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(25(4):259-268)RESPONSE OF CHIANON SHEN 11 AND SOME NEWLY DEVELOPED RESISTANT SELECTIONS TO ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL BROWN PLANTHOPPER POPULATION
No full text本省新育成抵抗褐飛蝨水稻嘉農秈11號等品種（系）之抗蟲行為，經室內、網室及田問試驗觀察，判斷係由中等程度之「寄主非偏好」、「被害容忍」以及較弱之「抗生作用」等抗蟲機制聯合表現的結果。在無其他寄主可供選擇情況下，褐飛蝨可在嘉農秈11號等品種（系）水稻上繁殖為害，但抗蟲品種（系）對高密度褐飛蝨為害之容忍程度約為感蟲品種臺中在來1號或臺南5號的兩倍。然而由於褐飛蝨較不喜歡在嘉農秈11號等品種（系）水稻上棲息取食，因此在室內有其他寄主可供選擇，或在田問自然情況下，褐飛蝨在抗蟲品種（系）水稻上之棲羣成長非常緩慢，往往在臺中在來1號或臺南5號每欉水稻有褐飛蝨達數百隻時，棲息於嘉農秈11號等抗蟲品種（系）上者，每欉仍然在10隻以下，其結果當感蟲品種受害枯萎時，嘉農秈11號等抗蟲品種（系）水稻受害仍頗輕微。藥劑保護可使臺中在來1號及臺南5號等每公頃增產稻谷達二千餘公斤，增產率平均高達55%左右。但施用藥劑對嘉農秈11號等抗蟲品種（系）並無顯著效益，表示藉栽培室內檢定屬於中等程度之抗蟲品種（系）在田間即足以抑制褐飛蝨之棲羣成長及為害。抗蟲品種水稻並不影響飛蝨類捕食或寄生天敵之活動，兩者可相互配合運用於水稻害蟲之綜合防治體系。
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens is an important insect pest of rice in Taiwan. The traditional cultivars in this island are susceptible to this pest, therefore yield loss due to its damage are considerable. In order to reduce the pressure of’ the brown planthopper on rice production, a breeding program for development of brown planthopper-resistant variety have been established since 1969 in Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station. The first resistant variety Chianon shen 11 was named and released for commercial cultivation in 1973. This paper reports some studies on the response of Chianon shen 11 and some other resistant selections to the artificial and natural brown planthopper population under laboratory and field conditions.
The mechanism of resistance of Chianon shen 11 and some resistant selections were identified as mainly due to the fact that the plants being not prefered by the insect. The resistant plants were also found to possessed a relative lower level of antibiotic factor that made the capability of the brown planthopper to survive, multiply and damage on the resistant plants. However, the resistant plants was more tolerance to the insect attacks than susceptible varieties T (N) 1 and Tainan 5. Under field conditions, the population density of brown planthopper on susceptible varieties increased with the growthstage of rice plant and several hundred insect per hill could be recorded after heading stage. On the other hand, the insect population on resistant varieties (selections) were very low throughout the crop season. As a result, while hopperburn appeared in the plots of Susceptible varieties, no appearent damage was observed in the resistant plants. Chemical protection to the susceptible varieties outyielded the unprotected about 35%, but the grain yield of resistant varieties (selections) with or without chemical protection were about the same. This indicated that the newly developed resistant variety can be used as a primary measure for protecting the rice plant from the damage of brown planthopper
(20(3):21-30)EFFECT ON NITROGEN APPLICATION ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN RICE TO BROWN PLANTHOPPER ATTACK
No full text增施氣肥為促進水稻發育及增產的主要法門，但由於水稻組織及其所含的營養物質，隨增施氮肥而變得更柔嫩而豐富，更有利於病蟲害的繁殖與侵害“本試驗在探究氮肥施用量與褐飛蝨在水稻取食、繁殖及為害之關係，尤其著重於氮肥對於水稻抵抗褐飛蝨為害可能發生之影響。玆將試驗結果歸納如下：
(一)水稻施用氮肥有促進發育及分蘗的效果，但較缺少氮肥時更為褐飛蝨喜愛而棲息取食，且褐飛蝨在水稻之取食量、排泄量、生存率及繁殖量，均因氣肥施用量增加而增加。此種影響，因水稻品種對褐飛蝨抵抗性不同而差異。例如對褐飛蝨具有高度抵抗性之 Mudgo，其氮肥施用量之多寡，均不能顯著影響褐飛蝨之取食量、排泄量及繁殖量。
(二)中氮區（160 kg/ha）及高氮區（320 kg/ha）處理間，除甘露排泄量因氣肥施用量而增減外；他如寄主嗜好性及棲羣增殖，則因水稻之抗蟲性而異。在抗蟲品種，褐飛蝨的棲息、或取食蟲數及棲羣的增殖，在氮肥處理間並沒有顯著的差異；惟在感蟲品種，褐飛蝨在高氮區水稻棲息取食蟲數反較在中氮區為少。若將褐飛蝨分別罩在上述兩種處理之水稻，不讓其有選擇取食的機會，則在前者之棲羣增殖量較後者為高。上述兩種現象，反映褐飛蝨在水稻上取食、生存及繁殖，可能受到某種物質所支配。此種物質，在感蟲品種是隨氮肥的施用而增減；在抗蟲品種，氮肥對該「支配物質」含量增減的效應，似較鈍感。在另一方面，此項結果亦顯示植物體內該種「支配物質」的含量有定，供量增加，非惟不能增進褐飛蝨對該物質取食之喜愛程度，且反而降低。
(三)接受不同量氮肥處理水稻，加罩接入同一數目的褐飛蝨，則水稻對被害的容忍性隨氮肥用量而增強。但在自然環境下，褐飛蝨任自活動，因氮肥處理之水稻被較喜愛取食及繁殖感蟲品種，被害之容忍性相對減少，而抗蟲品種氮肥之施用，對褐飛蝨取食或增進的影響不大，被害程度不致有明顯的改變。
