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(24(1-2):44-49)A SURVEY OF CITRUS EXOCORTIS VIRUS IN TAIWAN
No full text自本省二十四處柑桔園採同不同品種之接穗，包括碰柑、桶柑、柳橙及晚崙夏等四種主要栽培品種，經指示植物檢定結果，呈現典型鱗砧病病徵者計有七處，包括臺北一處、嘉義四處、臺東二處。檢定有鱗砧病的果園均為甜橙類品種，其中一處為甜橙和碰柑混合栽培，部份碰柑植株亦受感染。檢定十餘處極柑果園則未發現。至於該病有否存在於椪柑果園，則有待更廣泛之調查。
Citrus seedlings of the Arizona 861 selection of “Etrog” citron were selected as indicator plant for this experiment. The investigation of the occurrence and distribution of citrus exocortis virus in Taiwan has been conducted from 1971 to 1974. Twenty-four orch-ards of several varieties of citrus, namely Ponkan, Tankan, Liuchen, Valencia and other sweet orange, were selected for indexing the existence of the disease. Results indicate that exocortis virus exists in certain orchards of several areas in Taiwan. Trees from Ponkan orchards gave negative reaction.
During the course of survey, symptoms of the disease were observed in affected trees, particularly in Liuchen and Valencia varieties budded on Rangpur lime. The affected trees showed the symptoms of cracking and scaling of the bark on the rootstock below the bud union and extending to the ground level. Such trees also showed severe stunting. Buds taken from affected trees when grafted on citron seedlings, the typical symptoms of exoc-ortis were shown in leaves and twigs after 3-6 months. Thus, it confirmed that the disease existed in orchards. Up to date, there was no information from Ponkan orchards with exocortis virus
(21(1):62-70)STUDIES ON CITRUS VIRUS DISEASES IN TAIWAN-1. Reactions of Mexican Lime and Lemon to the Apparently Healthy and Diseased Scions of Citrus Tress in Taiwan
No full text採自外觀健全與罹病柑桔植株之接穗，經嫁接於墨西哥雷木上，均可產生Tristeza典型病徵，偶爾可在較老葉片上出現木栓化病徵。檸檬上產生葉片黃化、落葉、葉片狹小及節間縮短等病徵，顯示Trioteza毒素病原已普週存在於臺灣柑桔園中。
The purpose of this study is to realize the similarities and differences of reactions the healthy-appearance and diseased-appearance of citrus trees on Mexican lime and lemon. Preliminary results found that both apparently healthy scion and diseased scion grafted on Mexican lime exhibited the symptoms of tristeza disease, such as veinclearing, water-soaking, stem-pitting and smaller leaves on lime.Under this study It is not unusual vein-corking was found in older leaves. When these two different scions were grafted on lemon, the symptoms of seedling yellows were shown after 2-3 months. Therefore, it could be sure that tristeza virus exhibits in both healthy-appearance citrus trees and diseased-appearance citrus trees in Taiwan.
It was also found that most newly developing leaves from diseased scions is different from that of apparently healthy scions. In advanced observations, these newly developing leaves of the former showed the symptoms resembling the deficiency of iron or manganese element after 3-4 months. It alse showed severe yellowing, stunting and smaller leaves. The symptoms of micro-element deficiency were more clearly when the diseased scions were grafted noto Valencia species. The dieased plant that called Huanglungpin may suggest the presence of another agent, probably greening disease, in addition to seedling yellows-tristeza
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
(29(2):115-130)Effects of the application of plant growth regulators on yield components of early maturing rice
No full text以早熟稻品種日本晴（Nipponbare），廣陸矮 4 號（Kwang - lu - ai 4）及本地現行栽培品種臺農 67 號（Tainung 67）為材料，於 1978 年 1、2 期作種植於田間。在分蘗開始期及分蘗盛期施用 Chloroflurenol ( IT3456 , methyl-2-Chloro-9-hydroxy-fluroene -(9)-carbo-xylate ) 1 mM，並於幼穗分化期、孕穗期及乳熟期加施 50 ppm 之 SNA ( sodium naphthal - ene acetic acid) 與 2000 倍稀釋液之 SNP ( sodium nitrophenol) 之混合液，以及 50 ppm 之 GA3 ( gibberellin )，調查其對稻作生育之反應及對產量之影響。試驗結果摘要如下：（1）施用 Chloroflurenol 對分蘗數之增加有顯著之效果（1 期作增加 3~12 % , 2 期作增加 9~19 %），但所增加之分藥大部份為無效分蘗，且由於分蘗數之增加會導致-穗平均粒數及千粒重之降低。（2）生育後期加施 SNA 與 SNP 混合液可使增加之無效分蘗成為有效分蘗，-株穗數、發育穎花數、結實率及千粒重亦增加，因而使產量增加 4 - 11%（1 期作）及 5 – 14%（2 期作）。（3）加施 GA3 對株高、穗長及粒長有顯著影響外，對其他農藝性狀效果不穩定。（4）三供試品種間，以臺農 67 號對不同生長素處理有較好之反應；稉型早熟品種日本晴因施用 Chloroflurenol 而促進之分藥數增加效果最大；秈型早熟品種廣陸矮 4 號對上述生長素處理，則在一株穗數、千粒重及株高方面較其他供試品種增加效果大。
A sudy was carried out to investigate the effects of plant growth regulators, chloroflurenol (IT 3456, methl-2-chloro-9-hydroxy-fluroene-9-carboxylate ; 1 mM), SNA (sodium naphthalene acetic acid; 50 ppm) +SNP (sodium nitrophenol; 2000 X) and gibberellin (GA3 50 ppm) on grain yield and yield components of paddy rice. Two early maturing rice Nipponbare, Kwang-lu-ai 4 and the local cultivar Tainung 67 were used in this experiment. The following results were obtained.
