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(21(2):103-117)THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE ANATOMY OF JUTE FIBER CELL AND RETTED FIBER QUALITIES
No full text本研究以黃麻各品種(系)之植株莖徑，纖維細胞之組織，與其對纖維品質間之相關，舉行試驗期能從基本研究中，提供選育品種，栽培方法之依據，俾本省能以生產品質優良之黃麻纖維。
(一) 纖維細胞束 1黃麻每一纖維細胞束之細胞數，以FS-61-I-2098之26.62±10.22個為最多，臺農選1號之22.50±8.25個為最少，粗莖者顯著多於細莖者。2第一層細胞束中之細胞數均多於第三及第五層尤其中、梢部，第一層比第三及第五層多2-3倍。3纖維細胞束長、濶以TN-7-57為最大，臺農1號為最小，粗莖者多於細莖者。4細胞束羣之層數，粗莖者大於細莖者，基部多於中部，梢部最少，臺農選1號粗莖基部達11~13 層為最多。
(二) 單纖維細胞 1. 單纖維細胞直徑及膜厚，以長果種FS-61-I-2098之17.62±2.86及5.88±1.23μ最大；細胞長度則以TN-7-57之2618±639.31μ為最長，FS-61-I-2098之2196±549.33μ為最短，該品系之長幅比126.60為最小。2. 粗莖之細胞直徑及膜厚平均大於細莖，細胞長度則短於細莖，故粗莖之長幅比較小。3. 植株中部之細胞直徑、膜厚及長度均大於基、梢部，尤其細胞長度差異最為明顯，致中部之細胞長幅比162.64為最大。
(三) 纖維品質 黃麻臺農選1號、TN-7-57，臺農1號等3品種（系）之拉力負荷、耐屈力、長度及色澤等纖維品質差異不大，FS-61-I-2098則較遜。
(四) 纖維細胞組織與纖維品質間之相關 1. 纖維細皰束之澗度與纖維拉力負荷呈顯著負相關r＝-0.413. 2. 纖維細胞膜厚與纖維耐屈力呈顯著正相關r=0.587。3. 纖維細胞長度與纖維拉力負荷呈極顯著正相關r=0.563. 4. 細胞長幅比與纖維拉力負荷呈顯著正相關r=0.416.
It is expedted that the basic investigation of the relation between the some anatomical characteristics of fiber cells and the qualities of jute retted fiber may offer the method of variety selection, cultivation. Thus, the better qualities of jute fiber may be obtained in Taiwan.
1. Bundle of fiber cells:
(1) The cell number of each fiber bundle of jute is the mos numerous for the variety FS-61-I-2098, which is 26.62±10.22, and that for the variety Tainung No. 1. is the least one, 22.50±8.25. The cell number of fiber bundle for the bigger stem is significantly more numerous than the slender stem.
(2) The cell number of each fiber bundle in first layer is more numerous than those in third, fifth layer; especially in the top and middle part of stem, the cell number of fiber bundle in first layer is 2-3 times that in third, fifth layer.
(3) The length and width of fiber bundle is the largest for variety TN-7-57, and the least for variety Tainung No, 1. In general, the length and width of fiber bundle of bigger stem is larger than of slender stem.
(4) The number of layer in fiber bundle group is more numerous for bigger stem than slender stem. The number of layer is larger for butt part, and the least of top part. The number of layer for the butt part of variety Tainung No. 1. which has big stem is 11-13. It is the most numerous.
2. Ultimate fiber cells:
(1) The diameter and wall thickness of ultimate fiber cells is the largest for the variety FS-61-I-2098, 17.63±2.68μ, 17.63±2.68μ for diameter, and 5.88±1.23μ for wall thickness. The length of cell is the most long for variety TN-7-57, 2168±639.31μ. The variety FS-61-I-2098 has the least length of cell, 2196±549.33μ. The length breadth ratio for the latter, 126.60, is therefore the least one.