Application of nitrogen to the paddy-field is one of most practical method to increase the yield of rice. However the rice plant treate with nitrogen is ususlly suffered more infestation by insect or disease pests than untreated one. This experiment is conducted to determine the relationship between the application of nitrogen and the host preference, survival, population build-up and plant damage of brown planthopper on rice plant, with special emphasis upon the possible effect of nitrogen application on the resistant varieties. The results of this study are summarized as follow:
The rice plants treated with nitrogen were more preferred by brown planthopper, and the hopper feeding on nitrogen treated rice plant had more honeydew production, higher surviral rate and population build-up than on nitrogen-deficiency rice plant. However, the above mentioned reactions of brown planthopper between two different amount of nitrogen treatments were variable. The brown planthoppers caged on the plant of susceptible variety treated with high level of nitrogen (320 kg/ha) excreted more honeydew and built-up higher population than on low nitrogen treated one (160 kg/ha), but the former was lesser preferred for sheltering or feeding than the latter one when the hopper had chances to choose their host plant. While on resistant varieties, there were not any significant difference of hopper’s reactions observed between two different amount of nitrogen treatments. These results seem to reveal that the feeding, survival and multiplication of brown planthopper are ruled by a (or some) element(s) in rice plant, and the “element(s)” in resistant varieties are generally not as sensitive as in susceptible variety response to the amount of nitrogen applicationl Furthermore, they also reveal that the hoppers are more preferred the moderate “element (s)” content rice plant than that of higher ones even the latter are more nutritious to the insect than the former ones.
Base on another separate test, it revealed thant the degree of plant damage was generally related with the reactions of brown planthopper on each treatment. All rice plant in different treatments of susceptible variety, T(n) 1, were hopper-burn within 25 days after they were separately caged with 150 nymphs. Athough the teoerance of rice plant to insect attack showed increase with the amount of nitrogen applied in this test, however, this type of tolerance in susceptible variety was not essential important under natural conditions because of the nitrogen treated rice plants generally provided the best conditions for the brown plantopper to build-up its population. In contrast with that, the variety such as mudgo showed adversely to the feeding and multiplication of brown planthopper in all levels of nitrogen tested, therefore, the damage on the plant of this variety did not affected apparently by the application of nitrogen. It was worth to note that the susceptiblility of plant in the variety such as kaoshen-yu 12 was more or less affected by the application of nitrogen. In the case of nitrogen-deficency, the plant of this variety showed as resistant as mudgo, while it was suffered moderately damage when the plant was treated with nitrogen
(16(2):54-69)香蕉軍配蟲 (Stephanitis typica Distant) 之生態觀察
No full textThe observation on the ecology of banana lace bug (Stephanitis typica Dis-tant) in laboratory and field during 1965 and 1966. The insect which we observed was a small bug about 0.40 mm. in length, and was a species of the family Tingidae. Both the adult and nymph of the insect injured the banana by suck-ing the sop of leaves under the surface, that caused the leaves to become mottled with grayish-yellow blotches and retarded the growth of plant consequently.
