58 research outputs found
(8(1):11-16)A STUDY ON THE DEHYDRATION OF THE PINEAPPlE AND VARIATION OF THE VITAMIN C CONTENT OF THE DEHYDRATED PINEAPPLE WITH DIFFERENT PACKAGES DURING THE STORAGE PERIOD
No full text1. 製造脫水鳳梨之原料，如為減輕工廠成本計，自以採用鳳梨製罐後之殘餘果肉為宜。
2. 脫水鳳梨之製造程序，如以整個鮮果為原料，分為①鳳梨去皮切片與整形②汽蒸或殺菁③浸糖④脫水等步驟；如採用鳳梨製罐後之剩餘果片，則可省去第①步手續。又果肉在汽蒸（或殺菁）完了後，如用SO2處理，或加入0.3%的亞硫酸鈉液（以果肉之重量為基準），再行浸糖脫水，則將來的製品用適當容器包裝後可保存一相當時期，不致變色變味。
3. 就色澤之變化方面言，如鳳肉果肉之脫水溫度高於200℉時，則其成品變為棕黃色之速度快。其原因為溫度增高，則糖之轉化作用(Inuersion)加速，且更有促使糖分焦化(Caramelize)之可能。
4. 經過亞硫酸鈉處理之製品經包裝以後，若放於陰涼處，在不增加水分含量之情形下，色澤可保持年餘而不變；但如遇到陽光直射時，則在四小時內即可褐變。
5. 用一般牛皮紙包裝脫水鳳梨時，因其吸收水分之故，甚易變色。若用塑膠盒裝好放於冰箱或冷藏庫中，則貯藏時期較長，而色澤品質俱臻佳良也。
6. 用三種不同容器裝盛會用亞硫酸鈉處理過之脫水鳳梨，放在普通貯藏室經貯藏一週年後，除用塑膠盒包裝者仍保持原狀外，其他二種包裝貯藏者，雖未變色，但質地已變軟綿狀，不如以前裝盒時風味之優良也。
7. 根據貯藏一週年測定維生素C (Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid)之結果，此三種容器之損失量均相當大，但比較起來以用塑膠盒與塑膠紙袋（外罩以牛皮紙）包裝者，損失稍小。例如前者維生素C較初製時損失達77.11%，後者損失為77.93%。
The canned pineapple has become an important food industry in Taiwan. About more than 900,000 wooden cases of canned pineapple were exported each year. In order to maintain the best quality for foreign trade, only whole slices are selected to fill into cans, but the broken or quarter slices and pieces are remained an appreciable quantity in the course of canning. Those can be utilized as raw materials for dehydration. Many experiments have been done for the dehydration of pineapple during the past several years for its economical importance. Modified method of dehydrating pineapple is as follows:
(1) Peeling and Coring: This is done by machine, the peeling and coring being accomplished in one operation. The peeled trimmed fruit may be sliced into 1/16 part of the original slice or diced in one oubic centimeter cubes.
(2) Steam blanching: Diced slices should be steamed for 6 minutes before sulfiting, this is necessary in order to get a translucent product.
(3) Dipping: After blanching, one group is immersed in a 0.3% of sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite solution (which based on the weight of fruit meat), and the other group is not immersed in sodium sulfite solution as control. Afterwards both groups are wholly dipped into the sugar solution (that concentration is 60 Brix) for twelve hours.
(4) Dehydration: After dipping, both groups are ready for dehydration. This is preferably done in a two-stage tunnel dehydrator. Each tray is loaded not exceeding 1.5 pound per square foot of drying area. In the first stage, the drying temperature should be kept in 180°F. about 3 hours, and in the second stage, it should be continuously dried at 150°F. until the moisture content is below 15%. After dehydration is complete, then packing and storing.
