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(11(4):48-55)STUDIES ON POWER TILLER ATTACHMENT USED FOR PADDY FIELD LEVELLING
No full text自利用小型耕耘機實施水田耕耘作業後一般均認為犂耕及碎土作業都比牛耕為優，但整平作業則由於附屬鐵耙之載土能力欠佳，遠不及牛耕用手耙，鑑於此實施本計劃預期改善小型耕耘機之整平性能。
1. The present study is aimed to design and to improve tools attached to po-wer tiller for levelling paddy field. Four types of ground leveller were studied.
2. Pull-plate type leveller was first made and was subjected for field test. It was found that when the edge of pull-plate touched soil lamps, the pull-plate keeps up and down movement following the taming of soil lamps. This movement makes difficult to control the depth of soil. It is difficult to contol the working depth of soil at both edges of the plate, thus gradually increasing the soil depth when this motion is continued. Therefore, pull-plate type leveller is now considered to be not suitable for practical application.
3. Spike-hollow is generally used and known to have two disadvantages. Firstly, when hitch was fiixed by one pine, the hollow can not be stabilized during the opration, thus to reducg ability of soid transportationv. Secondly, when two pines were fixed to the hitch, though the hollow can be stabilized and increase the soil transportation capacity, but turning of direction of machine can not be made smothly during the opration.
4. Knife rotor has a good efficiency in crashing soil lamp, but can not transport the crashed soid. Then it is considered to be not suitable for levelling the surface of paddy field.
5. When spike-hollow we fixed withe one pine and add the tentional springs at both right and left ends, the stability of machine can be increasded and to increase the soil carring capacity, the turning ability of direction of machine was also found to be very easy, therefore, the type of attachment may be recommended for practical use
(13(4):71-94)STUDIES ON POWER TILLER USED FOR PADDY FIELD
No full text1. 各種整地方法對土壤及作物生育，產量之影響，在試驗期間未能發現顯著之差異。
2. 耕深除無變速裝置3~4.5馬力之迴轉驅動型耕耘機未能達到牛耕深度外，其餘均比牛耕為深。3. 本省水由之理想耕深應為20~25公分，但各供試機器均未能達到20公分以上之深度。
4. 為達成深耕目的必須研究心土犁及振動犁等耕耘機用心土破碎器具。
5. 平均耕地時問各種機器均比牛耕為快，但有些地區反比牛耕為慢，至使實際作業效率只達理論作業效率之43－65%，普通應為60~80%，其原因可歸列為：
i 作業耕深均大於作耕耘機耕速之統計時之耕深（12~14公分）
ii 駕駛員之行速未能達到l m/sec之行速而仍舊保持駛牛耕地時之行速（0.7 m/sec）至使影響工作效率。
iii 車輪及耕具未能完全配合各地之土壤情況，至使有些地區發生作業困難，如機器之沉沒，土草之附著等等。
6. 在試驗期間未有適合之整平器具影響作業效率至巨，只達正常作業效率之40~60%。
7. 由於作業效率低、用油量經濟度只達正常狀態之75~80%。
8. 牽引型耕紜機每公頃整地成本為 700 元，驅動型為 777 元，牛耕為 1,233 元，機耕較牛耕為省，但牛耕之成本多為非現金支出，對農家經濟之影響不顯著，但耕耘機之成本多屬現金支出，對農家之經濟有明顯關係，故必須善於經營以提高經營所得或保持耕耘機之年使用時間在500小時以上始可得到械化之利益。
7. 農作制度之地域性複雜，機器成本高，年使用時數減少，及附屬農具未能適合作業要求，至使今幾年之耕紜機推廣情形未能達到政府之預定目標。
10. 今後應盡量簡化耕紜機之機構以降低成本，並須配台各地域之農業制度研究地域性之附屬農具。
1. During the experimental period, the influence of each land preparation method on soil, plant growth, and quantity of production could not clearly be found.
2. The average power tiller can plow land usually deeper than animal does except the rotary type power tiller with 3-4.5 HP and one forward speed.
3. The ideal depth of Taiwan paddy-field is 20-25 cm, but all the power tiller used in experimentation could not reach 20 cm. The average depth of each tiller is listed on page 35.
