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Court life during regin of Henry VIII
No full textZa vrijeme vladavine engleskog kralja Henrika VIII. engleski dvor bio je središte moći, odnosno političko, kulturno, društveno i gospodarsko središte države. Dvor je nosio titulu najveličanstvenijeg dvora u povijesti Engleske te je služio kao uzor europskim vladarima. Povijesna priča o Henriku VIII. i njegovu dvoru i danas uživa veliku popularnost zahvaljujući mnogobrojnim filmovima, serijama i knjigama, no mnogi primjeri prikazani preko današnjih medija vrlo su površni i stvaraju iskrivljenu sliku o Henriku VIII. i njegovu životu koja se ovim radom nastoji ispraviti. U radu se prvenstveno opisuje život na dvoru Henrika VIII., Henrik, kao okosnica svih događaja, njegov život i osobnost te ozračje u državi koje je zatekao dolaskom na vlast. Predstavlja se organizacija i administracija kraljeve ustanove koja se nalazila u rukama kraljevih visokih službenika, a potom se istražuje tko su bili dvorjani, koja je njihova uloga na dvoru, kako su živjeli, kako su provodili svoje slobodno vrijeme, sudjelujući i uživajući u različitim sportskim događanjima, viteškim turnirima, zabavama, predstavama, itd. Na koncu donosi se percepcija dvora od strane engleskog i europskog društva te kralju bliskih suradnika. Dva ključna pitanja kojima se vodi ovaj rad odnose se na utjecaj dvorjana, točnije, bliskih kraljevih suradnika, na kralja, a time i na politiku dvora, te na percepciju društva o dvoru Henrika VIII. Zbog neposredne blizine i prijateljstva s kraljem, bliski kraljevi suradnici znali su se izboriti za sebe i progurati svoje interese, no ipak u ograničenoj mjeri jer je zadnju riječ imao Henrik VIII. što se posebice očitovalo pred kraj njegove vladavine kada ne propušta iz svog nadzora ni jedan aspekt vlasti. Gradnja ugleda monarhije i dvora kao središta iste bio je Henrikov stil života te je on zahvaljujući svojoj učenosti, karizmi, mnogobrojnim talentima težio k renesansnim idealima i uspijeva ih ostvariti, stoga je percepcija dvora od strane suradnika, engleskog i europskog društva izričito pozitivna i utemeljena.During the reign of king Henry VIII. english court was the center of power and political, cultural, social and economic center of the country. The court was known as one of the most magnificent palace in the history of England and has served as a role model for other European rulers. The historical story about Henry VIII. and his court still enjoys great popularity thanks to numerous films, TV series and books. Many of this examples shown through today`s media are very superficial and do not present the real picture of Henry VIII. The goal of this paper is to present the real picture about Henry VIII. and his life. This paper describes mainly lifestyle at the court of Henry VIII. in which Henry was the center of all events. It also describes his life, personality and the atmosphere at the court. Furthermore, it represents the organization and administration of royal institution, which was in the hands of king`s high officials, explores who are the courtiers, their role at the court and how they lived. They spent their free time mostly participating in sports events, tournaments, parties and other performances. At the end, describes the perception of the court, by english and european society as well as associates, that were close to the king. Two main issues of this paper, refer to the influence of the courtiers, precisely kings associates, over the king and palace, as well as to the perception of the society about the Henry's court. Thanks to closeness with the king, his associates knew how to stood for themselves and their interests. However, the last word had Henry VIII., which was especially obvious at the end of his regency, when he supervises every aspect of his reign. Building the reputation of the monarchy and the court as it's center, was Henry's lifestyle. Thanks to his knowledge, charisma and numerous talents, he aspired to the Renaissance ideals and was very successful. Therefore, the perception of his court by the associates, english and european society was very positive and justified
THE LIKA REGIMENT FROM 1736 TO 1809
No full textTijekom XVIII. stoljeća Habsburška Monarhija, jedna od vodećih europskih velesila, sudjelovala je u brojnim ratovima koji su za cilj imali proširiti njezine granice, ali i zaštititi njezine raspršene posjede, kao i održavati ravnotežu moći među europskim državama. Krajem XVII. stoljeća vojska Osmanskog Carstva, glavna prijetnja opstojnosti Habsburške Monarhije, doživljava katastrofalan poraz pred zidinama Beča, nakon čega habsburške vojne snage prelaze u protunapad i započinju ekspanziju habsburških granica prema jugoistoku. Ta ekspanzija dovela je u habsburški posjed Liku i Krbavu, područja koja su Osmanlije osvojili još u prvoj polovici XVI. stoljeća.