(2) The cell diameter and cell-wall thickness for big stem are greater than slencer stem, moreover, the length of cell is shorter for the former. Hence the length-breadth ratio for big stem is also smaller.
(3) The cell diameter, cell-wall thickness, and cell length for middle part of stem is larger than those of butt part and top part. Especially, the cell length is the most conspicuous. Hence the length breadth ratio of fiber cells in middle part, 162.64, is the most large one.
3. The breaking load, flex, retted fiber length and luster of Tainung selection No. 1., TN-7-57, and Tainung No. 1. are insignificantly different from each other. Those for FS-61-I-2098 is relatively weak.
4. The correlation between the anatomy of fiber cells and retted fiber qualities:
(1) There is significantly negative correlation between width of fiber cells bundle and breaking load of retted jute, r=-0.413.
(2) There is significantly positive correlation between cell-well thickness and flex strength of retted jute, r=0.587.
(3)There is very significantly positive correlation between the length of fiber cell and breaking load of retted jute r=0.563.
(4) There is significantly positive correlation between the length breadth ratio of fiber cells and breaking load of retted jute, r=0.41
(22(4):270-277)STUDIES ON INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS UPON THE WATER RETTING AND FIBER QUALITIES OF JUTE
No full text民國53~58年間，筆者曾遍赴本省黃麻主要產地，抽樣測定纖維品質結果，發現麻豆、學甲等鄉鎮，每年所產精洗麻，均遠比其他產麻鄉鎮為優；水上、溪口、新港等地所產者則較差，如麻豆53~56年度所產精洗麻之平均拉力為26.47磅，57年為34.29磅，58年為40.83磅 ；同年度水上所產者，則分別為18.54磅，23.90磅及25.45磅，兩地相比，極為懸殊。本省黃麻為政府計劃生產之作物，其品種、栽培方法所差不大，此一地區性之黃麻品質差異，成因何在？饒有趣味，頗值探討。
影響黃麻纖維品質之因子甚多，Kundu(1964)認為可分二類：一為品種、栽培法、收穫期、浸練調製等易於挫制之人為因素；另為土壤、氣候、浸練水質等不易控制之環境因素。本文係就後者各因素為主題，進行試驗。
黃麻為熱帶或亞熱帶作物，性喜高溫多濕，生育期間平均溫度須在20℃~25℃，各月平均雨量須有200~300公釐，始能良好生長。嘉南平原為本省黃麻主要產區，其黃麻生育期4~8月之氣溫，居該區南北之臺南、嘉義，初期4月之平均氣溫為23.4℃~22.2℃，收穫期8月為27.6℃~27.5℃每月平均溫度均在20℃以上，極適黃麻生育。位居該區之麻豆、學甲、歸仁、水上、溪口等鄉鎮，緯度差距極近，其氣候環境，按陳正祥(1959)之本省氣候類型分，同屬熱帶潤濕氣候，各地差異甚少，對黃麻纖維品質之影響亦應不大。惟該區在黃麻生育初期，雨量貧乏，如麻豆3月之平均雨量為70.8mm，4月為81.5mm，5月為182.7mm，實不足黃麻正常生育所需，尚賴灌概，而灌溉水之取給，受嘉南大圳輪灌關係，水源不豐，大部份黃麻灌溉與浸練用水，均取自當地深井，地下水源，地區間之差異，在所難免。不同浸練水源，影響纖維品質至鉅，印度布拉馬普特拉河(Brohmaputtra)流域之清澈河水，其所練得之精洗麻，常優於恆河(Ganges)。Scott(1964）研究浸練因素，認浸練水中含鐵有損纖維顏色，含銅有害浸練，鋁對浸練之進行及纖維品質則無影響。Myser (1970)謂：中性之浸練水，有利浸練作用及纖維品質之提高。Watkins與Allwood (1948)則認HP對浸練與纖維品質無任何明顯影響。Kirby (1953)記述浸練水中鈣之含量與浸練醱酵關係密切，鐵有損纖維色澤。Roy與Mandal (1967)稱水質對浸練及纖維品質極為重要，軟水可得最佳纖維，弱鹽水影響品質不大，硬水可延緩浸練及使纖維盡失光澤。此外，浸練水之電導度，Redox Potential及微生物含量等，據Scott (1964)研究，亦均與浸練及纖維品質有關。
黃麻最宜栽植於排水良好，土層深厚，並含有多量有機質之植質壤土或壤土。上述各抑鎮土壤，據梁鉅榮等(1951)報導：學甲、麻豆為鹽土類龜子港系植質粘壤土或壤土；麻豆東部另有沖積土與盤層土之局部分佈；水上與溪口之土壤、則分屬盤層土之新營輕粘土；斗六系植質粘土，與沖積土類之八掌系砂質壤土，虎尾系壤土或壤質砂土。各地土壤有異，因此對該等代表型之黃麻產地鄉鎮，其纖維品質所呈現之顯著差異，是否因土壤或水質等環境因素之不同而引起，實有詳加研究之必要。
1. When the jute has been retted in the same pond of retting water, there is no statistically significant difference of the qualities of jute retted fiber among different localities where jute grew.