4. For the purpose of reaching the required depth, we have to work out some kinds of attachment such as subsoil plow, vibration chisel to break subsoil.
5. The average operating time of each power tiller is less than that of ox. But at some areas animal plowing is faster than tiller operation. The efficiency of power tiller reached only 43-65% to the cacnlated value. In general case, its efficiency should be 60-80%. Why does the power tiller fail to reach this efficiency?
(1). The experimented plowing depth is more than average depth (12-14 cm).
(2). Driver’s speed could not Keep up with that of power tiller (1 m/sec). and maintained the consistent speed of animal (0.7 m/sec).
(3). Wheels & implments could not suit each kind of soils. Some area took place the machine sunk down and .straws curled around wheel-shaft.
6. During the experimental period, there is no any suitable leveller. So the efficiency of operation was greatly affected and was 40-50% of normal status.
7. Due to low efficiency, fuel consumption is only 75-80% of normal status.
8. Operating cost per hecta is NT 777 for rotary type, and NT$ 1,233 for animal plowing. As a result, the expense of employing power tiller is less than animal. But the wages of animal plowing is not paid in cash, so it doesn’t conspicuosly affect farmers’ economy. For this reason, the owners have to utilize their power tiller well to increase its income or keep its operating time above 500 hours every year.
9. Many different kinds of agricultural system, high first cost, little operating time every year, and attachments failing to treat each kind of agricultural circum-stance prevent the power tiller from expanding to the predelermined aim of the govern-ment.
10. From now on, we should design a power tiller as simple as possible to decrease its first cost and work out some kinds of implement to suit every agricultural circumstance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
(16(2):70-80)TESTING OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE CURRENT GRAIN DRYER IN TAIWAN
No full text(l)穀層愈厚，上下層水分率差距愈大，乾燥時間較長。
(2)水分率高且穀層厚時，常實施攪拌較為有利，可提高乾燥效率。
(3)水分率高達40%，而穀層厚度在17公分以上時，風速若保持0.86立方公尺／秒，則乾燥速率可高達8.6%/小時，而影響不大且提高熱效率。但必須限於搶救性乾燥時。
(4)搶救性安全乾燥熱效率較高，而儲存性乾燥則一般較低。（碎米率不變的情形下）
(5)熱效率可做為衡量乾燥工作優劣之參考。
(6)目前乾燥機應走向能控制水份率變化曲線的新途徑。
1. The deeper the grain layer, the more the drying time needs and the more moisture contain difference between the top and the bottom of the grain layer.
2. As the moisture contain is high and the layer deep, it is better to mixture the grain layer occasionally to get the higher drying efficiency.
3. For a 40% high moisture contain of a more than 17cm. deep layer, and the air velocity maintain at 0.86 m/sec, it is still safe to operate in the drying speed of 8.6% per hour.
4. Rapid drying has higher heat efficiency than storage drying.
5. Whether it is good or not in the operation of drying can be checked by the heat efficiency.
6. A new dryer must be designed in such a new way as can control the change of the miosture contain in the drying
(18(4):44-66)EXPERIMENTS ON PORTABLE POWER RICE CUTTER (SHOULDER SUPPORTING TYPE)
No full text本省水稻收割作業，向以鐮刀刈割水稻為主要工具，工作效率既低，所需勞力又多，從而增加生產成本。且操作者必須彎腰始能割稻，工作極為辛苦，隨著教育之普及，和工業之發達，以及國民生活水準之日漸提高，農村青年多已走進工廠及企業機構，形成農村勞力日趨缺乏之現象。故每逢水稻收穫季節，農家往往因人手不足而耽誤農時，對產量及品質影響頗鉅。此一問題且有隨時間而日趨嚴重之勢，亟待解決。而大型聯合水稻收穫機之被採用，因受環境限制，尚有一段距離。本所有鑑及此，特購進日本製背負式動力割稻機二台，由於本省水稻之生理及物理性質與日本水稻品種頗有差異，故必須先予試驗研究加以改良，以期能符合本省農業環境。同時並接受農復會補助，以便擴大研究基礎，希望能於短期內推廣，以應此一過渡時期之需要。
1. According to the experiment, rice culms will be cut more effectually by a disk rice cutter with less cutting teeth, or the lesser the better.