Na ličko-krbavskom području namjeravala se uspostaviti civilna vlast, ali takva je zamisao bila neprihvatljiva lokalnom stanovništvu koje je zahtijevalo da se taj teritorij uključi u sastav Hrvatsko-slavonske vojne krajine, što je na kraju i provedeno u djelo. Sredinom XVIII. stoljeća izvršen je preustroj Vojne krajine utemeljenjem krajiških pukovnija, teritorijalno-vojnih jedinica, što je bilo u skladu s promjenom uloge krajišnika. Naime, iako je krajišnicima glavna zadaća bila braniti habsburške granice od osmanlijskih napada, tijekom XVIII. stoljeća krajišnici istovremeno učestalije počinju sudjelovati u vojnim pohodima koji se odvijaju na udaljenim europskim prostorima.
Ovaj se rad bavi proučavanjem vojnog angažmana i životnih prilika krajišnika s prostora Ličke pukovnije, jedne od ukupno jedanaest krajiških pukovnija u sklopu Hrvatsko-slavonske vojne krajine. Za potrebe istraživanja koristi se relevantna literatura koja se odnosi na krajišku i vojnu povijest XVIII. stoljeća, kao i raznovrsna izvorna građa, među koju se ubrajaju ratna izvješća, vojni popisi, novinski članci i rukopisi. Vojno djelovanje ličkih krajišnika smješta se u širi kontekst ratovanja i vojničkog života u XVIII. stoljeću, pri čemu se položaj ličkih krajišnika uspoređuje s drugim europskim vojnicima, kao i drugim krajišnicima. Glavni cilj rada odnosi se na utvrđivanje posebnosti ove krajiške skupine. Osim toga, njihov primjer također služi za pobliže upoznavanje s općim značajkama vojničkog života i vojne profesije u navedenom stoljeću.During the course of the eighteenth century the Habsburg Monarchy, one of the leading European powers, participated in numerous wars with the aim of expanding its borders, but also of protecting its dispersed lands, as well as maintaining equilibrium among the European states. At the end of the seventeenth century the army of the Ottoman Empire, the main threat to the existence of the Habsburg Monarchy, experienced a crushing defeat in front of the walls of Vienna, after which the Habsburg military forces took the offensive and initiated an expansion of the Habsburg borders towards the southeast. Among the new territorial acquisitions of this expansion were the regions of Lika and Krbava, territories which had been lost to the Ottomans in the first half of the sixteenth century.
Although initially a civil administration was supposed to be established in these regions, due to the defiant nature of the inhabitants who initiated several uprisings demanding Grenzer status, in 1712 they were incorporated in the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier. In the middle of the eighteenth century, a reorganization of the Military Frontier was carried out, entailing the establishment of Grenzer regiments, which were designed to function simultaneously as military and territorial units. This reform was associated with the modification of the role of the Grenzer, who were initially charged with defending the Habsburg borders from Ottoman incursions, but during the course of the eighteenth century, they were awarded the additional task of participating in the various wars being waged by their Habsburg rulers on distant European battlefields. Precisely from the middle of the eighteenth century, the Grenzer started to march more intensively to the western battlefields.
This dissertation is focused on exploring the military involvement and living conditions of the Grenzer inhabiting the region of the Lika Regiment, one of the least explored areas of the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier. The geographical features of the land, as well as its position in regard to its distance from the center of the Generalcy, and its adjacency to both the lands of the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic had a great impact on the development of this region and the living conditions of its inhabitants.
The research is based on the inquiry of relevant literature which deals with Grenzer and military history of the eighteenth century, as well as various original sources, such as war reports, military lists, newspaper articles, and manuscripts. The military activity of the
Grenzer of Lika is placed within a wider aspect of warfare and military life in the eighteenth century by comparing the conditions of the Grenzer of Lika with other contemporary soldiers, as well as other Grenzer groups. The main aim is to distinguish the features of this specific Grenzer group. Besides that, their example also provides an opportunity for outlining some of the general features of military life and the military profession in the mentioned century
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Klemens von Metternich: Balance of power from Napoleonic Wars until july revolution
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British Historiography and the first Hanoverian on the British Throne, Georg I.
