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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Studies On The Physiologic Races Of The Rice Blast Fungus, Piricularia Oryzae Cav. Part I
No full text1) Nineteen races of Piricularia oryzae Cay., were characterized from 293 isolates of the blast fungus obtained during 1964-1966. Among them., 17 races representing 259 isolates-showed the pathogenic patterns which had already been detected. The two newly chara eterized races (races 26 and 27) showed T race group patterns. Race 24 was the most prevalent race in 1964, being encountered 64 times. Another prevalent races of the period were races 17, 2, 3, 26, and 21.
2) Nine isolates representing six U.S. races and eleven isolates representing eight Japanese races were tested for their pathogenicity on the Taiwan differentials. Among the 16 Taiwan differentials, indica type varieties seemed more valuable as the differentials for the U.S. races than the japonica type varieties. Isolates of the same Japanese races did not give identical reactions on the Taiwan differentials. The pathogenic patterns on the Taiwan differentials, induced by Japanese race C-1 (Ken 60-19), N-1 (Hoku 373), N¡X4 (Ina-168) and N¡XS (Naga 61-14) were identical to those by Taiwan race 23, 22, 24 and 26, respectively
(19(2):62-71)STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS TO RICE DISEASES
No full text本試驗係為肥料種類及施用量不同，對稻作主要病害發生之影響，並且於本所田間舉行，茲將所得結果簡述如下：
本年度春季氣候寒冷，第一期作插秧期較往年延遲，而且稻生育期間氣候順調，另第二期作受前期作之影響其插秧期亦較遲，故第二期作水稻生育後期氣候較冷，因此兩期作的各種病害發生均為輕微。稻熱病未見其發生，較為嚴重者僅為稻紋枯病，而氮肥施用量增多（2倍或3倍量），易受該病及葉鞘腐敗病，小粒菌核病之加害，胡麻葉枯病之發生則反之，即缺氮肥區之發病率較高，但臺南1號（蓬萊稻）比臺中在來1號（在來稻）較易受侵害。葉鞘腐敗病則臺中在來1號比臺南1號為嚴重。紋枯病在兩品種間之差異不大。增加鉀肥可減輕小粒菌核病之為害程度。
產量方面增施鉀肥之效果，第二期作比第一期作較為顯著，增施氮肥（3倍量）之產量最差。稻穀1,000粒重量以無施肥（000）區最重，而增施氮肥區最輕。
This report deals with the effect of different kinds and various rate of fertilizers to the occurrence of main diseases of rice plant. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
Rice blast did not occur in the plot but the rice tolerated to the Sheath blight severely. It will be susceptible to both sclerotial disease and sheath rot in proportion to the increase rate of fertilizer applied. (2 to 3 time). But it is contrary to brown leaf spot, the disease will be havrier if a relatively low N-fertilizer is applied.
Increase in K-fertilizer may decrease the occurrence of stem rot. As to the effect of increase in yield, K-fertilizer used in the second crop is more obvious than in the first crop, the lowest yield is obtained in the heavy N-fertilizer plot. The weight of 1,000grains is heavier in Non-fertilizer than in heavy N-fertilizer plot
(22(1):41-46)STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF RICE BLAST AND SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE WITH BENLATE
No full text本研究係探討水稻秧田時期Benlate水和劑對稻熱病及稻紋枯病防治作用之效果。且將所得結果簡述如下：
Benlate水和劑施於土壤中育苗時，可預防稻熱病之發生，其使用濃度為乾燥土壤1公斤中加Benlate 1公克之效果最佳，土壤5公斤中施該劑1公克區至播種後第30天之預防效果極佳，但第35天後即稍被為害，土壤10公斤中施該劑1公克區雖然稍可抑制稻熱病之發生，但其效果並不顯著。
將取其稻莖、葉片接種稻紋枯病菌菌核時，葉鞘部位皆無法抑制病菌之侵害，而葉片上，新葉片比老葉片之抑制能力較強。Benlate之使用濃度愈高，抑制能力亦愈強。
取處理稻苗作成稻苗煎汁培養基，培養稻熱病菌及稻紋枯病菌之結果，Benlate 1公克施於土壤5公斤區就有抑制稻紋枯病菌之效力，土壤10公斤中施該劑1公克區之抑制能力較差，但對稻熱病菌，Benlate處理區皆能抑制該菌之生長，且頗為顯著，由此亦可推測Benlate對高溫度頗具穩定性。
The Benlate was mixed into the soil before sowing the rice seeds in order to understand the effects of the systemic fungicide to the blast and sheath blight of rice. The results are summarized as follows:
The Benlate applied into the soil before rice sowing could prevent the occurrence of rice blast, and the best treatment was found at the rate of 1/1,000 (one gram of Beniate to 1,000 gram of dry soil). At the rate of 1/5,000, the best control was obtained 30 days after sowing, but its effect were decreased after 35 days. However, there were no significant effect to rice blast at the rate of 1/10,000.
The rice stems as well as leaves were collected from the various treatments, and were inoculated with sheath blight fungus. The results showed that stem of sheath could not inhibit the disease. The leaves, however, did show the inhibition of sheath blight, especially the newly developed leaves. Moreover, the higher concentration of Benlate was used, the stronger inhibition of the disease was observed.