As regard for the packing and storing of the dehydrated products, three differerent packing materials are used for the dehydrated pineapple in this experiment. They are polyethylene bags, polyethylene boxes and paraffined paper boxes. Before packing, dehydrated pineapple are often fumigated with methyl bromide. After fumigation, the products are field and pressed into insect-proof bags and boxes, and subsequently the containers should be heat-sealed, but in the case of polyethylene boxes covering with lid, itis coated with the laminated cellophane. Finally storing the dehydrated products in the common storage warehouse for one year. The Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is determined at the end of 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and one year respectively.
Results of this experiment are in the following:
1. Change of the color: During the process of dehydration, if the drying temperature exceeds 200°F., it tends to accelerate the rate of color change from yellow to yellowish brown. It is necessary to avoid high humidity during drying, otherwise the discoloration will result. Furthermore, when the product is in the high temperature, the inversion of sugar will be increased and finally invert sugar (the mixture of glucose and fructose) will be produced, Meanwhile the sugar became easily caramel.
2. After the blanching, if the products is treated with sodium sulfite and placed in a cool place, and if the moisture coutent is not increased, the color can be maintained more than one year. If the products are exposed directly to sunshine, the color will be changed within four hours. It is assumed that light probably destroyed the color constitution in the dehydrated pineapple.
3. Color and flayer of dehydrated products, which are not treated with sodium sulfite solution, changed after 3 months’ storage; but treated with sodium sulfite, are not changed even after 6 months’ storage. The former is entirely decayed, while the latter has been kept in good quality.
4. Dehydrated products which are packed with polyethylene boxes are not changed after one year’s storage. Those packed with other two kinds of containers became soft with a decreasing of palatability, but the color is not changed.
5. Temperature is an important factor in the storage life of dehydrated products. The lower the temperature of the storage, the longer the storage life. During the storage of dehydrated pineapple, there is a decrease in Vitamin C content and palatability, the extent of this decrease depends upon the storage temperature, moisture content of the products. The reduction of Vitamin C content in the three different packages are made during this experiment. In the common storage room, there are over 77% of the Vitamin C lost in all package treatments. There is no significant difference in the reduction of Vitamin C among the three packaged materials. Packing with polyethylene boxes give 77.11% of Vitamin C loss, while those packed with polyethylene bags give a 77.93% of loss
Geometric and optical transformations of supramolecular host-guest amphiphiles
No full textThesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 30-31).Molecular self-assembly has been an area of recent interest due to its application in a variety of important contexts including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, energy applications, and others. Simultaneously, host-guest chemistry provides a robust and powerful mechanism for inducing switching on the molecular level. In this research, we demonstrate a new platform that combines molecular self-assembly of an amphiphilic chromophore guest molecule with its host molecule counterpart, CB[8] in water. We find that upon addition of CB[8] to a solution of the amphiphilic guest molecule, host-guest complexation occurs and a transition in the morphology of the observed self-assembled nanostructures occurs. Here we present the synthetic route to our amphiphilic guest molecule, in addition to the nanostructural characterization of the supramolecular nanostructures and the host-guest nanostructure by TEM, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectra.by Cynthia Tsien Lo.S.B
La politique intérieure et les institutions chinoises après la IVe Assemblée populaire nationale
No full textDomestic Policy and Chinese Institutions since the Fourth Popular National Assembly.
This study is a follow-up of two articles by the same author on domestic policy and Chinese institutions since the Cultural Revolution and the Tenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party published in the Revue de l'Est (1973, N°. 4, pp 81-126 and 1974, N°. 4, pp. 5-30).
The new constitution voted by the Fourth Popular National Assembly, endorses the basic principles set forth at the inception of the Chinese Republic in 1949, and which were reaffirmed during the Cultural Revolution. The Popular Chinese Republic, grounded on precepts of Marx, Lenin and Mao Tse-toung, is defined as "a socialist state dictated by the proletariat, directed by the working class and based on the alliance or workers and peasants". The state must practice "democratic centralism and uphold the regional autonomy of ethnic minorities". In the New constitution, mention is equally made of certain slogans used during "the big leap ahead" (1958) and during the Cultural Revolution, as well as the present ideological struggle against Lin Piao and Confucius.