1. The application of chloroflurenol alone increased tiller number per plant by 3-12% in the first rice season and Ly 9-19% in the second season. However, most of the increased tillers did not bear panicles. No striking effect on grain yield was obtained since mean spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain-weight were reduced by this treatment.
2. SNA and SNP mixture treatment showed the effects of increasing panicle number, particularly by promoting the additional tillers caused by chloroflurenol treatment to bear effective panicles. Number of florets in the secondary branch position, seed-set percentage and 1000-grain-weight were also increased, especially in the second crop season. Grain yield was increased by 4-11% and 5-14% in the first and second rice seasons, respectly.
3. GA3 treatment significantly affected the plant height and length of panicles and spikelets. Most significant effect was found on the semi-dwarf variety Kwang-lu-ai 4, Spikelet number per plant and seed-set percentage also increased slightly, whereas1000-grain-weight dropped. Other agronomic characters showed relatively unstable results. This treatment caused the reduction of grain yield of Kwang-lu-ai 4 in the first and of all cultivars in the second crop season.
4. Highly significant differences in grain yield and yield components were found among the three cultivars tested. Different growth regulator treatments had more favourable influence on Tainung 67 than on other cultivars, particularly in grain yield. The application of chloroflurenol could increase the tiller number of Nipponbare, but not 1000-grain-weight and grain yield. The treatment of chloroflurenol, SNA+SNP, and GA3 had more favorable influence on the panicle number per plant, 1000-grain-weight and plant height for Kwang-lu-ai 4 than for other cultivars, and its grain yield showed a slight increase also
(22(2):135-144)Effect of Climatic Factors on The Development and Discharge of Ascospores of The Citrus Black Spot Fungus
No full text柑桔黑星病菌子囊殼形成與發育受氣象因子影響甚大。下雨、溫度、日曬、露水及土壤濕度均能影響子囊殼形成與發育。長期間下雨，不利於子囊殼形成。低溫、長期日曬與雨量稀少均能屬緩子囊殼發育之時間。溫度21~28℃之間，最適於子囊殼形成與發育。一般言，在子囊殼發育之最適溫度與雨量下，子囊成熟而時四至五週。
黑星病菌子囊胞子釋放與雨水有密切關係，若以含成熟子囊殼之枯葉組織塊浸水，約30分鐘後即開始釋放子囊胞子，其持續時期多不超過一天。在果園內大量子囊胞子釋放緊跟著下雨之後，然而有時在無雨情況下亦有極少數胞子釋放，且夜晚收集胞子數常較白天者為多，此可能受胞子持續時間和露水之影響。在本省新竹新地區，子囊胞子通常集中在五月下旬至九月底，其持續時期長達四個月。
The formation and development of perithecia of the citrus black spot fungus, Guignar-dia cilricarpa Kiely, on the fallen dead leaves of citrus were found mainly influenced by temperature and rainfall.
No perithecia developed at temperatures below 7℃ or above 35℃. At 14℃ perithecia, asci and ascospores were Observed 14, 32 and 42 days, respectively, after citrus leaves were detached and received alternative wetting and drying twutment daily. It required 10 days for the formation or perithecia and 27 days for ascospores at temperatures ranging from 21-28℃.
Morderate quantity of precipitation and even distribution of rainy days were favorable for the formation and development of perithecia. On the Other hand, large quantity of precipitation together with successive rainy days resulted in the decomposition of the dead leaves before the perithecia could develop and mature, thus eradicating the latent pathogen.
Prolonged dry we3ther inhibited the formation and development of perithecia, but it did not kill the latent pathogen. Ascospore release from mature perithecia was affected apparently by the times of rainfal rather than the total amount of precipitation. At optimal tempera-tures (21-28℃) and with adequate precipitation, maturation of perithecia on the dead leaves took approximately 4 to 5 weeks.
When the dead leaves with mature perithecia were immersed in water, the ascospores started to release after 20-140 min. In most of the cases, ascospore discharge lasted less than one day. Heavy spore discharge Occurred in the first day and the number of ascospore discharge declined in later days. Only a few spores were released after 9th day.