2. This power rice cutter can cut 4 up to 6 rows of rice culms down each time (or 4 to 6 rice hills). The number of rows (or hills) of rice culms which can be cut by the rice cutter depends upon the number of culms in every single rice hill.
3. The losses of rice grains by shattering effect of using a rice cutter are different sharply with different rice varieties. For an example, the losses of Ponlai rice varieties which are usually lost the amount of grains from one to 2.3 times of grains by using a rice cutter compared with man power harvesting are considered the least of varieties.
4. The total working hours per ha. by using a rice cutter is ranged from 22 hours 12 minutes up to 39 hours 27 minutes, or 28 hours 26 minutes in average. The total working hours per ha. is much affected by the skill of the operator of course.
5. The fuel consumption is ranged from 12.5 litters up to 30.2 litters per ha. or 21.4 litters in average.
6. It is very clear, to cut down the rice culms is only one of important processes during harvest. The second one is threshing. The total expenses of the former process by using a rice cutter is NT 5.2 per litter with the wage of NT$ 10 per working hour, and the depreciation of the machine is not included in the above, the so called total expenses per ha
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
(20(4):24-46)TESTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL RICE COMBINE HARVESTER IN RVLATION TO SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RICE
No full text1. 稻穗穀粒最小抗拉強度對摩擦掉粒數之影響度Q值為46.5%，其與穀粒含水分率之交感作用及與穗粒數之交感作用之Q值，亦各佔13％及2.5%，所以穀粒最小抗拉強度之大小對摩擦掉粒之影響極大，兩者間之關係式為：
y=-0.14x +31.17 y：摩擦掉粒數(%)
x：穀粒最小抗拉強度(gr)
2. 目前小型水稻聯合收穫機所使用之脫穀選別機構，極易受到稻葉水分含量以及稻束供給速度及供給深度之影響，所以具有各種調節裝置，使機器能適應各種情況之水稻，但由於調節裝置過繁，相互間不易使其完全配合，因此摩擦掉粒數、行車速度、水稻成熟度等因素對水稻聯合收穫機收穫作業掉粒損失之影響，往往比人為因素小，因而各因素之F值均不顯著。
3. 田間表土硬度（貫穿深度），稻葉含水分率及田區面積大小對工作能量均有顯著之影響，稻葉含水分率之影響度約佔25%，與其他兩因素之交感影響亦各佔12%及8％。
稻葉含水分率與機器工作能量之間的關係式為：
y=-0.26x + 76.94 y：工作能量（min/10a)
x：稻葉含水分率(%)
表土上貫穿深度及田區面積大小對工作能量之影響度各為15%，其他機差之影響度為20％。
表土貫穿深度與工作能量之關係式為：
y=9.45x + 76.07 y=工作能量(min/10a )
x=表土貫穿課度（cm）
田區面積大小與工作能量之關係式為：
y=-0.01x + 100.14 y=工作能量(min/10a )
x＝田區面積(m2)
4. 割切機構上所附裝之扶稻桿作業性能極佳，且割切高度及脫穀時稻束之供給深度均有良好之調節裝置，只要節調妥當，則稻株之高度、分蘗數、倒伏程度等對機器之作業性能均無太大影響，但完全倒伏之水稻即無法收割。
5. 因機器之履帶高度不高，表土太軟，重錘貫穿深度超過3cm以上時，機器之行走即不甚方便，影響工作效率，超過6cm以上時，工作極為困難。
6. 目前之小型水稻聯合收穫機，每天工作效率平均約為0.6公頃，但葉面有水滴時即無法工作，同時，稻束供給量稍為過量，即隨時發生堵塞現象。故為提高機器工作效率，目前之下方供給稻束脫穀法及風選式選別機構不甚適用，應改為上方供給稻束脫穀法及搖動選別法之脫穀選別機構。
7. 稻谷的損失率為0.5~2%之間，損失量並不太嚴重。
8. 每公頃所需總人工時數為34小時，其中聯合收穫機正常作業所佔比例為35% ，手工刈割田邊稻佔28%，利用聯合收穫機之脫穀選別機構脫田邊稻為37%。可知工時分配上極為不經濟。改進的方法，惟有增大田區面積，及修改機器本身，使能免去處理田邊稻的工作。
9. 機器的田間理論工作效率平均為57%，田間有效工作效率平均為64.9%。提高有效工作效率的方法，在於一方面使田區長邊與寬邊長度比例加大，另一方面簡化機器的結構，儘量減少調節手續。
10. 每公頃所需工作成本，可以下列方程式表示之：
式中A為年工作面積（公頃），x為可使用年限，因機器價格頗高，所以年工作量及可使用年限為影響成本最大的因子。依照目前使用情形准算，年工作量為30公頃，可使用年限為4年，則每公頃所需工作成本為1,780元。欲使成本降至低於1,300元，則機器必需經過修改，使操作人員減為二員，年工作面積能在40公頃以上，耐久年限4年以上，始可達成。
11. 為降低工作成本，今後應改進的方向略如下列：
(1)將刈切部份置於脫穀部份的前端，藉以免去手割及機脫田邊稻的手續。
(2)將脫穀選別部份工作容量加大，並使之適用於雨天、露晨。
