1,720,970 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Molecular Characterization and Rapid Detection of Vibrio Cholerae in Uganda: the Relationship between Human Pathogens and Aquatic Environment
No full textCholera outbreaks in Uganda were due to genetically related V. cholerae strains showing local and regional transmission to East and Central Africa.Surface water in Uganda are natural habitat for V. cholerae non O1/non O139 but not epidemic V. cholerae O1/O139
Drinking water quality in cholera affected areas of Uganda does not meet the World Health Organisation set standards.
The modified cholera RDT has high level of accuracy and is a quick alternative cholera detection test that could be put to use in resources constrained settings.Introduction. Cholera is a preventable and treatable disease that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Uganda resulting in serious socioeconomic consequences. The aims of this study were to genotype the V. cholerae organisms in Uganda, establish the physicochemical characteristics of surface water sources in cholera affected areas of Uganda and to evaluate the modified cholera Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), Crystal VC® for detection and monitoring of cholera outbreaks so as to guide cholera prevention and control in Uganda.
Methodology. This study consisted of four sub-studies that were conducted at the Central Public Health Laboratories, Kampala and in cholera endemic/prone districts of Kampala, Nebbi, Kasese, Buliisa, Busia and Kayunga. The first sub-study was a cross-section study that involved genotyping of 63 V. cholerae isolates from the districts that reported cholera outbreaks for the period 2014 – 2016 by use of the three molecular tests namely; Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Multi locus Variable number repeat Analysis (MLVA) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). The second sub-study was a longitudinal study conducted on the surface water to detect and genotypes of the V. cholerae present in aquatic environment (surface water) by use of the RDT and PCR tests. The third sub-study was also a longitudinal study conducted on the surplus water collected in the second sub-study to establish the physiochemical water characteristics. The second and the third sub-studies involved testing the surface water collected from the six cholera prone or endemic districts of Kasese, Buliisa, Kampala, Nebbi, Kayunga and Busia between February 2015 – January 2016. Monthly water testing to detect V. cholerae and to establish water physicochemical characteristics (temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH and electric conductivity) were carried out using RDT, multiplex PCR and digital meters (Hach and turbidity). One Way ANOVA test was used to determine variation in the physicochemical parameters of water. The fourth sub-study was a comparative study in which a modified cholera RDT, Crystal VC® was evaluated against the culture method for detection and monitoring of cholera outbreaks. Fresh stool samples from suspected cholera patients were tested by both RDT and culture tests. The test results were interpreted in form of sensitivity, specificity positive and negative predictive values and accuracy.
Results. Three genetically closely related MLVA clonal complexes (CC): CC1, 32% (20/63); CC2, 40% (25/63) and CC3, 28% (18/63) were identified in Uganda. Each CC contained isolates from a different whole genome sequencing clade. One clade was contained in the transmission event (T13) lineage. Vibrio cholerae genetic lineages spread between districts within Uganda and across the national borders.
Of 322 surface water samples tested, 35 (10.8%) were positive for V. cholerae non O1/non O139; 2 samples tested positive for non-toxigenic atypical V. cholerae O139. None of the samples tested had toxigenic V. cholerae O1 or O139 that are responsible for cholera epidemics.
The mean physicochemical water characteristics varied within the test sites and were statistically significantly different between the test sites or water bodies. The majority of water samples had mean physicochemical parameters in acceptable World Health Organization (WHO) water safety limits except for water turbidity where all (100%) of the tested samples had unacceptable level of above 5 Nephlometric Turbidity Units.
The majority, 91/102 (89%) of the fresh stool samples tested positive by both Crystal VC® RDT and culture test. Nine stool samples were negative by Crystal VC® RDT and culture test. Sensitivity of 99%, Specificity of 90%, Positive Predictive Value of 99%, Negative Predictive Value of 90% and Accuracy of 98% were documented.
Conclusion. Vibrio cholerae responsible for cholera epidemics in Uganda consisted of three genetically closely related bacteria stains that spread within Uganda, East Africa and Central Africa regions. Cross-border spread into and out of Uganda played an important role in the propagation and spread of cholera epidemics. There were no epidemic V. cholerae species in the surface water sources in Uganda, though the surface water sources were natural habitats for V. cholerae, non O1/non O139 and atypical non toxigenic O139. The physicochemical parameter of the tested water sources varied within the sites overtime. There were statistically significant differences in the physicochemical parameters between the test sites. All surface water tested had turbidity outside the WHO recommended safety levels. The modified Crystal VC® dipsticks had high level of accuracy and is a quick alternative cholera outbreak detection and monitoring tool.
Recommendations. To prevent, control and eliminate cholera in Uganda the stakeholders should support targeted provision of social services (safe water, hygiene, sanitation, education and healthcare services) in cholera prone communities in Uganda. Cross-border collaboration and coordination of cholera prevention and control between countries in the region should be promoted. Affirmative action for cholera prone communities in Uganda to access safe water and additional water studies to generate information on the non O1/non O139 and other physicochemical characteristics not covered in this study are required. In addition, cholera RDT should be used whenever an outbreak of cholera is suspected to ease early case detection and to monitor outbreak progressionThe study was jointly funded by the Uganda Ministry of Health and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USA (Grant number OPP1148763), administered through the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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