The result of the observation in laboratory indicated that, the bug took 9 generation in a year. The period of incubation lasted 11.92±2.43 days in summer and 32.10± 10.59 in winter. The interval of nymphal stage ranged from 10 days to 38 days with an average of 17.69 days. The average number of days length of life for a female was 7.1 in summer and 36.8 in winter. The time for complet-ing a life-cycle required 37.82 clays in average, within a range of 17 days to 80 days.
The average number of the total eggs produced by one female was 36.8. The average survival rate from newly hatching nymph to adult was 69.05 per cent in field, and it reached 100 per cent if they were protected against the natural enemies. The sex ratio of adult was approximately 3:2.
Observation in field indicated that the bugs builded up some denser and larger colonies in the banana plantation where these plants were sheltered from wind than those on the wind sewpt orchard. There was no difference between the population size of the bug if the banana plants were cultured in the hillside, upland or on low land areas.
Most adults of the bug were actively on the upper part of the leaves (From 2nd to 4th leaf), and about 67.28 per cent out of the total egg-mass were found there. Nymph mainly settled on the middle part of the leaves (From the 5th to 7th leaf), about 70.37 per cent out of the total nymphs was found living on those place.
Temperature here, was favorable for the bug to propagate all the year round. The population of the bug tended to be high during the dry season, from Septem-ber to May of the next year. Rainy season seemed unfavorable for the lace bug. It was noted to have reduced the spring population and depresed a low popula-tion throughout the summer. All stages might be observed during the winter.
Among 54 varieties of banana being planted in Chiayi Agricultural Experi-ment Station, no varieties had exactly shown resistant to the bug. The varieties such as Boyang, Idzo, Paruk, Rilian, Hung-Pi, San-chih and Shung-Sui shown less injured by lace bug.
One species of Family Miridae, Stethocunus sp. was found to attack both nymph and adult of Iace bug. This predacious insect appeared in whole year except December and January of the next year, and they spent their winter with egg’s stage. The average number of egg that was laid by each female was 34. The time for completing one life-cycle required 8-18 days. It was quicker than the victim of the insect in the same environment. A mind could prey some of 356 lace bugs in its whole life.
香蕉軍配蟲（Stephanitis typical Distant）為本省近年來香蕉葉片之主要害蟲，全省各地蕉園均有分佈。其造成為害係以成蟲及若蟲，羣集蕉葉背面吸取養液，致使被害蕉葉表面形成黃灰色之斑點，受害嚴重者，葉面整片呈蒼白狀，引起旱期枯萎，終而影響蕉株之發育。
本蟲在嘉義地區，年發生九代，其完成一世代，最短須時17天；最長為80天。在冬季除發育所歷時間較長外，並無嚴格之越冬現象，在田間各蟲期可同時發現。
按室外飼養結果：卵期在盛夏（28.6 0.38℃）平均為11.92 2.43天，在嚴冬（l7.10 0.23℃)平均為32.10 0.59天。若蟲脫皮四次共五齡，歷時12-38天，平均為17.29天。雌成蟲平均壽命：夏天為7.10天，冬天為30.80天。各世代各蟲期所歷時間之長短，均隨各季節氣溫之高低而不同。
由田間調查知悉，本蟲之卵成簇狀地產於蕉葉背面組識內，每一雌蟲平均卵數為36.80粒，卵塊主要（67.28%）被產於第二片至第四片蕉葉（由上往下數）。以葉基主脈兩側10公分範圍內分佈最多。幼蟲（70.37%）（棲息於中部蕉葉第五片至第七片），其在田間之成活率平均為69.05%，但若保護其免受天敵之侵害，則幾可這100%。若蟲蛻變為成蟲後，有飛往上部新葉產卵之習性，產卵時，有一隻產一處者，亦有數隻產於一處者。平時成蟲及若蟲均羣集於蕉葉背面，除非受到刺激，干擾或被害葉枯萎，甚少遷移或飛翔。成蟲之性比為♀：♂= 3 : 2。