2. The retting water from different localities, consisting of various water-soluble substances, are found to be greatly influence the qualities of jute retted fiber. Hence, there is significant benefit to ret the ribbons of jute in water of higher mineral content for the sake of improving the qualities of fiber
(19(1):6-26)STUDIES ON RELATION OF RETTING AND PROCESSING JUTE AND KENAF TO THERIR FIBER QUALITIES
No full text（一）浸練，為對黃麻纖維品質最具影響之因子，本研究乃從事（Ⅰ）黃麻鮮皮浸水時不同處理及浸水日數對纖維品質之影響，及（Ⅱ）基部未分離黃麻纖維之處理對於其品質之影響，兩項試驗，以探究改造黃麻浸練技術，期使本省得以生產品質優良之纖維，供省內製袋，並進而拓展外銷，爭取外匯。
（二）鮮皮浸水時不同處理及浸水日數對纖維品質之影響，試驗結果，綜述如下：
1.精洗率與浸練日數有關，浸練6天者，平均精洗率為9.7％，9天者為9.2％，12天為8.7％，16天為81％，即洗練日數愈短，精洗率愈高。
2.精洗麻拉力之高低，與浸練用水關係不大，浸練時覆蓋麻桿，或壓麻距水面深20～30公分，所得纖維，其拉力較不覆蓋者為高，不同之浸練天數為對纖維拉力影響最大之因子，浸練6天者平均拉力負荷為33.66～26.85磅，16天者為15.67～10.46磅，且其差異均呈極顯著標準，故縮短浸練，為提高拉力最有效之方法。
3.結節力、耐摩力、耐屈力等纖維品質，與拉力相仿，浸練用水及覆蓋情形等處理間差異均不大，浸練日數間之差異，則均呈顯著標準，即浸練愈久、結節力、耐摩力、耐屈力愈低。
4.於本省南部夏季，水溫28～32℃，PH值6～7，以生育日數123～140天之原料麻，利用浸水醱酵法浸練黃麻，上覆麻桿，或機械剝皮無麻桿時，壓麻深20～30公分，浸水5～6天，所練得纖維，不但精洗率高，品質亦最佳，如水溫較高，原料麻生育日斐較短，則可視實際纖維分離情形，再縮短浸水天數，以利纖維品質之提高。
（三）基部未分離纖維之處理對於品質之影響，試驗所結果綜述如下：
1.使基部未分離纖維分離之各種處理，以纖維乾後斬除基部未分離部份者最節省時工，惟比之浸練7天後，纖維能自然醱酵分離者，所需之時工多約半倍。
2.處理未分離之基部纖維，對精洗率之影響之大，縱使纖維乾後斬除未分離之基部25公分，或梳離未分進者，經處理後之完好纖維，其重量亦較浸練9天後者為高。
3.施予基部未分離纖維之各種處理，磁片刮除表皮者，纖維粗硬，不宜加工。以本棒搥打，在石上摜打，或纖維乾後梳開等處理，對纖維有打擊破損或梳裂損傷之現象，影響纖維拉力等品質，實非理想之處理，故各種處理中，僅以纖維乾後軟除未分離者，對纖維品質之提高，甚具效果。其拉力負荷為44.51～32.91磅，比之浸練7天者之35.67～26.58磅，及第1項試驗，浸練6天者之33.66~26.85磅，顯然提高。
Retting is found to be the most important factor for fiber quality of jute and kenaf. In order to produce better quality of jute retted fiber from its fresh ribbons for meeting the domestic and foreign demands, retting methods and retting time and treatments of incomplete retting butt end of retted jute fibers are studied. The qualities of retted fibers were investigated for comparison among different treatments at Tainan Fiber Crops Experiment Station in 1968. Their results are summarized respectively as follows:
1. Retting methods and retting times
(1) All the retting times are found to greatly influence the retting rate. When the retting time is 6 days, the retting rate is 9.7%. The rate is 8.7% for 12 days and 8.1% for 16 days. So, the shorter a retting period is, the higher the retting rate will be. Moreover, the retting rate from ribbons harvested earlier is lower than those from the ribbons of jute plants allowed to grow longer.
(2) No matter the water has been retted or fresh, there is no statistically significant difference between the breaking loads of fiber. Both the ribbon bundles covered with jute or kenaf woody stalks in retting process and those immersed down 20-30 cm. under water surface with bamboo poles have higher breaking load than those without cover on the top layer of ribbon bundles. The different retting days play the most importance role in affecting breaking load of the fiber. When the retting time is 6 days, there is breaking load of 33.66-26.85 1bs. For 16 days, the breaking load is 15.67-10.46 1bs. The differences are very significant. Therefore, optimum retting time is the most efficient factor to improve the breaking load of the fiber.
