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(7(3):7-25)THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF SOIL AND RATES AND METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON THE YIELD OF RICE
No full text(1) 本試驗在臺北市臺灣省農業試驗所，舉行以客土法設置試驗區，檢討水稻增產與耕土深淺及施肥法，施肥量之關係。
(2) 耕土深度對水稱株高生長之影響，普通施肥量組，初期生育以淺耕為優，深耕為劣，而隨耕土深度增肥組各區則因耕土愈深而愈優。然至生育後期或柚穗後之稈長，不論普通施肥量組或隨耕土深度增肥組各區，均以深耕為優。其耕土深度相同之區，則以施肥量多者，水稻全期間之生育情形較為優良。
(3) 耕土深度對水稻有效分蘗率隨耕土深度增加而提高，在不同施肥量或不同施肥法之情形下其表現相同。
(4) 水稻生育日數隨耕土深度增加，而其抽穗偏差亦隨之增加。
(5) 深耕能增進穗長及一穗粒數，在不同施肥量及不同施肥法情形亦相同。
(6) 精谷牧量因穗數及一穗粒數而消長，然與不稔率有重大之關係。本試驗中之收量構成因素概隨耕土深度增進，然因病害以致稔實不佳，不免對收量有影響。
(7) 本試驗中之第一期作在耕土25公分區及第二期作在30公分區各獲得最高產量。
(8) 隨耕土深度增施肥料時，對水稱生育過于繁茂，易誘發稱熱病或倒伏，致影響其結實故其產量未能如預期增加。
(9) 耕土深度與施肥法，在第一期作均以全層施肥法較優，而在第二期作該法與半全層施肥法則難分上下。
(10) 耕土深度至35公分之場合稻熱病罹病率甚高，一二期均有同樣趨勢。
(1) The present paper descirbes the effect of different depths of soil, rates and methods of fertilizer on the yield of rice. Experimental plots were prepared by the soil tansportation method.
(2) In the standard fertilizer rate plot, shallow plowing gave better plant height at early stage than deep plowing, when fertilizer rate was increased succeedingly with soil depth, deep plowing, on the contrary, gave slightly better plant height. But in all cases, plant height at later stage or after heading was greater in deep plowing plot than in shallow plowing plot. For the same depth of soil, higher rate of fertilizer gave better growth during the whole period.
(3) The percentage of functional tillering increased with soil depth. The similar phenomena could be seen when different rates and methods of fertilizers were applied.
(4) The days of growth increased with the depth of soil. The heading deviation showed the same tendency.
(5) Deep plowing helped to increase the length of ears and number of grains per ear. The same phenomena were seen when different rates and methods of fertilizers were applied.
(6) The yield of grains was affected by the number of grains per ear and the number of ears per plant. It was, however, also greatly influenced by the percentage of fertility. In the present study, the yield components generally increased with soil depth, yet this was not true in the case of low fertility.
(7) In the present experiment, the highest yield was obtained from the 25 cm deep plot in the first crop and from the 30 cm deep plot in the second crop.
(8) When the rate of fertilizer was increased with soil depth, plants tended to grow too vigorously, became liable to rice blast and the yield could not be increased as expected.
(9) Deep dressing of fertilizer resulted in better yield in the first crop, but in the second crop it was hard to distinguish from half-deep dressing in their effects.
