1,721,016 research outputs found
(35(1):81-93)Studies on Rusts of Maize
No full text本省玉米銹病有普通型及南方型兩種。本研究之目的：一、繼續配合育種計畫進行抗病育種，協助檢定本所現有之種源（包括甜玉米及飼料玉米）及分離培育之材料對兩種銹病之抵抗性。二、探討溫度對夏胞子發芽及存活之影響以保存夏胞子做為抗病篩選時之接種源及其他研究之用。三、探討本省兩種玉米銹病菌是否有生理小種，做為抗病育種之指標。四、探討一些殺菌劑對兩種銹病的預防及治療效果做為藥劑防治之參考。抗病篩選仍採用幼苗測定法在溫室或生長箱內進行。七十四年度共測定甜玉米663個品系，其中有206個品系在三次接種試驗中都表現抗普通型銹病，但未發現有抗甫方型銹病者。七十五年度全省區域試驗飼料玉米22個品種（系）中有7個品系及對照品種臺農351號抗普通型銹病，但亦無抗南方型銹病者，僅有兩個中間型品系。夏胞子發芽試驗在2%水洋菜上進行，結果顯示溫度適合時夏胞子在二小時內就可發芽，普通型銹病菌（P. sorghi）從12至28℃發芽均良好，但以12及16℃最佳；南方型銹病菌（P. polysora）僅在24及28℃發芽較好。即手又發現P. polysora於低溫（16-20℃）所產生之夏胞子其發芽率顯然比高溫（24-30 ℃）所產生者為高。夏胞子存活試驗顯示P. sorghi在-40及-5℃保存150天仍有60~70%之發芽率，但P. polysora大約10天即完全失去發芽力。於28℃保存時P. sorghi大約30天但P. polysora亦約10天即完全失去發芽力。本試驗P. polysora夏胞子保存最好的溫度為20℃，但經過60天發芽率亦從55%降至14%，80天後即不發芽，所以P. sorghi夏胞子之保存較為容易，但P. polysora則有困難。從本省五個地區不定期前往採集銹病樣本，然後以離葉法在超甜玉米236號葉片上用無菌軟毛毛筆進行純化與繁殖，以獲取源自單一夏胞子堆之菌株供生理小種研究之用，結果顯示本省之P. sorghi沒有生理分化之現象，均屬於Race2，但P. polysora有13個生理小種，分別為Race3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、15及16，其中Race3、5、10、15及16所佔比例較大為主要的生理小種，尤其是Race 16在272個菌株中佔29.4%比例最大。若依採集地而論，花蓮有9個生理小種其中主要為Race10及15，臺東有7個生理小種其中主要為Race16，屏東有8個生理小種其中主要為Race 16，雲林有7個生理小種其中主要為Race3、5、10及15，臺中有8個生理小種其中主要為Race 3及10。室內及田間藥劑試驗均顯示銹克優、賜加落、利總寧、克力保、殺可淨及殺普等對兩種銹病均有預防效果，但只有銹克優及賜加落之治療效果較佳，可使病斑枯乾並失去產胞能力；殺可淨及殺普之治療效果在病斑產胞前使用較佳。
Common rust (Puccinia sorghi) and southern rust (P. polysora) of maize were occurred in Taiwan. This research was attempted: (i) to screen germplasm and segregating breeding lines of dent and sweet corns for resistance to breed rust-resistant and high yield varieties; (ii) to study the effect of temperature on the germination and survival of uredospores for the manipulation of inoculum in the screening and for the preservation of uredospores for further studies; (iii) to explore the physiological races and their distribution, if any, of P. sorghi and P. polysora in Taiwan, and (iv) to evaluate the preventive and curative efficacy of some fungicides for the control of maize rusts. Corn seedlings with 3-4 leaves were inoculated with uredospore suspension in the greenhouse or growth chamber depending upon air temperatures. Of the 663 tested F8 and F4 lines of sweet corns from the crosses between Hawaii Super Sweet 9 and Suwan No. 1, two hundred and six lines were resistant to the infection by P. sorghi but they were all susceptible to P. polysora. Among the 22 varieties and/or lines used in the 1984-1985 regional yield trials, 7 lines and the check cv. Tainung 351 were resistant to P. sorghi but no one was resistant to P. polysora. The optimum temperatures for the uredospore germination of P. sorghi were observed between 12 and 28°C whereas P. polysora were found at 24 and 28°C. If the condition is appropriate, viable uredospores germinated in two hours. Higher percentage of germination was observed in the uredospores of P. polysora produced under cool temperatures (16-20°C) than that produced under warm temperatures (24-30°C). After 150 days stored at -40 and