A large quantity of ascospores could be collected in the orchard shortly after rainfall; nevertheless, a few ascospores could still be collected under fair weather-more being the night than the day. Dew also had some effect on the formation and development of perit-hecia and the discharge of ascospores
(22(3):172-185)X光線誘發之稻染色體微小變異半不稔性之研究
No full textAmong the 87 X3 lines of rice segregated for seed fertility, 22 were found normal in chromosome behavior at diakinesis or metaphase-I in both fertile and semisterile plants. The frequencies of the individual seedset percentages in most of these 22 lines distributed in continuous manners, otherwise in a ratio of 1:1. Semisterile plants of 1:1 segregating X3 lines tended to produce progenies segregated in 1:1, while those of the continuously segregating lines showed relatively unstable breeding behavior. The fertile plants in the stable X4 lines were testcrossed on the original variety, Taichung 65, and 12 homozygotes that set seed normally and bred true were isolated. The similar segregation for seed fertility re-occurred in the respective testcross F2.
The percentages of seed fertility and stainable pollen of the intercross F1’s between these homozygotes were, respectively, 14.9%-42.5% and 31.9%-50.0%. Five to 15% of intermediately aborted pollen were observed in the F1’s related with specific homozygotes.
The frequencies of seedset and stainable pollen percentages in most of the intercross F2’s distributed in continuous manners similar to those reported in the F2 of the intersubspecific hybrid of rice.
1. 本試驗以研究水稻品種臺中65號經X光線處理後誘發之半不稔性及其遺傳行動為目的，尤其是以顯微鏡不易查出的染色體微小變異者為對象。由10kr，20kr，30kr處理過的X2材料中逢機取出87X3。半不稔系統，其中有22個系統分離半不稔個體而其花粉母細胞在肥厚期和第一中期只形成3%或以下的一個四價染色體，或者都是正常。這些系統可認為染色體構造正常或發生微小變化者。
2. 含有四價染色體的花粉母細胞之百分比少於3%的X3半不稔系統，除了成以一比一分離結實與半結實個體外，尚有許多成連續性分離者。一比一分離系統內的半不稔個體大部分產生同樣分離之後代，但連續性分離者去 p 產生四種不同分離型式之後代。
3. 從四價染色體百分比低於3%的系統內，取其結實個體數株，並回交於原品種。根據此測驗交配的結果，分離出12個稔性正常又固定之同型接合體。連續性分離系統的測驗交配F1有58.2%-64.8%之結實率，一比一分離系統的測驗交配 F1有44.4%-54.8%。上述稔性分離現象無論是一比一或連續者，都能於測驗交配 F2族羣中再度出現。
4. 將上述12個同型結合體互相什交，結果互相什交F1的結實率變異於14.9%-42.5%，而正常花粉率變異於31.9%-50.0%之間。此等F1並沒有單性結果的現象。與一個同型結台體系統有親綠關係的F1均發現有半退化花粉，約變異於5%-15%之間。
5. 同型接合體間互相什交F2族羣中，個體的結實率分離甚廣，與一般秈梗型稻品種問什交F2者相似。至於此種半不稔性是否存在於天然品種之間，猶待今後之探求
(21(4):256-263)LEAF INFECTION WITH CITRUS BLACK SPOT AND PERITHECIAL DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO ASCOSPORE DISCHARGE OF GUIGNARDIA CITRICARPA KIELY
No full text柑桔黑星病病害之發生受氣象因子影響甚大。下雨、露水及溫度均能影響病原菌子囊殼發育及子囊胞子之釋放。本省新竹地區，黑星病菌子囊胞子之釋放，自五月下旬至九月底或十月初，其釋放時期長達四個月。由葉片組織分離之結果，黑星病菌初次侵入葉片時期與子囊胞子開始釋放之時期相互一致。通常春梢萌芽後二個月，即大量受感染，而夏梢及秋梢萌芽後不久即有可能受感染。從定期檢查果園枯葉子囊殼成熟度之結果，無法有效預測子囊胞子之釋放時期。
This paper deals with the discharge of ascospore of the citrus black spot fungus, Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, as affected by environmental factors. Some relevant results of leaf infection and investigation of perithecial development were also given.
Using a Hirst spore trap for collecting ascospores during 1968-1970, it was found the most favorable period for ascospore discharge occurred from the end of May to early October. Rain and high temperature were important to induce the development of perithecia and discharge of ascospore. When there were mature perithecia in orchard, heavy dews could probably be effective in inducing ascospore discharge. In the Summer, the climatic factors were favorable for ascospore discharge and a large amount of such spores were released. Ascospore discharge Occurred at a very low level during the Winter and early Spring. The results of spore trapping and tissue isolation made from apparently healthy leaves indicated a coincidence of initial leaf infection with the commencement of ascospore discharge in the late part of May.
The perithecia of Guignardia citricarpa were present in citrus dead leaves throughout the year in Taiwan. Detection of initial ascospore discharge of the pathogen was attempted by examination of dead leaves for mature perithecia. The experiment was begun in January and carried through December 1970. Unfortunately, monthly examination of perithecia failed to give a meaningful result. The reason may be due to the small samples taken and the rapid decomposition of leaves during the hot Summer and raining season
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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