(3)加大履帶的驅動輪徑，或改良履帶的結構，使收穫機能適用於軟泥田區。
(4)簡化各部份的結構與調整，並增強其耐久性能。
(5)增加機器之機動性，以便提高其利用率。
1. The minimum tesile strength of rice grain significantly affected the friction loss of grain. The “Q” value was 46.5%. The moisture content of grain and the number of grain affected the friction loss were not as important as the minmum tensile strength. The “Q” values were 13% and 2.5% for moisture content of grain and number of grain per panicle respectively. The regression equation between minmum tensile strength and friction loss of grain is
Y=-0.14X+31.17
Where X= the minmun tensile strength of grain. (gr.)
Y= the percentage of the friction loss of grain. (%)
2. The effect of friction loss of grain, the forward speed of the combine & the degree of maturity of rice on grain loss caused by combine harvester were not significant. This would be possible thant factors other than the above mentioned three were involved. For instance, the moisture content of the leaves, the feeding speed of rice bundle and the length of rice plant feeding inside the threshing machine. For the purpose of fitting and easing the handling of rice bundles under different conditions, this combine is equipped with various attachments which are so encepliated that the operator is not very easy to familiar with it and run it properly. Therefore the improper handling of the combine would cause more grain loss.
3. The hardness of the surface soil or top soil, the moisture content of the leaves, and the size of working plot all greatly affected the working capacity of the combine harvester.
The regression equations for the moisture content of the leaves, hardness of the surface soil and the size of working plot with the working capacity are:
a. moisture of leaf:
where:Y=0.26X+76.94
Y=working capacity (min/10a)
X=moisture content (%)
b. Hardenss of surface soil
where:Y=9.45X+76.07
Y=working content (%)
X=the depth of the weight droped into the surface soil (cm)
c. The size of working plot:
where:Y=-0.01X+100.14
Y=working capacity (min/10a)
X=size of each working plot (m2)
4. The rice pick-up attached to the cutting mechanism of the small rice combine is excellent, The rice cutting height and the length of rice plant for feeding to the threshing mechanism con be adjusted properly. Hence, if all parts are properly adjusted, these factors such as the height of rice plant, the number of rice plants per hill, and the declination angle of rice plant will not affect much on the operation of combine. However, this type of small combine won’t work well when lodging of rice plants is very serious.
5. The height of the track on both side of the combine isn’t sufficient. If the surface soil of the field is too soft (when a given weight is droped down from a height of one meter to the soil surface and penetrates into the surface soil by 3 cm but less than 6 cm.) combine won’t proceed well and its efficiency is very low. When the given weight penetrates into the soil by 6 cm or more, this combine won’t work any more.