-5°C, 60-70% of the uredospores of P. sorghi were still able to germinate, however, P. polysora completely lost its germination ability after 10 days either at -40°C or-5°C. No viable uredospores were observed after 10 days for P. polysora and 30 days for P. sorghi at 28°C. The uredospore germination of P. polysora reduced from 55 to 14% after 60 days at 20°C which was the best temperature to preserve uredospores. Rust samples were collected from five corn-growing areas in Taiwan. Isolates from single uredium were purified and multiplied by the detached leaf method on the leaf segments of a susceptible sweet corn cv. Honey 236 in petri plates. Based on the reaction of the four differential varieties, all isolates of P. sorghi belonged to Race 2. However, 13 races of P. polysora were identified, they were Race 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16. There were 8, 7, 8, 7, and 9 races of P. polysora were identified in the Taichung, Yuinlin, Pingtung, Taitung and Hualien collections, respectively, and the major races in the respective location were Race 3, 10; Race 5, 10, 15; Race 16; Race 16; and Race 10, 15. Among the fungicides tested in the greenhouse and field, Plantvax, Sicarol, Trimazone, Calixin-M, Sapxin and Saprol satisfactorily prevented corn plants from rust infection. However, only Plantvax and Sicarol were found with curative efficacy because they inhibited the development of rust pustules and/or killed the uredia in the lesions, then these uredia failed to produce uredospores. Sapxin and Saprol should be used in the early stage of infection before the production of uredospores
(32(3):259-269)Screening Common Beans for Rust Resistance and Physiological Races of Bean Rust Fungus in Taiwan
No full text從美國農部（USDA ）、國際熱帶農業中心（CITA ）及臺中區農業改良場等處共收集153 個菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L . ）品系，經過二年三季之田間抗銹病篩選，發現抗病型（R ）有Nep-2 等55 個品系，中抗（MR ）有compuesto Negro Chimaltenango 等16 個品系，中感型（MS ）有Veracruz l-A-6 等10 個品系，感病型（S ）有U. S. 3 等42 個品系，對銹病之反應乃依據單葉及複葉上病斑大小之等級而定一1 級為免疫型（I），無病徵出現；2 級為抗病型（R），呈現過敏性反應之細斑，但不產生夏孢子堆；3 級為中抗型（MR ）病斑之直徑小於300 μm ; 4 級為中感型（MS），病斑之直徑介於300 與500 μm 之間；5 級為感數型（S）；病斑大於500 μm 。從USDA 及CIAT 得到之抗病品系雖然其園藝性狀不能直接做為本地生產嫩莢之品種，但因其抗病性較穩定，又有些品系十分早熟，可做為育種材料。從農試所、種苗場、屏東、臺東及花蓮等地所採集之菜豆銹病菌，經過在U. S. 3 , 181 , 643 , 111 , 765 , 780 , 814 及GGW 等判別品種之單葉上表皮測定之結果，再經過與已經報告之生理小種的反應相比，發現臺灣之菜豆銹病菌有15 個生理小種，農試所有6 、7 、18 及24 等4 個生理小種，種苗場有5 、6 、9 、11 、15 、19 等6 個生理小種，屏東有14 、15 、18 、23 、24 、25 、26、33 等8 個生理小種，臺東有14 、18 、23 、26 等4 個生理小種，花蓮有18 及22 等2 個生理小種。同一地點所採集之夏孢子接種在同一品種上常出現有二種或二種以上大小不同之病斑。
One-hundred and fifty-three varieties/lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) obtained from of United State Department of Agriculture, Centro Internacional de Agricura Tropical (CIAT) and Taichung District of Agricultural Improvemnt Station ( Taichung DAIS) were screened for resistance to rust in Taiwan. Based on the pustule size of rust on the primary and trifoliolate leaves of the three screening plantings in 1981 and 1982, 85, 16, 20 and 42 varieties/lines were recorded as resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS) and susceptible (S), respectively. The grading scale consisted of 5 grades 1, immune (I) ; 2, necrotio flecking (R) ; 3, pustules 300 μm