No full textNakon dugog perioda nestabilnosti, poslije dinastije Stuart, na prijestolje Velike Britanije dolazi nova strana dinastija - njemačka dinastija Hanover. Dinastija svoju sukcesiju duguje vjeri, ali i parlamentu. Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se životom prvog britanskog kralja i kneza izbornika Hanovera, Georgea I. Rad opisuje njegov život kao princa Svetog Rimskog Carstva, zatim kneza izbornika Hanovera i događajima koji su doveli do njegova stupanja na britansko prijestolje. Također prati njegovu vladavinu dugu 13 godina i prikazuje najvažnije događaje i odnose koji su obilježili taj period. Uz sintezu njegove vladavine, obrađuje se i percepcija javnosti na novu dinastiju i na uniju koja je nastala između Velike Britanije i Hanovera.After a long period of instability, after house of Stuart, on the throne of Great Britain came a new, foreign dynasty - German dynasty of Hanover. Dynasty owes its succession to religion and Parliament. This thesis deals with life of first British king and elector of Hanover, George I. Attention is added on his life as a German prince of Holy Roman Empire, then elector of Hanover and the events that lead to his succession on British throne. It also tracks his reign of 13 years and shows the most important events and relationships that marked that period. With synthesis of his reign, it deals with perception of public opinion on new dynasty and union between Great Britain and Hanover
Effects of military revolution on the army of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 17th and 18th century
Get PDFCilj ovog rada bio je istražiti koliko je koncept vojne revolucije primjenjiv na primjeru Habsburške Monarhije, drugim riječima, koliko su vojne inovacije u Europi utjecale na razvoj habsburške vojske, a time i države. Na Habsburšku Monarhiju, najviše izravnog utjecaja imalo je dramatično povećanje vojski i razmjera ratovanja. Početak Tridesetogodišnjeg rata suočio je, prvi puta Monarhiju s takvim vojskama i tolikim razmjerom rata što je primoralo Monarhiju da se prilagodi kako bi opstala i uspješno nastavila ratovanje. Monarhija nije bila vojno ni administrativno spremna za takav sukob te je morala iskoristiti posrednika koji će u njeno ime podići veliku vojsku i opskrbiti ju. U tome je glavnu ulogu odigrao Albrecht von Wallenstein koji je zbog svojih organizacijskih i vojnih sposobnosti preuzeo podizanje i opremanje vojske na sebe, te izvojevao mnoge pobjede u ime Monarhije. Upravo je uz pomoć Wallensteina, habsburška vojska ugušila pobune i omogućila Monarhiji da ta područja stavi izravno pod svoju vlast, polažući temelje apsolutističke vlasti. Wallensteinov hijerarhijski ustroj vojske, preuzimanje linijskih taktika te opća profesionalizacija vojske, omogućila je Monarhiji da nakon njegova ubojstva preuzme već dobro organiziranu i snažnu vojsku iz koje će se nakon Tridesetogodišnjeg rata razviti stajaća habsburška vojska. Ta vojska, znatno je veća i profesionalnija od one na početku sukoba i što je važnije, pod izravnim zapovjedništvom cara. Država je uz pomoć te vojske porazila svoje unutarnje i vanjske neprijatelje, stavila je plemstvo i vojsku pod veću centralnu vlast, povećavajući moć države. Upravo će s tom profesionalnom stajaćom vojskom Monarhija uz pomoć Montecuccolija i Eugena Savojskog uspjeti prebaciti pritisak na Osmansko Carstvo i vratiti izgubljena područja što određeni povjesničari smatraju revolucionarnim samim po sebi. Osim vojnih i političkih promjena, promjene izazvane vojnom revolucijom, utjecale su i na društvenu sferu života. Profesionalna i znatno veća vojska omogućila je vertikalni društveni uspon jer je zahtijevala veći birokratski aparat, povećavajući moć države, ali i profesionalne vojnike što su mogli postati i obični pučani. Razvila se paralelna civilna i vojna stratifikacija društva što je ugrozilo plemstvo koje je, kako bi ostalo „korisno“, dobrovoljno se stavljalo pod državnu vlast i hijerarhiju. Koliko su vojne inovacije utjecale na državu, može se vidjeti i prema financijskom teretu koji su te velike, profesionalne vojske i dugotrajni ratovi izazivali. Čitava ekonomija države bazirala se na tomu da zadovolji vojne potrebe. Ekonomsko ratovanje time postaje mnogo izraženiji način ratovanja koji sa sobom nosi posljedicu uništavanja i blokiranja resursa te uništenje zemlje. Upravo to je potaknulo pravnike kao što je Hugo Grotius da pokušaju pravnim putem ograničiti ratovanje, stvarajući time temelje međunarodnog prava koje baštinimo i danas. Upravo zbog navedenih promjena koje je vojna revolucija, a prvobitno faktor povećanja vojski, imao na Europu, a time i na Habsburšku Monarhiju, smatram da je koncept primjenjiv i na njezinom primjeru. Krucijalan period u povijesti Habsburške Monarhije je Tridesetogodišnji rat preko kojega su promjene koje je nosila vojna revolucija izravno utjecale na Monarhiju. Tijekom tog destruktivnog i dugotrajnog sukoba, Monarhija je prošla kroz temeljne vojne i administrativne promjene koje su stvorile temelj njezine moći.The aim of this paper was to see if the concept of a military revolution is applicable to the development of the Habsburg army and state. The dramatic increase in the size of European armies and the scale of warfare left the largest impact on the Monarchy. The start of the Thirty Years' War forced the Monarchy to face these new armies and the scale of warfare for the first time. To be able to survive and effectively continue the war, the Monarchy had to adapt and