(3) There are on significant differences of shear, wear, and flex of the retted fiber among different treatments and two kinds of retting water, but the differences of these qualities for retting days are very significant. Hence, the longer the retting time is, the lower will the shear, the wear and the flex of the fiber be.
(4) In the southern part of Taiwan, with PH value of 6-7 and temperature of 28-32℃ in Summer, the retting process was conducted with the frcsh ribbons which have the plant age of 123-140 days at harvest. The ribbon bundles will be covered with jute woody stalks or immersed down to 20-30 cm under water surface with bamboo poles. In 6-7 days, the fibers have good quality, as well as a higher retting rate. If the stems are harvested within 120 days with a higher temperature, the retting time must be decreased in order to promote the fiber quality. Weakness of fiber thus may be avoided.
2. Treatment of the incomplete-retting butt end of the retted fibers
(1) Cutting off the incomplete-retting butt end from dry retted fiber requires less labours than other treatments. However, the fiber bundles complete-retted in 7 days require 1/2 number of labours more than cutting off treatment.
(2) When the incomplete-retting butt end of the retted fiber is treated, there is only slight influence on the retting rate. Even if the incomplete-retted tutt end is cut off 25 cm in length and the butt end is softened with card, the weight of complete-retted fibers is still higher than those obtained in 9 days.
(3) Among the treatments of the incomplete-retted butt end from the retted fibers as method paring away the epidermis form the butt end of retting fiber with a picec of porcelain, more hard fiber are obtained as the poor materials for making gunny sacks. All methods of beating the incomplete-retting butt end with a small woody mallet, cracking the imcomplete-retting butt end on a stone, or hard ground, and softening the incomplete-retting butt end with a jute card, have a bad influence on the quality of fiber. Hence, they are not ideal methods. It is a more effective method to cut off the incomplete-rettings butt end for the sake of improving the quality of the retted fiber. Its breaking load of 44.41-32.91 1bs is stronger than those obtained in 7 days with 35.67-26.36 1bs and in 6 days with 33.66-26.85 1bs
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