or smaller (MR) ; 4, pustules between 300 and 500 μm (MS) and 5, pustules 500 μm or larger (S). Varieties U. S. 3, 181, 643, 111, 765, 780, 814 and GGW were used as differentials for the identification of races of Uromyces phaseoli var typica in Taiwan. Uromyces phaseoli var. typica-infected bean leaves collected at Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Taiwan seed Services (TSS), Pingtung, Taitung and Hualien were used as inoculum. Inoculations were made by brushing uredospore suspension (2 × 104 spores/ml plus 0.1% of Tween 80) with a sterile camel brush for each isolate on the primary leaves of one-week-old plants of differential varieties. The inoculated plants were covered with transparent plastic bags for high humidity and were incubated in a growth chamber (Conviron Model E-15 or S-loh) programmed for 18C of night temperature and 24C of day temperature with 12-hrs of full light from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. Plastic bags were removed 18 hrs after inoculation and the plants were still kept in the growth chamber for observation. After 2 weeks, the resulting pustules were measured with micrometer under a dissecting mocroscope. Based on the reaction types of the local isolates and comparing with the reaction of the 35 reported races of U. phaseoli var. typica, fifteen races were for the first time identified and reported in Taiwan. The 15 races are race 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 33. Races 6, 7, 18 and 24 were observed at TARI, race 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, and 19 at TSS, races 14, 15, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 33 in Pingtung, races 14, 18, 23 and 24 in Taitung and races 18 and 24 in the Hualien collection
(32(1):69-74)臺灣大豆銹病菌生理小種之鑑定
No full textSoybean cvs. Ankur, TK 5, TN4, and P.I.’s 200492 and 230971 are suggested as differentials for race identification of Phakopsora pachyrhizi causing soybean rust in Taiwan. Three races of P. pachyrhizi, based on lesion type, were identified among 50 sngile uredial cultures from soybean leaves collected at five locations in Taiwan. Reaction was determined 14 days after inoculation on intact leaves on plants as well as on detached leaves. The distribution of the three races varied among locations. Common bean, cowpea, hyacinth bean, lima bean, pigeon pea and yam bean also were tested but because no difference in lesion type was observed they were not used as differentials.
從農試所、亞蔬中心、屏東、臺東及花蓮等五個地區之大豆銹病標本，利用離葉法在培養皿內進行接種源之純化與繁殖，每個地區各分得十個單一夏孢子堆來源之菌株，將五十個菌株之夏孢子懸浮液以離葉法分別接種在大豆鑑別品種 Ankur , TKS , TN4 , P . I . 200492 及 P . I . 230971 上，在室內（20-30 ℃ ）經過二星期後，按病斑型可區分為三個生理小種，此三個生理小種在植株上之反應與離葉法者相同，生理小種 1 在所有鑑別品種上產生感病型反應（ TAN ）；生理小種 2 僅在 P . I . 230971 上產生抗病型反應（ RB ），其餘均為感病型；生理小種 3 則僅在 P . I . 200492 上產生感病型反應，其餘為抗病型，此三個生理小種在五個地方之分佈不盡相同，臺東及花蓮未分離到生理小種 1 ；生理小種 2 在五個地區均有發現；生理小種 3 僅在花蓮分離到二菌株。 50 個菌株在菜豆（四季豆）及豆薯上均產生感病型反應，而在豇豆（ cowpea ），鵲豆（ hyacinth bean），皇帝豆（萊豆）及樹豆（P : geon pea ）上均產生抗病型反應，所以沒有被選用為鑑別品種，但在將來的試驗或世界其他地區也許可以利用
Effect of Cercospora kikuchii on Soybean Seed Germination and Its Interaction with Phomopsis sp.