本省終年氣溫均適於香蕉軍配蟲之繁殖，棲羣密度，以乾旱季節（由九月至次年五月）較高，雨季似不適其生長。其棲羣密度在山坡地、烟地或平原水田地之蕉園，並無顯著之差異。唯其在避風蕉園之棲羣密度，往往較當風蕉園之密度高得多，在同一園蕉當中，亦以避風一方棲羣密度較當風之面為高。
軍配蟲天敵，主要有雜食性蜘蛛類（Family Salticidae）及屬於盲椿象科之一種（Stetho-conus sp.），前者除捕食軍配蟲外，並可捕食為害馳蕉之二點紅蜘蛛（Tetranychus urtical Koch），後者專捕食軍配蟲，其完成一代，平均較軍配蟲快8-18天，一生可捕食軍配蟲約為356隻左右，唯其分佈甚為不均，對軍配蟲發生之抑制力不大。
誌謝：本試驗工作承外貿會香蕉小組補助經費，王所長茂康及陶主任家驊之鼓勵與指導及楊溫仁、賴清課兩位先生之鼎力協助。本文草成後，承蒙中興大學昆蟲系主任張教授書忱詳加斧正，感激甚深，謹誌於此，略申謝悃
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
(20(2):68-75)FIELD REACTIONS OF RICE VARIETIES SCREENED FOR THEIR RESISTANCE TO NILAPARVATA LUGENS AND NEPHOTETTIX CINCTICEPS IN INSECTARY
No full text本試驗之目的，在於核察經室內選山之抗褐飛蝨及黑尾葉蟬水稻品種在田間自然狀態下對上述兩種害蟲之抵抗性狀。抗蟲品種，尤其是國外引入品種，在本省自然環境之適應性和其農藝性狀，以及對一般病蟲害之感受性一併觀察，俾供育種取材之參考。試驗結果可歸納為如下數點：
1. 經室內以候栽秧苗，人工接種方法檢定選出之抗褐飛蝨品種（系），在田間亦顯示其高度之抵抗性。當褐飛蝨棲羣密度隨水稻感蟲品種生長成熟而迅速增高時，在抗蟲品種（系）之棲覃密度則呈緩慢之增進或一直保持很低，因而抗蟲品種（系）在感蟲品種受害極嚴重或枯萎時，其受害程度仍很輕微。此種結果顯示水稻對褐飛蝨為害之感受情形，秧苗期與成熟期大體一致。
2. 黑尾葉蟬善於飛躍，而發生密度很低，因小區面積過於狹小，影響調查準確性，其結果是否如褐飛蝨同樣明顯，有待證實。
3. 由國外引入之抗蟲品種一般植株較高，容易倒伏，其生育期因品種對日照長短之反應，差異很大，如 Mudgo , ASD7，……及DM 27 等品種之抽穗期與臺中在來1號相同，但如Ptb 19, Ptb 21, Balamawee及Peta等品種則較一般品種長約30至40天左右。引入品種除少數外，大部份品種米粒呈紅色，米質較差。但其稻穗則大部顯較本省者為長而且重。
4. 除褐飛蝨外，其他病蟲害發生密度很低。所有供試品種早期均遭稻黑稈蠅輕微的為害，中後期則大部遭受胡麻葉枯病及紋枯病侵害。其中受紋枯病為害較重之品種有IR 1154, DK 1，臺南5號、DNJ 27及高雄136等。
5. 本分所以臺中在來1號 × （C230 × Mudgo）雜交後代之某些系統如C-59-2-5, C-59-2-6及C-59-2-4等，在本試驗中亦顯示其抗蟲優越特性，且蠢植株性狀矮小叢生，為極具希望發展為抗蟲豐產之水稻品種。
Fifty rice varieties (or lines) known their reactions to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) or rice green leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps) from insectary tests were determined for their reactions in field conditions from August to December 1970. The adaptability of exotic resctions in field conditions of this island, agronomic characteristics and the reactions of tested rice plants to the orther insect and disease pests were also observed in this test. Some essential results are summarized as follows:
1. The rice varieties (or lines) screened for their resistance to brown planthopper in the insectary with tray-planting, artifical infestation method generally were also shown their outstanding resistant characterstics in the field conditions, While the density of brown planthopper population were rapid increase with the maturity of rice plant of susceptible varieties it either remained very low or increased very slow in the rice plant of resistant ones (Table 1.). As the result of that state, there were no visible damage or barely noticeable symptoms of damage in the rice plant of resistant varicties when the susceptible varieties were heavily damaged or hopperburned. However, some classified as susceptible varieties in the insectary test, such as peta, Lung-yu and C-59-2-4, were damaged moderately in the field conditions. It might reveal that the plant of those varieties had certain degree of tolerance to the insect attack or the susceptibility of those varieties in seedling stage were different from that in the matural stage. The reactions of tested varieties to the rice green leafhopper were not noticeable because of the population of the species was very low during the observation period.