undergo some fundamental changes. Because the Monarchy wasn't ready for such a conflict in a military and administrative sense, she had to use a proxy who will in her name field a large army and maintain it. Albrecht von Wallenstein assumed that role, and with his military and organizational skills, he achieved many victories in the name of the Monarchy. With the help of his army, the Monarchy suppressed the revolts which enabled the state to put those regions directly under its authority, setting the foundations for absolutist rule. The hierachical structure that he implemented in the army, adoption of linear tactics and the general professionalization of the army, enabled the state to take over a strong and well organized army after Wallenstein's assassination. After the Thirty Years' War, the Monarchy will, from that army, create a standing army under the supreme command of the Emperor itself. The army that was retained after the war was considerably larger and more professional than the one at the beggining of the conflict. With that army, the state defeated its external and internal enemies, putting the Estates and the army under a stronger central authority, increasing the power of the state itself. With that professional army and the guidance of Montecuccoli and Eugene of Savoy, the Monarchy managed to put pressure on the Ottoman Empire and reclaim lost territories. Some historians consider that a revolution in itself. Other than military and political changes, the military revolution influenced the social sphere of life as well. A professional and considerably larger army enabled for vertical social ascent because it required a larger bureaucratic apparatus, increasing the power of the state, but also professional soldiers, both which allowed commoners in its ranks. This developed a paralel civil and military stratification of society that endangered the nobility which now voluntarily put itself in the service of the state, subjecting themselves to the hierarchy of rank, just to remain „useful“. The extent of influence that these military innovations had on the state can be seen in the financial burden that these larger, professional armies and prolonged wars had on the state. The entire economy of the state was based on meeting military needs. Economic warfare became much more important and carried with itself consequences of destruction and blockading of resources causing increased devastation to the land. This motivated jurists like Hugo Grotius to attempt to limit warfare by legal means, laying the foundations of international law. It's legacy is felt even today. It's because of these changes that the revolution, primarily the factor of dramatically larger armies and scale of warfarem, had on Europe and the Habsburg Monarchy is why I think that the concept of a military revlution is applicable to the Monarchy as well. The crucial period in the history of the Habsbur Monarchy was the Thirty Years' War through which the changes of the military revolution directly affected the Monarchy. During that long and destructive conflict, the Monarchy underwent fundamental military and administrative changes which laid the foundations for it's power
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE CAPTAINCY OF SENJ FROM ITS FOUNDATION UNTIL THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY FRONTIER UNDER THE MILITARY COMMANDER IVAN LENKOVIĆ (1469-1563)
Get PDFSenjska kapetanija je od svojeg osnutka 1469. godine pa nadalje u dosadašnjoj vojnokrajiškoj historiografiji smatrana najstarijim integralnim dijelom Vojne krajine. Kako po pitanju detaljnog proučavanja navedene tvrdnje i njene provjere do sada nije bilo konkretnih analiza ustrojstva i razvoja ove vojno-administrativne jedinice bitne za shvaćanje procesa kasnijeg razvoja vojnokrajiškog društva i sustava, ovo istraţivanje će donijeti po prvi puta detaljnu analizu razvoja Senjske kapetanije u razdoblju njenih prvih sto godina postojanja, točnije do organizacije Vojne krajine po vrhovnom zapovjedniku Ivanu Lenkoviću 1563. godine. S obzirom na dostupnost relevantne arhivske graĎe i literature taj će se razvoj istraţiti kroz proučavanje teritorijalnog opsega Senjske kapetanije, odnosa senjskih kapetana prema gradu Senju i lokalnom stanovništvu na njenom prostoru, dok će se po pitanju vojnog aspekta istraţiti način financiranja te sastav i broj vojnika Senjske kapetanije.Historiography regards the Captaincy of Senj from 1469 onward as the oldest integral part of the Military Frontier. However, until now there has been no detailed research based on that assumption that analyses the composition and development of that military and administrative entity. Such an analysis is essential to understand the development of the Military Frontier society. This historical research will offer, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the development of the Captaincy of Senj during the first hundred years of its existence, i.e. until the organization of the Military Frontier under the military commander Ivan Lenković in 1563. Based on archival sources and relevant secondary literature, research will focus on the relationship between the captains of Senj and the city dwellers. As far as the military aspect is concerned, it will especially focus on the finances of the Captaincy of Senj, as well as the composition and size of its military contingent
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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