No full textEmbryogenesis and plant regeneration from anther culture of bamboo (Sinocalamus latiflora (Munro) McClure)
No full textEmbryogenic callus was initiated from bamboo (Sinocalumus satiflora (Munro) McClure) anthers cultured on N6 medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D, 1 mg/l BA, 2 g/l charcoal, 0.8% agar (Sigma) and 9% sucrose. Anthers with microspores at miduninucleate to early-binucleate stages showed better rate of response for callus induction. Prolonged culture of these embryogenic calli on the original medium or subculture to an auxin-free medium resulted in embryoid formation and their subsequent germination to form rooted plantlets. Chromosome counts from root-tip cells of anther-derived plant indicated that they were haploid (N=36)
(37(3):250-256)The Effects of Temperature Treatment and Medium Composition on Rice Anther Culture
No full text水稻花藥培養初期以35±1°C的高溫處理1～2天，再移至25±1°C恆溫培養，可提高癒合組織的誘導率，且不影響其分化率。培養後期的高溫處理則無效。
1 mg/l NAA及4 mg/l kinetin之植物生長素能提高花藥癒合組織之綠苗形成率，但不利於形成後綠苗之生長。
N6無機鹽較MS無機鹽更能抑制花藥癒合組織的褐化，且癒合組織有較旺盛之生長勢。
Rice anthers at uninucleate stage were cultured in medium and incubated at 25°C under darkness for heat trea tment and medium composition studies. It was found that heat treatment of 35°C to the cultured anthers for 1-2 days at the initial culture stage incr eased the percentage of callus inducti on. Nevertheless, no effect was found to the subsequent differentiation of anther-derived callus. There was no beneficial effect either on callus induction or plant regeneration when heat trea tment was given to anthers which have been cultured for 20 days.
The plant growth regulators of l mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l kinetin increased the formation of green plants out of anther callus, but adversely affected the subsequent growth of the green plants.
Inorganic salts of N6 medium were more effective in delaying the browning, and concomitantly accelerating the growth of anther callus as compared to those of MS medium
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
(41(2):169-177)Mass Propagation of Oriental Lily “Casa Blanca” by Shoot Tip Culture
No full text香水百合之鱗莖，剝去其外圍之鱗片，取約300～400μm含1對葉原體之莖頂，培養於含有0.2 ppm NAA AA、4 ppm BA、3％蔗糖及0.8％洋菜之Murashige and Skoog（1962）（MS）基本鹽類培養基中，經2個月的培養，可形成約1.5cm大小之原球體，此原球體培養於含有0.5ppm NAA、4 ppm BA、3％蔗糖及0.8％洋菜之MS基本鹽類培養基中可行原球體之增殖；而培養於含有0.2 ppm 2，4-D、0.5 ppm BA、3％蔗糖及0.8％洋菜之MS基本鹽類培養基中則可誘導植株形成。為了縮短幼苗生長時間，可將已長有0.2cm小芽之原球體，培養於含有0.1 ppm NAA，2 ppm BA、3％蔗糖之MS基本鹽類液體培養基中，7天內即可獲得鱗片葉6cm之幼苗，將此幼苗移殖於3％蔗糖及0.8％洋菜之MS基本鹽類之培養基中，經7天之生長即可誘導發根。此具有根系之幼苗移殖於泥炭苔等介質中，置於二層40─50％遮光網之簡易塑膠溫室中健化，健化期間以細霧式自動噴霧噴灑葉面，每30分鐘噴3─4秒，2週後去除一層遮光網；約經1個月後，即可將苗行2─5°C之低溫處理以打破休眠，再經1─1.5個月，即可移殖於田間行養球栽培。
Mass propagation of Oriental lily by shoot tip culture was developed for the purpose of accelerating the propagation rate and avoiding the transmission of virus. Bulb scales of “Casa Blanca” containing 1 pair of leaf primordia, measuring about 300-400 im in size, were excised from the bulb and cultrued. The composition of the medium was MS salts supplemented with 0.2 ppm NAA, 4 ppm BA, 3% sucrose and 0.8% phytagar. Protocorms about 1.5 cm in diameter could be produced after 2 months in culture. Significant proliferation of the protocorm could be observed by culturing in the same medium except the concentration of NAA was increased from 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. Plants regeneration could be induced if the protocorm were cultrued in medium contained 0.2 ppm 2, 4-D, 0.5 ppm BA, 3% sucrose, and 0.8% phytagar. To accelerate the growth rate of the regenerated seedlings, protocorms with buds about 0.2cm in length were transferred to liquid medium with 0.1 ppm NAA, 2 ppm BA, and 3% sucrose. The length of bulb scale leaves could reach 6 cm in 7 days under the culture conditions. Further culture of the seedlings in solid medium plus MS salts, 3% sucrose, and 0.8% phytagar promoted the differentiation of root system. The recommended lmonth hardening procedure of the seedlings included the use of peatmoss, 40-50% shading, and frequent mist-spray irrigation. The seedlings could then be treated with low temperature (2-5°C) for 1-1.5 months for breaking dormancy before transplanted to the field
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