2. With a few exception, the majority of exotic rice varieties tested had more panicle numbers, loager culm, longer and weightier grain panicle and later maturity (longer vegetative growth phase) than the local varieties, and the colour of kernel of these varieties were red. Although none of these exotic varieties tested could be recommended for commercial planting in Taiwan because of either for their photosensitive character, low yield ability or poor quality, however, there were many desirable characters could be introduced into Taiwanese varieties through hybridization breeding, such as panicle numbers, length and weight of panicles and especially on their hoppers resistant characters.
3. During observation period, except brown pranthopper, the insect pests population were low and the damage on each tested varieties were not different remarkably. However, the plants generally infested by brownspot (Cochlioblous miyabeanus) and sheath blight (Corticium sasakii) diseases in later stage. The damage of brown spot disease on tested varieties were not different remarkably but some varieties, such as IR 1154, DK 1, DNJ 27, Tainan 5 and Kaoshiung 136 etc. were infested with sheath blight severely.
4. Among 10 hybrid lines selected from T(N)1X (C230 X Mudgo) observed in this tests, C-59-2-5, C-59-2-6 and C-59-2-4 exhabited their outstanding characteristics in resistance to brown planthopper as their parent variety, mudgo. Besides, these hybrid lines had desirable plant type short stature, stiff straw, short and upright leaves. The yield-potencial of these promising lines are now under observation in this Station
(29(1):1-11)Reevaluation of chemicals for the rice green leafhopper control in Taiwan
No full text本試驗係農林廳交辦，由嘉義農業試驗分所及臺中區農業改良場，將政府歷年來推荐於水稻黑尾葉蟬之防治藥劑於相同環境下進行藥效之比較試驗。試驗分別於民國64年及67年第一期作舉行。結果顯示，目前植物保護手冊所列用於防治黑尾葉蟬藥劑，對黑尾葉蟬之防治效果差異很大。在兩試區防治效果較優者，按其優劣順位為（1）乳劑類：55 % Azodrins , 50 % Tamaron L . C , 40.64 % Furadan F, 27.4 % Bidrins , 24 % Lannate L , 40 % Kilval S 等六種藥劑。（2）可濕性粉劑類：75 % Orthene SP , 50 % Orthene WP , 90 % Lannate WP，及75 % Furadan WP 等四種。（3）粒劑及粉劑類對黑尾葉蟬之防治效果較差，其中以3.5 % Ofunack-M , D , 3 % Furadan G 及5 % RGeofos G 稍佳。在第一期稻作期問防治黑尾葉蟬時可選用上列乳劑類及可濕性粉劑類藥劑，於水稻孕穗至乳熟期施藥1-2 次較為經濟。
Th rice green leafhopper, Nephotettix spp. is an important insect pest of rice in Taiwan. During 1st rice crop, the population of the insect pest in central and southern parts of Taiwan used to reach more than 100 hoppers per sweep net and cause economic damage to rice plant. Besides direct damage, the hopper also act as the vector of virus diseases, such as yellow dwarf and transitory yellowing. Control of this hopper up to present is mainly depend upon insecticidal applications and more than 30 different formulated insecticides have been registered with the government for controlling this insect pest since last 10 years. In order to provide a basis for farmers to select more effective insecticides from such great amount compounds, a field reevaluation of chemicals for the rice green leafhopper control experiment was then conducted in Chiayi and Taichung districts simultaneuously in 1975 and 1978. The plot size of the experiments in two lecations were 50 m2 with four replications and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The insecticidal application was start while the insect population reach the level above 5 hopper per sweep net (35 cm in dia.) and the effect of insecticides were investigated 3 and 10 days after treatment for foliar application and 7 and 20 days after treatment for granules application. Results of these experiments are summarized as follows.
