking loads of fiber. Both the ribbon bundles covered with jute or kenaf woody stalks in retting process and those immersed down 20-30 cm. under water surface with bamboo poles have higher breaking load than those without cover on the top layer of ribbon bundles. The different retting days play the most importance role in affecting breaking load of the fiber. When the retting time is 6 days, there is breaking load of 33.66-26.85 1bs. For 16 days, the breaking load is 15.67-10.46 1bs. The differences are very significant. Therefore, optimum retting time is the most efficient factor to improve the breaking load of the fiber.
(3) There are on significant differences of shear, wear, and flex of the retted fiber among different treatments and two kinds of retting water, but the differences of these qualities for retting days are very significant. Hence, the longer the retting time is, the lower will the shear, the wear and the flex of the fiber be.
(4) In the southern part of Taiwan, with PH value of 6-7 and temperature of 28-32℃ in Summer, the retting process was conducted with the frcsh ribbons which have the plant age of 123-140 days at harvest. The ribbon bundles will be covered with jute woody stalks or immersed down to 20-30 cm under water surface with bamboo poles. In 6-7 days, the fibers have good quality, as well as a higher retting rate. If the stems are harvested within 120 days with a higher temperature, the retting time must be decreased in order to promote the fiber quality. Weakness of fiber thus may be avoided.
2. Treatment of the incomplete-retting butt end of the retted fibers
(1) Cutting off the incomplete-retting butt end from dry retted fiber requires less labours than other treatments. However, the fiber bundles complete-retted in 7 days require 1/2 number of labours more than cutting off treatment.
(2) When the incomplete-retting butt end of the retted fiber is treated, there is only slight influence on the retting rate. Even if the incomplete-retted tutt end is cut off 25 cm in length and the butt end is softened with card, the weight of complete-retted fibers is still higher than those obtained in 9 days.
(3) Among the treatments of the incomplete-retted butt end from the retted fibers as method paring away the epidermis form the butt end of retting fiber with a picec of porcelain, more hard fiber are obtained as the poor materials for making gunny sacks. All methods of beating the incomplete-retting butt end with a small woody mallet, cracking the imcomplete-retting butt end on a stone, or hard ground, and softening the incomplete-retting butt end with a jute card, have a bad influence on the quality of fiber. Hence, they are not ideal methods. It is a more effective method to cut off the incomplete-rettings butt end for the sake of improving the quality of the retted fiber. Its breaking load of 44.41-32.91 1bs is stronger than those obtained in 7 days with 35.67-26.36 1bs and in 6 days with 33.66-26.85 1bs
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
(12(1):1-34)STUDIES ON THE APICAL CUTTINGS OF JUTE FOR SEED PRODUCTION
No full text本省農家，過去栽培黃麻，多在麻田一角，或農道旁邊，留少數麻株，採種自給，亦有留整塊麻田，採種出售，惟多去雜不淨，品種既易退化，後作作業，又不方便，土地利用上亦不經濟，且採種期常遭颱風損害，影響採種量，而扦插採種，則可兼顧纖維及種子，慎選插梢，確保品種純良，且育種上交配亦較便利，病蟲害或颱風損害麻株後，扦插仍可採得種子，作者等乃自民國 37 年起，分別在臺北臺灣省農業試驗所及該所臺南棉麻試驗分所，從事抒插採種法之研究，迄 47 年已有相當結果，並經示範推廣，獲有成效，茲應各界需要，將歷年研究結果整理，草擬本報告，將要點摘述如下：
(一） 扦插適當時期，約於 8 月上中旬，麻株開花期及幼果期，剪取插梢扦插，蘇活率及採種量最高。
(二） 扦插方法中，目前以麻桿繫插法，蘇活率最高，採種量亦最多，惟較費工，直插法及斜插法最為簡單，在正常之環境下，一般麻農尚可採用
(三） 扦插田最好有流動水，否則扦插後，晨夕宜換水，若插梢置於清水發根後移栽，則易死亡，蘇活率低。種子產量不多，實不適用。
(四） 黃麻扦插在嘉義施用之肥料三要素中，磷肥有增加採種量之效，鉀肥多施，並無增產之效。
(五） 扦插時毋需去葉，花期及乳熟期剪取之插梢，宜用 50 公分者，乳熟期剪取主莖或分枝為插梢者，蘇活率及採種量，無甚差異。
(六） 扦插後經過肥培管理，另生新根，對於養分之吸收力較強，故一般之採種量，較留株採種者為高，以現有推廣品種水上青皮而論，其抨插採種之每公頃平均採種量為 400 至 600 公斤，每株平均可得種子 5 公克，種子採收期約在 11 月底，較留株採種者稍遲。
Jute (Corchorus Capsularis, L) iS one of the most important long vegetable fiber crops in Taiwan. Its fiber is produced commercially by retting the outer bark of the stem and is mainly used as material for making gunny sacks to pack rice and sugar for domestic demand or exportation. Usually jute plants grown for better quality of fiber do not produce any seed; on the other hand, they kept for collecting seeds do not produce any fiber of commercial importance. In order to meet the seed shortage due to typhoon damage and for the convenience of crossing on breeding work, the apical cutting of jute for the production of seed has been studied by the authors at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taipei in 1948 and at Tainan Fiber Crops Experiment Station, Taiwan, Taiwan from 1953 to 1958. With the development of this method, the best quality of fibers and a maximum yield of seed could be produced from the same plant. The results of different experiments are summarized as follows:
1. The optimum time for selecting apical cutting: It was found that the optimum time for cutting off the apical flowering branches was after the maximum flowering stage with the formation of a few young capsules about from early August to mid August.
2. Planting methods of apical cutting: According to the experimental results, the following method for planting apical cuttings is found to be the best one for increasing the rate of survival and seed production, altough the apical cuttings may be planted erectly or obliquely for convenience. During harvesting time, the jute stalk is cut off from the ground. The apical portion bearing the flowering shoot which is quite tender does not give yield of much fiber. This apical portion may be cut off from the stalk and used as cutting. The apical portion could be tied on a piece of jute stem of 8-10 long. By inserting the stem piece into a flooded field as support leaving the basal portion of the apical cutting immersed in water but above soil, it would hasten the fibrous roots to develop within 5-8 days If properly managed, the rate of survival may reach as high as over 90%. After the cutting is set, new flowers may develop and capsules are in formation. The seeds will mature after 80-90 days about in late November.
3. Methods of field management: Draining dirty water and irrigating clean water every afternoon are necessary for increasing the rate of survival. As soon as the cutting survive, hilling, weeding and fertilizing are necessary in order to increase the production of seed.
4. Other Experiments: Leaf picking from apical cuttings is not necessary. When apical cuttings are cut off in maxium flowering stage, their optimum length are 50cm. Apical cuttings being cut off 10cm. from branching point of main stem. in the stage of young fruit show high surviving rate and yield of seed. The surviv-ing rate of apical cuttings from branches is higher than that from main stem when the apical portions are cut off in the milky stage of seed.
5. Fertilizer test of apical cutting: From the results of the experiments in 1954,
1955 and 1958 the phosphorous and nitrogeneous fertilizer are more effective on seed production in Chiayi.
6. The seed production of jute by apical cuttings is about 300-600kg. per hactare in normal case
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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