In application of the policy of simplified administration, the number of persons employed in state organizations has been reduced. The constitution itself was reduced from 106 articles to 30. As a result the institutions are only briefly described and only the basic essentials of powers and functions is enumerated. However, the author assures us, this in no way indicates that the former have been diminished.
On the whole the institutions differ little from those set forth in the Constitution of 1954. The Popular National Assembly, the Council of State Affairs and the local popular assemblies and their revolutionary committees remain in place.
The most noteworthy changes are the suppression of the post of President of the Republic and the introduction of the party in the constitutional text. Party direction of all organisms, real but occult since 1949, is henceforth "constitutional". The new constitution further legalizes certain institutions created since 1954, such as popular rural communes (started in 1958) and revolutionary committees which grew out of the Cultural Revolution.
State organs, named or elected must "incarnate a Trinity" of aged, mature and young persons.
Theoretically the Army has no administrative functions. Placed under the command of the President of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the Army while remaining a combat corps, must also be a work and production corps.
According to the author, an effort has been made to institutionalize and legalize the Chinese society without making it rigid in the aim of combating the ever-present menace of revisionism.Cette étude fait suite aux deux articles sur l'évolution de la politique intérieure et des institutions chinoises depuis la Révolution culturelle et après le Xe Congrès du parti communiste chinois publiés dans la présente revue (1973, n° 4, pp. 81-126 ; 1974, n° 4, pp. 5-30).
La nouvelle Constitution votée par la IVe Assemblée populaire nationale consacre les principes de base posés dès :1a fondation de la République populaire de Chine (en 1949) et réaffirmés au cours de la Révolution culturelle. Le fondement théorique de l'Etat est le marxisme, le léninisme et la pensée-maotsetoung. La République populaire de Chine est définie comme un « Etat socialiste de la dictature du prolétariat dirigé par la classe ouvrière et basé sur l'alliance des ouvriers et des paysans ». L'Etat chinois pratique le centralisme-démocratique. Il maintient l'application de l'autonomie régionale pour les minorités ethniques.
La nouvelle Constitution mentionne en outre un certain nombre de mots d'ordre et slogans économiques apparus au cours du Grand bond en avant (1958) et de la Révolution^ culturelle, sans renoncer à poursuivre la lutte idéologique qui reste, dans l'immédiat, la lutte contre Lin Piao et Confucius.
L'application de la simplification administrative a fait diminuer le nombre des personnes nommées dans les organes d'Etat. Elle a également réduit le texte constitutionnel de 106 articles à 30 articles. Il en résulte que les institutions sont décrites très schématiquement et que l'énumération des pouvoirs et fonctions est réduite à l'essentiel. Ce qui ne signifie pas que ces organes aient vu leurs pouvoirs et fonctions diminuer d'autant.
Les institutions diffèrent, dans l'ensemble, assez peu de celles de la Constitution de 1954. Demeurent en place l'Assemblée populaire nationale et son Comité permanent, le Conseil des affaires d'Etat, les Assemblées populaires locales et leurs comités révolutionnaires.
Les plus remarquables changements sont la suppression du poste de président de la République et l'introduction du parti dans le texte constitutionnel. La direction du parti sur tous les organes, effective mais occulte depuis 1949, est désormais « constitutionnalisée ».
La nouvelle Constitution légalise les institutions nouvelles (par rapport à la constitution de 1954) que sont les communes populaires rurales (nées en 1958) et les comités révolutionnaires nés au cours de la Révolution culturelle. Les organes d'Etat, nommés ou élus, doivent incarner la triple union des personnes âgées, d'âge mûr et des jeunes.
L'Armée ne joue aucun rôle administratif. Placée sous le commandement du président du Comité central du parti communiste chinois, elle doit demeurer un « corps de combat en même temps qu'un corps de travail et un corps de production ».