(10) Rice blast infection rate was high in 35 cm deep plot in both first and second crops
(8(3-4):21-32)STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF RATOON RICE
No full text本試驗就宿根稻耕種之因子配合數項試驗，自民國44年至民國46年在農試所農場作實際試驗，茲就上述數項試驗結果，綜合其結論如下：
1. 一期作稻•收穫時，稻樁留高者，其萌蘗數較留低者為多。但其萌芽多發生於地上節，故較細弱抽穗早、不整齊，收量亦低。又稱樁高者萌發株數較留低者為多，其相差很明顯。在本試驗內留樁24公分者，萌發率平均為89.1%，留樁15公分者為80.6%，留椿6公分者為71.9%。
2. 稻椿所生長之萌蘗於二期作插秧時再割除一次者，其生育日數則較無割蘗者遲7日左右，惟經過割蘗之處理，其成活株數減少，株高較低，每叢穗數較少，但其穗較長大，收量較佳。
3. 收穫後稻樁伸長之萌芽，培育為宿根稻，以於8月初旬即二期作插秧當時，施行除草施肥管理或割蘗處理者，則施肥除草時同時割除為佳。過遲或過早，對於生育及產量均不良。
4. 一期作稻收穫後，田間排水及灌水之區劃內，灌水區之稻椿萌發株數，似不較排水區為多，但每樁之萌芽數及萌芽高度，均以灌水區為佳。
5. 一期作稻肥料種類不同，對於稻椿之萌發力有很大的差異，單施用堆肥、無氮肥及無肥之處理，其萌發率達99%以上，而稻谷產量除堆肥區較普通肥料區為高外，無氮區並不增加，無肥區則減產很多，多氮區因稻樁之萌發率受影響，故產量極低，經各種肥料處理之宿根稻之產量，一般較其前生稻普通肥料區減低至20~30%。至於多施磷肥，鉀肥或無磷肥鉀肥之處理，對於稻樁之萌發率，均無明顯之增減。
6. 一期作稻收穫前加施少量之氮肥（每10公畝施硫酸錏10公斤），對於稻樁之萌發力有顯著之增加，收穫前14日施者，較不旅者多10%左右，收穫前日數短施者，則相差漸少。但其對於產量之關係，有施用者其產量均無提高之傾向，由表15之結果，收穫前施氣肥對於宿根稻產量不但不增加反而減低。
7. 稻樁伸長之萌蘗於二期稻插秧當時（8月初旬）將稻樁連萌芽距地面約三公分處割除一次之處理，其平均產量較無蘗者高10%左右，全試驗以稻樁留15公分（一般收穫時所遺留之高度）萌蘗除一次之處理者產量最佳。留樁6公分者，則以不割蘗之處理，其產量為佳，平均以留樁15公分處理之產量較留6公分者高12%，惟全試驗各處理間，其最高之產量，每公頃只近23,00公斤，由一般產量而論似嫌太低。
8. 宿根稻之產量由45年及46年2年試驗成績觀察，其收量均較二期作插秧稻為低，在灌水區內，宿根稻之谷產量每公頃1,626.3公斤，二期作稻產量為2,872公斤，其產量只有二期作稻之56.6%，草產量宿根稻每公頃之收量為2,511.1公斤，二期作稻為3,769.5公斤，只為二期作稻之60.6%。在排水區內，無論二期作稻或宿根稻之產量，均較灌水區為低，惟宿根稻對二期作稻之產量比則較灌水區為佳，谷產量為二期作稻之60.5%，草產量為二期作稻之75%。
9. 由各試驗項目內觀察，宿根稻之產量普通低弱，考其原因，宿根稻稻樁萌發株數，以及每枯穗數之減低，似為主要原因，至於如何使萌發株數及每桔穗數之增加以提高收量，似須繼續探討。
10. 在同一田區內，二期作稻比宿根稻之產量為高，然宿根稻之經營，可節省種子及勞力，但是節省若干，有無經濟價值，或在特殊之地區，宿根稻有更大之利益，有待進一步之探討。
1. The present paper describes the experimental result of cultivation of ratoon rice (one of the second generation’s growth from the root) with special emphasis on the effect of different stump heights, irigation and fertilization to the yield.
2. The number of shoots sprouted, seemed to be correlated with height of stump. The rate of tillering in 24 cm, 15 cm and 6 cm stump heights were 89.1%, 80.6% and 71.9% respectively.
3. As the result of once-shoot-cutting treatment, the day of growth prolonged seven days more than that of non-shoot-cutting treatment. The number of ears per hill is decreased but the case is not true the size of ears leading to increase about 10% of yield as compared to non-shoot-cutting treatment.
4. It has been found that the number of hills with shoot sprouts is fewer in irigated plot than that of non-irigated one. However, the number and height of shoots within hills are increased in the irigated plot.
5. Among different kinds and amounts of fertilizers applied on the paddy field of first crop (maternal plant), difference is evident that the tillering ability in manured, nitrogen free and non-fertilization plots were induced increasing to 99%; in case of the grain yield, it has been noticed a little increase in the manured plot, and reduction remarkably in non and super nitrogen and non-fertilization plots of ratoon rice field. However, the yield was generally 20-30% lower than standard fertilizaton plot of maternal plant. No effect on the yield was found as the result of different amount of potassium and phosphorus application.
6. Application of ammonium sulphate (100 kg per ha) to the paddy field of maternal plants 14 days prior to the harvest, resulted 10% increase of rate of shoot sprouting than non-fertilization plot but the decrease of yield was found in maternal plant after this kind of fertilization.
7. Concerning effect of irrigation, the yields of grain and straw of ratoon rice in non-irigated field were found to be 56.6% and 60.6% respectively, in terms those of transplanted and cultured by ordinary method, while in case of irigated field, the result being 60.5% and 75% respectively.