When the pathogens of rice blast and sheath blight respectively were cultured in decotion medium made by the seedlings raised in Benlate treated soil, the inhibition effect to the sheath blight fungus was found at the rate of 1/5,000 while there was only less effect at the rate of 1/10,000. All media made by seedling grown in Benlate treated soil inhibited the development of blast fungus. The results suggested that the chemical absorbed by the rice plant could remain in plant tissue and did not lose its effect after heat treatment
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RICE SEEDLING BLIGHT
No full text本研究係探求早秧田新病害秧苗立枯病之病因及其防治方法為目的。本年度所得結果簡述如下：
自各地採集被害病株經分別分離菌類，鑑定結果有Fusarium moniliforme、F. oxysporum、F. solani、 Curvularia lunata、 Corticium rolfsii、 Scierotium hydrophilum、 Rhizoc-tonia solani (=Pellicularia sasakii)、 Pythium sp.、 Monilia sp.等。此等菌類經單獨接種於土壤中，測定病原性結果，以C. rolfsii之病原性最強，其次為Pythium sp.；再其次為R. solani及S. hydrophilum。但Fusarium與C. lunata兩種菌亦不可忽視。如果二種菌類混台接種時，無論何種菌與C. rolfsii混合其病原性皆呈最強，其他菌類混合與否對病原性無多大變化。試驗結果顯示稻苗立枯病之發生與土壤有密切關係，故土壤處理將有助於立枯病之防治。
稻種子（臺南5號）上附看菌類，經鑑定結果以Fusarium與Curvularia兩種菌之出現頻度最高，其次為Monilia、 Cochliobolus、 Brachysporium等菌，再其次為Penicillium Pyricularia等兩種菌，Alternaria與Aspergilus兩種菌之出現頻度不多。故欲預防秧苗立枯病之發生，稻種徹底消毒係極重要步驟之一。
藥劑防治可應用Tachigaren（每箱0.5撮）或Orthocide（每箱1公克）稀擇液於播種後即澆灑，頗有效；另利用Chloropicrin行土壤燻蒸消毒亦可得良奸效果；利用Foleidin或Orthocide作拌種之效果亦頗佳。
This experiment is aimed at solving the problem for the etiology, ecology, and control of rice seedling blights. A new disease problem so called non-submerged seedling disease was occurred following the new type cultivation of rice seedling by wood box for the mechanization of rice transplanting since 1971.
Various fungi were isolated and identified from disease specimen and problem soil collected from different regions. When the fungus inoculated individually into the soil, C. rolfsii was the strongest pathogenicity in virulence to rice seedlings, followed by Pvthium sp., then R. sotani and S. hydrophilum. Besides, Fusariuni sp. and C. lunata could not be negligible, owing to the high frequency of appearance.
In case of mixed inoculation with two different fungi, the combination mixed with C. rolfsii usually revealed the strongest pathogenicity in virulence. The other combinations, however, gave little influence on pathogenicity. The results also indicated the occurrence of rice seedling blight was correlated with soil, therefore, soil treatment may account as one way of the disease control.
The fungi which adhered to rice seeds were also identified. The data showed that
Fusariuni and Curvularia had the highest frequency in appearance followed by Monilia, Cochliobolus, and Brachysporium; then Penicillin in, Pyricularia; the frequency of Alternaria and Aspergilus were very low, It indicated that rice seed treatment was very important for control of the rice seedling blight.
As to the chemical control of the rice seedling blight, Tachigaren and Orthocide sprayed at the rate of 0.5 ml and I gram per box respectively gave good control of the dsease. In addition, soil fumigation with Chloropicrin, or rice seed treated with Folcidin or Orthocide could also eliminate the disease
(17(4):57-64)STUDY ON BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF SOYBEAN CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS GLYCINEA
No full text1.本病害常發生於濕冷之季節而普遍侵害葉部。
2.引起本病之病原菌為 Pseudomonas glycinea Coerper係種子著生菌，也可經由病葉感染，培養基斜面培養時，呈現綠色之螢光。
3.病原菌呈短桿狀、Gram陰性菌、非抗酸性、單極鞭毛。
4.平面培養時，菌落圓形，邊綠光滑，斜面培養時，菌體呈小棘狀、液體培養基培養時，表面呈環狀。
5.病原菌發育之最適溫度為28~30℃最低溫度為5℃最高溫度40℃。
6.病原菌發育之適當pH值為pH 6.0~7.4。
7.大豆品種三國及臺大高雄五號較為抗病，臺農二號及64-91則較為罹病。
This report deals with one of the most important bacterial disease of soybean caused by Pseudomonas glycinea Coerper. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1. Bacterial blight of soybean is more serious during periods of cool weather and fre quent rains especially in spring season of cultivated soybean field.
2. The disease is caused by Pseudomonas glycinea Coerper which are seed-borne and can survive also in diseased leaves from growing season to the next.
3. The pathogen is short rod in shape and showed reactions of Gram negative, non-acid fast stain, single flagellum.
4. The culture of the organism shaped circular, echinulate and ring forms in agar colo ny, agar stroke and nutrient broth respectively.
5. The optimum temperature of the pathogen are 28℃-30°C, minmum 5°C, maximum 40°C.
6. The optimum pH value for the development of the pathogen are between 6.0-7.4.
7. Varieties of Sanko and TuKH No. 5 are less suceptible than Tainung No. 2 and 64-91
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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