Les Chinois ont cherché à institutionnaliser et légaliser sans figer leur société, afin de pouvoir continuer une lutte efficace contre le bureaucratisme et le « révisionnisme » toujours menaçants.Tche-hao Tsien. La politique intérieure et les institutions chinoises après la IVe Assemblée populaire nationale. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 6, 1975, n°2. pp. 155-183
Older adults as caregivers in Hong Kong
No full textAuthor name used in this manuscript: Teresa B. K. Tsien2009-2010 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalAccepted ManuscriptPublishedGreen (AAM
The Green Lab
No full textThe Green Lab is an implementation in the city triangle of Rotterdam. A historic food market analysis greatly shaped this green factory, where food is the connecting element. To let food awareness grow, a mini food production cycle with a transparent and flexible process is created.Public Realm RotterdamPublic BuildingArchitecture and The Built Environmen
Targeted delivery of advanced functionality by nanomaterials : focus on nucleic acids delivery by novel block copolymers
Get PDFAbstract: Smart drug delivery systems are versatile examples of successful nanomedicine with
potential in diagnostics and medical therapy. The thesis presents selected
approaches in current drug delivery systems in the (pre-)clinical trials, and deals with
potential side effects, including complement activation and hypersensitivity reactions
as well as the design requirements of the delivery systems. Furthermore, it presents
approaches of cationic block copolymers, which are capable to condense negatively
charged nucleic acid molecules such as plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (pDNA) and
small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) with the aim of efficient cell gene delivery
and specific gene suppression, respectively.
The first part addresses the transfection efficiency of circular versus linearized
plasmid DNA using a green fluorescent protein expressing vector with Lipofectamine
2000 and linear 25 kDA polyethylenimine (PEI). These results show a considerably
improved transfection efficiency with the circular compared to the linearized DNA for
the two transfection reagents. The electron microscopy images with Lipofectamine or
PEI demonstrate that the circular DNA gives rise to random coil appearance of
compact, spherical shape, while linearized DNA appear as worm-like strands.
Particle size and shape are important in the cell biology of endocytosis and
phagocytosis. The findings indicate that the shape of the transfection particle is vital
for successful gene transfer.
To develop a delivery system for gene therapy, two cationic diblock copolymers
consisting of primary and tertiary amines were synthesized and analyzed with
respect to DNA condensation properties, morphology of the condensed plasmid DNA
and transfection efficiency using two cell lines. This study revealed proof-of-concept
showing an order of magnitude lower transfection efficiency of primary amine diblock
copolymers compared to PEI after 48 h with increasing plasmid DNA concentration.
Furthermore, primary amines compared to tertiary ones show much stronger binding
to DNA and improved transfection efficiency. Transmission electron and atomic force
microscopy data revealed morphologies of primary and tertiary amines regarding the
condensation of the plasmid DNA, in agreement with the transfection efficiency.
In a second part the design and characterization of pentablock-based polyplexes
based on the combination of cationic pentablock copolymers with folic acid
functionalized copolymers for targeted specific siRNA delivery is described. The
achieved 31 % knockdown efficiency shows its potential regarding cancer gene
therapy. The pentablock architecture allows the formation of highly stable
micelleplexes of (21 ± 3) nm in 10 mM PBS buffer solution with a neutral surface
charge, excellent siRNA condensation properties, outstanding colloidal stability in
10 % serum over 24 h and biocompatibility deduced from the absence of
considerable cytotoxicity even after 48 h incubation. Furthermore, selective delivery
of the siRNA could be proven by the introduction of a ligand-linked block copolymer,
resulting in 31 % compared to 8 % gene suppression for targeted a non-targeted
micelleplexes. This pentablock-based delivery system might yield impact to future
delivery systems as well as being a potential platform to be applied in vivo for cancer
gene therapy. ---------- Zusammenfassung
Innerhalb des Bereichs der Nanomedizin weisen intelligente Wirkstoffabgabesysteme
ein großes Potenzial auf, sowohl hinsichtlich der Diagnostik wie auch der
medizinischen Therapie. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt im Rahmen einer
Literaturrecherche ausgewählte Wirkstoffabgabesysteme vor, welche sich in (vor-)
klinischen Studien befinden, den Nebenwirkungen welche durch diese entstehen
können, im speziellen der Komplementaktivierung und Überempfindlichkeitsreaktionen,
sowie deren Konstruktionsanforderungen. Des weiteren werden in einem
experimentellen Teil kationische Block-Kopolymere präsentiert, welche in der Lage
sind, negativ geladene Nukleinsäuremoleküle zu binden - wie etwa Plasmid
Desoxyribonukleinsäure (pDNA) und kleine interferierende Ribonukleinsäuren
(siRNA) - mit dem Ziel der Transfektion von fremder DNA in die Wirtszellen und
damit der spezifischen Unterdrückung der Genexpression.