The effect among chemicals tested on the rice green leafhopper control differed greatly. Based on data obtained from Chiayi and Taichung districts, the following chemicals namely 55% Azodrin S., 50% Tamaron EC., 40.64% Furadan FW., 27.4% Bidrin S., 20% Lannate L., 40% Kilval S., 75% Orthene SP., 50% Orthene WP., 90% Lannate WP. and 75% Furadan WP. had better effect for the control of the rice green leafhopper than the others. Dust and granular formulated compounds tested in these experiment had relative poor effect. According to the pattern of population growth of the rice green leafhopper in Taiwan in first rice crop, one to two foliar-applications in a period of booting to milky stage are need to protect rice plant from an economic damage of this insect pest
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
(27(1):1-11)REEVALUATION OF CHEMICALS FOR THE BROWN PLANTHOPPER CONTROL IN TAIWAN
No full text本試驗係省農廳委由嘉義農業試驗分所及臺中區農業改良場，將政府歷年來推薦於水飛蝨防治用藥劑於相同環境下進行藥效比較試驗。試驗分別於民國64年及66年稻褐兩次舉行。試驗結果表示，目前值物保護手冊所列用於防治褐飛蝨藥劑對褐飛蝨之防治效果差異很大，同時在兩試驗區防治效果較優者，按其優劣順位為(1)乳劑類：40.64% Furadan FW, 40% Hokbal EC, 20% MIPC EC; (2)可濕性粉劑類：75% Furadan WP, 50% Unden WP, 50% MIPC WP, 75% Orthene WP及40% BPMC WP; (3)粉劑類1% Unden D, 3.5% Ofunak-M D.及(4)粒劑頓：3% Furadan G, 5% Unden G., 5% Geofos G.及6% Mipspanon G.等。上述藥劑中，在第二期稻作期間，使用乳劑，可濕性粉劑或粉劑通常需要施藥2至3次方足以抑制褐飛蝨之增殖為害，而粒劑則通常使用1~2次即可獲得相同的防治效果。
A total of 35 insecticides have been registered with the government for the brown planthopper control since last 10 years. Recently, Some of these chemicals have been found by no means satisfactory to control the brown planthopper by the extension workers and farmers. In order to provide a basis for the farmers to select more effective insecticides from among these compounds, a series of experiments were then conducted in Chiayi and Taichung districts simultaneously to reevaluate those chemicals under field conditions in 1975 and 1977. The result of these experiments are sumarized as follows:
The effect among chemicals tested on the brown planthopper control differed greatly. The following chemicals namely 40.64% Furadan FW., 40% Hokbal EC., 20%MIPC EC., 70%Furadan WP., 50 %Unden WP., 50% MIPC WP., 75% Orthene WP., 40% BPMC W P., 1% Unden D., 3.5% Of unak-M D., 3% Furadan G., 5% Unden G., 6% Mipspanon G. and 5% Geofos G. showed better effect on control of the brownplanthopper than the others both in Taichung and Chiayi experiments. The granules in general had longer residual effect than foliar applications and one to two applications during booting to heading stage controlled the brown planthopper satisfactorily throughout a crop. On the other hand, to obtain a better fesult from the foliar application, including emulsions (or solutions ) , wettabe (or soluble) powders and dusts requisted 2-3 or more applications per crop due to the shorter residual effect and the difficulty to deposite the chemicals efficiently in the habitat of the hoppers especially during the middle or later stages of plant growth. Therefore continous applications usually were needed while the application made in case of the population of the brown planthopper in great increase. Based on the pattern of population growth of the brown planthopper in Taiwan, the rice plant can be protected from a severe damage of the insect during maturing stage if the brown planthopper can be controlled satisfactorily at maxinum nymphal stage of 2nd generation after its immigration into paddy field or at the end of booting stage of rice
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