8. As mentioned above, yield of rotoon rice was generally lower than that of ordinary cultivation method. The reduction of number of shoots, and number of ears per hill has been the main reason of low yield of ratoon rice. How to promote these quantitative characters is the key problem of increasing yield of ratoon rice remains to be studied
(16(3):8-15)STUDIES ON THE INCREASE OF RICE IN SECOND CROP IN TAIWAN－1. On the response of different transplanting time to the yield of rice
No full text一、為探討臺灣二期作稻增產問題乃舉行不同品種及插植期，田間試驗，本試驗採用裂區設計以肥料為主試因品種與插植期為副試因，在一期作用早，中、晚、熟三品種同時播種插秧無插植期之不同。二期作中生種臺中65號一品種分三個插植期，重複四次。
二、一期作不同成熟期品種間之產量差異極為顯著概有依生育期間延長而增加之傾向。
三、二期作以不同插植時期對產量之影響最為顯著，中植即立秋前之插植產量最高，晚植者產量最低。
四、一年二期作合併品種間產量比較之，在一期作種植晚熟種在二期作種植中熟種產量最高，一期作種植早熟種次之。
五、因子之交感效應則品種與肥料，肥料與插植期，品種與插植期，期作與品種，期作與插植期，均達顯著水準。
1. The present experiment is aimed to find proper transplanting time in both first second and crops in combination with different varieties, so that to increase the yield in second crop season.
2. Field experiment with spilt plot design were employed. It was found that difference in yield among three varieties tested was significant at 1% level. They were in the order of Chianan 2 (late maturity)>Taichung 65 (medium maturity)> Norin 73 (early maturity).
3. In the second crop, significant difference at 1% level among transplanting times were found. The yield of Mid-transplanting time gave the highest yield (4,688 kg/ha); yield of early transplanting was higher than that of late-transp-lanting.
4. The results of combined analysis with data of first and second crops after the homogeneity test showed that Mid-transplanting time with late maturity variety and fertilizer treatment B were the best of all
(17(4):24-33)STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF RATOONED RICE III. Effect of Plowing Depth and Amount of Fertilizer on the Reviability and Yield of Ratooned Rice
No full text1. 為探討四種不同耕土深度與不同肥料對宿根稻之再生力及產量影響而進行此研究。
2. 宿根稻之再生力有依耕土深度之增加而減低之傾向。
3. 前生稻施用多氮時有減少再生力之傾向。
4. 宿根稻之稈長及一株穗數均依耕深度增加而增加。
5. 宿根稻之收量以深耕25cm區最高。
In order to obtain knowledge of the effects of plowing depth and the amount of ferti-lizer on the reviability and yield of ratooned rice the experiment was conducted in Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute during 1959-1961. The results obtained are as follows:
1. The reviability of ratooned rice tended to decrease when the plowing depth is increased.
2. When the high amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the former crop the reviab-ility of rice ratooning was markedly reduced. It was found to be due to weakening of the plants caused by the excess fertilizer in the soil.
3. When the plowing depth was increased, the elongation of the culm length and the increase of panicle number per plant were noticed.
4. The highest grain yiled was obtained from the 25cm plowing depth plot
(13(3):14-21)STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION OF RATOONED RICE Varietal Variation on Ratooning Ability and Yield
No full text1. 為探討水稻收刈後之再生力及產量之品種間差異乃利15種蓬萊種及兩種在來種進行田問試驗結果認為有生育日數長的品種再生力較強。
2. 一般而言移植稻之稈長較宿根稻為高其穗數亦較宿根稻多1－2支。
3. 生育日數均以宿根稻為短，移植稻為長相差日數7－10天。
4. 本試驗供試品種範圍內稻谷收量均以移植稻為高宿根稻皆低，兩者之差異甚為顯著。
5. 宿根栽培品種間產量之差異在統計上極為顯著其最高品種與最低品種之相差達40－50%之鉅。
1. Fifteen “ponlai” and two “native” varieties of rice were used for studies of varietal variation in ratooning ability and yield. It was found that the varieties with longer growing days tended to have stronger ratooning ability.
2. Generally speaking, culm height and number of ears in transplanted rice are larger than those of ratooned rice.
3. The number of growing days in ratooned rice was 7—10 days earlier than that of transplanted rice.
4. Significant difference between yields of transplanted and ratooned rices was found. The former was found to be higher in yield than the later.
5. Significant difference in yield among varieties of ratooned rice was found. 40－50% difference was seen in the heighest and the lowest classes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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