Der erste Teil der experimentellen Arbeit untersucht die Transfektionseffizienz von
zirkulärer gegenüber linearisierter Plasmid-DNA mittels eines Vektors, welcher ein
grün fluoreszierendes Protein exprimiert. Transfiziert wurde einerseits mit
Lipofectamine 2000 und andererseits mit linearem 25 kDa Polyethylenimin (PEI),
zwei etablierten Transfektionsreagenzien. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine wesentlich
verbesserte Transfektionseffizienz der zirkulären, verglichen mit der linearisierten
DNA für beide Transfektionsreagenzien. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Bilder von
Lipofectamine sowie PEI komplexiert mit DNA zeigen, dass die zirkuläre DNA
zufällige, kompakte Kugelformen bildet, während die linearisierte DNA wurmartige
Stränge aufweist. Partikelgröße und -form spielen in der Zellbiologie eine wichtige
Rolle bei der Endozytose und Phagozytose. Die Ergebnisse legen die Vermutung
nahe dass die Form der zu transfizierenden DNA-Transfektions-Komplexen eine
wichtige Rolle einnimmt für einen erfolgreichen Gentransfer.
Für die Entwicklung eines intelligenten Wirkstoffabgabe-Systems für die Gentherapie
wurden zwei kationische Diblock-Kopolymere, die aus primären und tertiären Aminen
bestehen synthetisiert und im Hinblick auf deren DNA-Kondensationseigenschaften,
Morphologie der kondensierten Plasmid-DNA sowie Transfektionseffizienz unter
Verwendung von zwei Zelllinien analysiert. Die Studie bestätigt trotz einer um den
Faktor 10 schwächeren Transfektionseffizienz der primären Amin-DiblockKopolymeren
im Vergleich zu PEI nach 48 h mit zunehmender pDNA Konzentration
eine Bestätigung des Konzepts. Außerdem weisen die primären Amin-Block-
Kopolymere im Vergleich zu den tertiären eine viel stärkere Komplexbildung der DNA
auf - wie transmissions-elektronen- und rasterkraft-mikroskopische Daten ergaben -
als auch eine verbesserte Transfektionseffizienz. Diese physikalischmorphologischem
Erkenntnisse über die Kondensation der primären und tertiären
Amine mit Plasmid-DNA konnten mittels der biologischen Transfektionseffizienzdaten
validiert werden.