6. The working capacity of this small rice combine is 0.6 hectare per day in average under noumal conditions. However the capacity of this machine is greatly reduced or even won’t work when the leaves are wet. In the meantime, the threshing machine will be in trouble when more too much rice plants are fed. The combine would be efficient if the present rice feeding mechanism, which is fed under the threshing drum, be changed to feed rice plants on the threshing drum, and the wind cleaning mechanism be changed to vibrating sieve.
7. The percentage of grain loss is ranging from 0.5 to 2%, which is considered not a very serious loss of grain.
8. To harvest one hectare of rice required 34 man-hours, which included 35% for by combine in normal operation, 28%for cutting rice in the border rows, 37% for combine threshing the rice harvested in the border rows. Therefore, it is quite clear that the size of farm for using combine with great efficiency and better benefit is exstremely important. Because 65% of manhour required for harvesting the rice on the border row is quite unreasonable.
9. The theoretical field efficiency of the machine is 57% in average and the effective field efficiency is 64.9% in average. The effective field efficiency can be increased if the proportion of length to width of a field is increased in order to reduce the turn of combine, the machine construction be further simplified and the regulating process be abated.
10. The following equation expressed the total cost for harvesting one hectare of rice.
Y=81,000/AX+11,655/A+821
Where:
A=Hectare of rice to be harvested per year.
X=Effective service life of the machine.
The high price of the machine, the acreage harversted per year and the service life of the machine affected the total cost greatly. From this test, 30 hectares of rice harvested per year, and 4-year service life will be the minimum requirements for economic use of the combine. Under this conditions, the total cost for harvesting one hectare of rice is NT 1,300.00, then the machine should be improved to allow 2 operators to work on, more than 40 ha. of rice be harvested per year and the service life of the machine be more than 4 years.
11. We would suggest that the following improvements be made in order to reduce the cost of operation to a more economic level:
(1) Set the cutter before the threshing sorting parts in order that the cutting and threshing of rice in the border row could be avoided.
(2) Improve the working ability of the threshing and sorting parts, in order to make the machine to be able to work in rainy day and high humidity in the morning hours.
(3) Enlarge the diameter of both the driver and the driven sprocket, or improve the track structure to made it suitable for soft, muddy field operation.
(4) Simplify the structure and ease the regulation of the machine parts and intensify their durability.
(5) Make the machine easy to transfer, in order to promote its availability
(16(3):55-61)EQUIPMENTS DESIGNED FOR GRAINS DRYING ON FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
No full text本省氣候高溫、多雨、濕度高，具有穀子發芽及霉菌繁殖的良好條件，在穀類乾燥及儲存上比較困難，因此如何減低穀粒含水量以抑制霉菌的繁殖及穀子本身的生存活動，使達休眠狀態，以利安全儲存，乃是穀類乾燥的重要課題，以往本省乾燥方法大都委之於天然力，利用不需花錢的太陽熱及自然風作為乾燥稻穀的原動力，但此方法操作既苦又慢，且一旦遇上壞天候無太陽熱可資利用時，只有坐視稻穀蒙受發芽發霉的損失，故如何利用機器，克服自然提高溫度及風量以增進乾燥速率，實為當前穀類乾燥之機械化途經，基此原因乃設計一套裝置思從乾燥之基本試驗著手。
These equipments are used on the fundamental research of grains drying for the purpose of finding out how air temperature and air quantity influence the grains drying speed and the physical condition of grain.
1. The special designed air flow measurement which is constructed by a rectangular iron plate hanged in an air flowing pipe is used in the drying process because of it’s easy to be operated.
2. The special designed electric heater is used in the drying process because it’s temperature is easy to be controlled and it’s energy can be calculated precisely.
3. After passing from the small eye grids and straightener, the air flow is steady and the air temperature at every point of the pipe cross section is nearly in the same temperature degrees.
4. From the indicating temperature degrees on the dry bulb thermometers and the wet bulb thermometers on bottom and top of the grains containeer, we can calculate the air humidity before and after the air flows into the grain layers.
5. From the thermometers which hare been set up on wall of the grain container we can find out the temperature in every grain layer during the drying operation.
6. From the holes on wall of the grain container we can suck grains by using suck bag.
7. From the window on wall of the grain container we can see the grain color changed during drying operation when the grainsmoisture content is really high
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