Der zweite Teil der experimentellen Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Design sowie der
Charakterisierung von pentablock-basierten Polyplexen für einen gezielten siRNA
Transport. Diese Polyplexe beruhen auf einer Kombination von kationischen
Pentablock-Kopolymeren mit folsäure-funktionalisierten Kopolymeren. Die erreichten
31% Gen-Suppression in einem Krebszellkulturmodell, zeigen das Potenzial des
Wirkstoffabgabesystems in Bezug auf eine Krebstherapie auf. Die Architektur
ermöglicht die Bildung von sehr stabilen Mizellen mit einer Grösse von (21 ± 3) nm in
10 mM PBS Pufferlösung, eine neutrale Oberflächenladung, ausgezeichneten siRNAKondensationseigenschaften,
hervorragender kolloidaler Stabilität in
Zellkulturmedium supplementiert mit 10 % Serum über 24 h, sowie guter
Biokompatibilität aufgrund fehlender erheblicher Zytotoxizität auch nach 48 h
Inkubation in einem Zellkulturmodell. Ferner konnte durch die Einführung eines
liganden-gebundenen Block-Kopolymers der selektive Transport der siRNA
nachgewiesen werden, was zu einer Gen Suppression von 31% gegenüber 8% nicht
funktionalisierter Polyplexen führte. Das in dieser Arbeit eingeführte und
charakterisierte pentablock-basierte Wirkstoffabgabesystem könnte Auswirkungen
auf das Design zukünftiger Wirkstoffabgabesystem haben als auch als eine
potentielle Plattform für in vivo-Krebsgentherapien angewendet werden
Engineering Cybernetics: 60 Years in the Making
No full textThe landmark book of Hsue-Shen Tsien, ‘Engineering Cybernetics’, gave birth 60 years ago to an engineering science of interrelations and synthetic behaviors. Clothing the bare bones of Norbert Wiener’s conception of cybernetics, the book delineates for the new science the requirement (of having direct impacts on engineering applications), the aim (of encapsulating engineering principles and concepts), the problems (of analysis, design, and uncertainty), the tools (of basic and advanced mathematics), and the scope (systems that are single input and output or multiple input and output, linear or nonlinear, deterministic or stochastic). The book is a showcase of originality, critical thinking and foresights. In particular, the author calls into question the basic assumption that ‘the properties and characteristics of the system to be controlled were always assumed to be known’ and points out that, in reality, ‘large unpredictable variations of the system properties may occur’. Sixty years later, the full spectrum of Tsien’s prophetic ideas is yet to be fully grasped and engineering cybernetics, as Tsien envisioned, is still in the making
Communicating Chemical Congregation: A Molecular AND Logic Gate with Three Chemical Inputs as a �Lab-on-a-Molecule� Prototype
No full textPT: J; CR: ABBOTT EA, 1950, FLATLAND ROMANCE MAN AMENDOLA V, 2001, ACCOUNTS CHEM RES, V34, P488 BADJIC JD, 2004, SCIENCE, V303, P1845 BAG B, 2005, CHEM COMMUN 0128, P513 BALZANI V, 2003, MOL DEVICES MACHINES BHATTACHARYA S, 2003, CHEM COMMUN, P1158 BISSELL RA, 1992, J CHEM SOC P2, P1559 CALLAN JF, 2004, CHEM COMMUN, P2048 CHANG CJ, 2004, CHEM BIOL, V11, P203 DESILVA AP, 1993, NATURE, V364, P42 DESILVA AP, 1997, CHEM REV, V97, P1515 DESILVA AP, 1997, J AM CHEM SOC, V119, P7891 DESILVA AP, 1999, J AM CHEM SOC, V121, P1393 DESILVA AP, 2001, ELECT TRANSFER CHEM, V5, P156 DESILVA AP, 2001, MOL SWITCHES, P339 DESILVA AP, 2004, CHEM-EUR J, V10, P574 DESILVA SA, 2002, CHEM COMMUN, P1360 FABBRIZZI L, 1999, ACCOUNTS CHEM RES, V32, P846 FARINAS J, 1999, J BIOL CHEM, V274, P7603 GUNNLAUGSSON T, 2003, ORG BIOMOL CHEM, V1, P3265 GUNNLAUGSSON T, 2003, ORG LETT, V5, P4065 GUNNLAUGSSON T, 2004, TETRAHEDRON, V60, P11239 GUO XF, 2004, ADV MATER, V16, P125 HE HR, 2003, ANAL CHEM, V75, P549 HE HR, 2003, J AM CHEM SOC, V125, P1468 HERNANDEZ JV, 2004, SCIENCE, V306, P1532 HIRSCH ED, 2002, NEW DICT CULTURAL LI IZATT RM, 1976, J AM CHEM SOC, V98, P7626 IZATT RM, 1985, CHEM REV, V85, P271 KOSKELA SJM, 2004, CHEM COMMUN, P945 LANKSHEAR MD, 2006, CHEM COMMUN 0214, P612 LIM NC, 2004, CHEM COMMUN 0507, P1094 MARGULIES D, 2004, J AM CHEM SOC, V126, P15400 MARGULIES D, 2005, NAT MATER, V4, P768 MILLMAN J, 1988, MICROELECTRONICS NICOLL D, 2004, DIAGNOSTIC TESTS RAYMO FM, 2002, ADV MATER, V14, P401 SAUVAGE JP, 1998, ACCOUNTS CHEM RES, V31, P611 SMITH RM, 1974, CRITICAL STABILITY C STOJANOVIC MN, 2003, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V21, P1069 TSIEN RY, 1992, AM J PHYSIOL, V263, C723 TUSA JK, 2005, J MATER CHEM, V15, P2640 UCHIYAMA S, 2004, J AM CHEM SOC, V126, P3032 UCHIYAMA S, 2005, J AM CHEM SOC, V127, P8920 WANG HM, 2004, CHEM COMMUN 0321, P670 WISKUR SL, 2001, ACCOUNTS CHEM RES, V34, P963 WOODROOFE CC, 2003, J AM CHEM SOC, V125, P11458; NR: 47; TC: 10; J9: J AM CHEM SOC; PG: 2; GA: 034GNSource type: Electronic(1
Lifting Line Theory in Linearly Varying Flow
Get PDFThe problem of a wing placed in a flow that is nonuniform in the spanwise direction is of interest to the aerodynamicist as well as to the designer of rotating machinery. The portion of a wing located in the slip stream of the propeller, the blades of propellers and fans, wind-tunnel models in nonuniform airstreams are some of the examples. Prandtl's three dimensional wing theory assumes a uniform undisturbed flow and thus it is not valid in these cases. Some authors tried to modify Prandtl's theory in order to make it applicable to such problems. The work of F. Vandrey (Ref. 1) and K. Bausch (Ref. 2) may be mentioned in this connection. A discussion of their work is given in Section 7 of Part I of this analysis. Lately Th. von Karman and H. S. Tsien presented a general solution of the problem, of a wing placed in a flow with the velocity varying in both directions normal to and parallel with the wing span (Ref. 3). In the following the author will utilize the results of von Karman and Tsien for the simpler case of the velocity varying linearly and in the direction of the span only and solve the "third problem of airfoil theory" (finding the lift distribution for an airfoil of given shape) for a finite wing in an infinite fluid and for the case of a wing between two parallel walls. The wing in an infinite fluid is treated in Part I while Part II contains the solution of the problem of the wing between walls
The anthracen-9-ylmethyloxy unit: an underperforming motif within the fluorescent PET (Photoinduced electron transfer) sensing framework
No full textCompound 2, which was designed to act as a fluorescent sensor for calcium according to the PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer) principle, shows a relatively small Ca2+-induced fluorescence enhancement factor (FE) of 1.8 whereas its close relative 1 is known to display a far higher FE value of 16. Though designed as fluorescent PET sensors for solvent polarity, compounds 5 and 6 also show negligible fluorescence enhancement as their environments are made progressively less polar even though their relatives 3 and 4 show limiting FE values of 53 and 3, respectively. Indeed, 3 and 4 are useful since they are fluorescent sensors for solvent polarity without being affected by Bronsted acidity. The poor sensory performance of 2, 5, and 6 relative to their cousins is attributed to the presence of an oxygen proximal to the 9-position of an anthracene unit, which opens up a CT (charge transfer) channel. Normal PET sensing service is resumed when the offending oxygen is deleted.PT: J; CR: ACREE WE, 1994, J PHYS CHEM-US, V98, P2537 ATAR D, 1995, J BIOL CHEM, V270, P2473 BALZANI M, 2003, MOL DEVICES MACHINES BARRASHSHIFTAN N, 1998, J PHYS ORG CHEM, V11, P743 BIRKS JB, 1970, PHOTOPHYSICS AROMATI BISSELL RA, 1991, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V32, P425 BISSELL RA, 1992, CHEM SOC REV, V21, P187 BISSELL RA, 1993, TOP CURR CHEM, V168, P223 BRYAN AJ, 1989, BIOSENSORS, V4, P169 BULLPITT M, 1976, J ORG CHEM, V41, P760 BURDETTE SC, 2001, J AM CHEM SOC, V123, P7831 CALLAN JF, 2005, TETRAHEDRON, V61, P8551 CASTELLAN A, 1979, J CHEM SOC P2, P411 CZARNIK AW, 1993, ACS S SERIES, V538 CZARNIK AW, 1994, ACCOUNTS CHEM RES, V27, P302 CZARNIK AW, 1999, CHEMOSENSORS ION MOL DECOSTA MDP, 1987, CAN J CHEM, V65, P1416 DESILVA AP, 1990, J CHEM SOC CHEM COMM, P186 DESILVA AP, 1991, TETRAHEDRON LETT, V32, P421 DESILVA AP, 1995, ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT, V34, P1728 DESILVA AP, 1995, J CHEM SOC P2, P685 DESILVA AP, 1997, CHEM REV, V97, P1515 DESILVA AP, 1999, CHEM COMMUN 0121, P163 DESILVA AP, 2003, ARKIVOC 7, P229 DESVERGNE JP, 1987, J LUMIN, V37, P175 DONG DC, 1984, CAN J CHEM, V62, P2560 FABBRIZZI L, 1995, CHEM SOC REV, V24, P197 GAO YQ, 2002, J PHYS CHEM A, V106, P1956 GRABOWSKI ZR, 1983, PURE APPL CHEM, V55, P245 GRYNKIEWICZ G, 1985, J BIOL CHEM, V260, P3440 GUO XF, 2004, J AM CHEM SOC, V126, P2272 HE HR, 2003, ANAL CHEM, V75, P549 HE HR, 2003, J AM CHEM SOC, V125, P1468 HERMANT RM, 1990, J AM CHEM SOC, V112, P1214 IWATA S, 1997, J CHEM SOC PERK 0507, P1357 JACOBSON A, 1996, J AM CHEM SOC, V118, P5572 JEFFERSON JR, 1990, ANAL BIOCHEM, V187, P328 KALYANASUNDARAM K, 1977, J PHYS CHEM-US, V81, P2176 KAMLET MJ, 1981, PROGR PHYSICAL ORGAN, V13, P485 KAWAI H, 1999, J PHYS CHEM A, V103, P660 KOJIMA H, 2000, ADV MATER, V12, P763 LAKOWICZ JR, 1999, PRINCIPLES FLUORESCE MANN CK, 1983, ELECTROCHEMICAL REAC MARTINEZMANEZ R, 2003, CHEM REV, V103, P4419 NOLAN EM, 2003, J AM CHEM SOC, V125, P14270 REICHARDT C, 1994, CHEM REV, V94, P2319 RURACK K, 2001, SPECTROCHIM ACTA A, V57, P2161 RURACK K, 2002, CHEM SOC REV, V31, P116 SIEGERMAN H, 1975, TECHNIQUES ELECTRO 2, P667 STREHMEL B, 1999, J AM CHEM SOC, V121, P1226 TSIEN RY, 1980, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V19, P2396 VALEUR B, 2001, MOL FLUORESCENCE VALZANI V, 2003, MOL DEVICES MACHINES WELLER A, 1968, PURE APPL CHEM, V16, P115; NR: 54; TC: 2; J9: J FLUORESC; PG: 7; GA: 992FASource type: Electronic(1
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