1,720,958 research outputs found
Dishonest online: A distinction between observable and unobservable lying
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaf
Putting a price tag on security: Subjective well-being and willingness-to-pay for crime reduction in Europe
Full text linkUsing information on life satisfaction and crime from the European Social Survey, we apply the life satisfaction approach (LSA) to determine the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB), income, victimization experience, fear of crime and various regional crime rates across European regions, while controlling for potentially confounding socio-economic variables. We show that fear of crime, criminal victimization and the average regionally perceived fear of crime significantly reduce life satisfaction across Europe. Building upon these results, we quantify the monetary value of improvements in public safety and its valuation in terms of individual well-being. The loss in satisfaction for victimized individuals corresponds to 21,790€. Increasing an average individual´s perception within his neighborhood from unsafe to safe yields a benefit equivalent to 12,700€. Our results regarding crime and SWB in Europe largely resemble previous results for different countries and other criminal contexts, whereby using the LSA as a valuation method for public good provision yields similar results as stated preference methods and considerably higher estimates than revealed preference methods
Refining tools to bridge the gap between academia and chemical regulation: perspectives for WikiREACH
No full textWikiREACH – a tool that reduces the resources needed and simplifies the process of gathering peer-reviewed studies for hazard and risk assessment of chemicals.</p
Determinations of Other-Regarding Behavior and the Private Provision of Public Goods
Full text linkDiese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur Forschung, die die im ökonomischen Standardmodell verwendete Annahme des eng gefassten Eigeninteresses in Frage stellt. Der erste Teil der Arbeit umfasst drei experimentelle Studien über soziale Präferenzen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit umfasst drei Studien, die sich in die Literatur zur privaten Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter einfügen.
Jahrzehntelange experimentelle Forschung mit öffentlichen Gütern, Ultimatum-, Vertrauens- und Diktatorspielen hat gezeigt, dass Individuen selbst bei anonymen One-Shot-Entscheidungen auf monetäre Auszahlungen zum Nutzen anderer verzichten. Eine Erklärung für dieses Verhalten ist, dass Individuen eine Präferenz für eine gerechte Verteilung haben. Das Verhalten hängt jedoch nicht nur von der Verteilung der Auszahlungen ab, sondern auch von dem Prozess, der zu dieser Verteilung führt. Zu den prozessbezogenen Merkmalen gehören die Absicht der beteiligten Entscheidungsträger und damit zusammenhängend das Ausmaß, in dem ihnen kausal die Verantwortung zugeschrieben werden kann, die Fairness der Verfahren oder die Einhaltung bestimmter sozialer oder moralischer Normen. Alle drei Studien im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit untersuchen das Verhalten in Situationen, in denen Entscheidungen wahrscheinlich von den Folgen für die Verteilung der Auszahlungen beeinflusst wird, in denen aber wahrscheinlich auch andere Determinanten eine Rolle spielen. Die Studien untersuchen (1) die Rolle einer fairen Verteilung auf das Verbraucherverhalten bei Preisdiskriminierung, (2) wie verschiedene Ausreden, die sich aus der Ungewissheit über die Folgen des eigenen Handelns für andere ergeben, egoistisches Verhalten beeinflussen und (3) die Rolle der Beobachtbarkeit von Unehrlichkeit beim Lügen in einer Online-Umgebung.
Das Versagen der Märkte, ein effizientes Maß an öffentlichen Gütern bereitzustellen, wird als einer der Hauptgründe für staatliche Eingriffe angesehen. Die jahrzehntelange Forschung in der Verhaltensökonomie zeigt jedoch, dass die privaten Beiträge im Allgemeinen höher sind, als es das reine Eigeninteresse vorhersagt. Wissenschaftler sind seit langem daran interessiert, die zugrunde liegenden Präferenzen für private Beiträge zu öffentlichen Gütern zu verstehen. Diese Forschung hat eine Reihe von Motiven für Beiträge untersucht, die über das reine Eigeninteresse hinausgehen, hat aber auch zu möglichen Erklärungen geführt, die in den Bereich des Eigeninteresses fallen, wie etwa ein kurzfristiger positiver Grenznutzen oder langfristige Signalanreize. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit kann in diese Literatur eingeordnet werden. Studie vier untersucht die Auswirkung von Gamification auf die intrinsische Motivation und die Leistungserbringung bei einer Aufgabe, die wichtige Merkmale von sogenannten Micro-tasks nachahmt, wie sie typischerweise in Crowdsourcing-Projekten für öffentliche Güter vorkommen. Die Studien fünf und sechs untersuchen digitale öffentliche Güter im Kontext der EU-Chemikalienverordnung REACH, bewerten, wie effektiv das öffentliche Gut bereitgestellt wird, und diskutieren mögliche Anpassungen, um die Anreize für Personen zu erhöhen, die freiwillig zu dem Gut beitragen.This thesis contributes to research that challenges the narrow self-interest assumption used in the standard economic model. The first part of the thesis includes three experimental studies on social preferences. The second part of the thesis includes three studies that fit into the literature on private provision of public goods.
Decades of experimental research with public goods, ultimatum, trust, and dictator games have shown that individuals forgo monetary payoffs for the benefit of others even in anonymous one-shot decisions. One explanation for this behavior is that individuals have a preference for fair distribution. However, behavior depends not only on the distribution of payoffs, but also on the process that leads to that distribution. Process-related characteristics include the intent of the decision makers involved and, relatedly, the extent to which causal responsibility can be attributed to them, the fairness of the procedures, or the adherence to certain social or moral norms. All three studies in the first part of this paper examine behavior in situations where decisions are likely to be influenced by consequences for the distribution of payoffs, but where other determinants are also likely to play a role. The studies examine (1) the role of a fair distribution on consumer behavior in the presence of price discrimination, (2) how various excuses arising from uncertainty about the consequences of one's actions for others influence selfish behavior, and (3) the role of observability of dishonesty in lying in an online environment.
The failure of markets to provide an efficient level of public goods is seen as one of the main reasons for government intervention. However, decades of research in behavioral economics show that private contributions are generally higher than pure self-interest predicts. Scholars have long been interested in understanding the underlying preferences for private contributions to public goods. This research has explored a range of motivations for contributions that go beyond pure self-interest, but has also led to possible explanations that fall within the realm of self-interest, such as short-term positive marginal utility or long-term signaling incentives. The second part of this thesis can be placed in this literature. Study four examines the impact of gamification on intrinsic motivation and performance in a task that mimics important features of so-called micro-tasks typically found in public goods crowdsourcing projects. Studies five and six examine digital public goods in the context of the EU REACH chemicals regulation, assess how effectively the public good is delivered, and discuss possible adaptations to increase incentives for individuals who voluntarily contribute to the good.2021-10-1
Breathing life into consumer rights: smartphone tools facilitating the “right to know” on substances of very high concern in REACH articles
No full textAbstract
Background
The EU chemicals regulation “Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals” (REACH) aims to reduce the usage of substances of very high concern (SVHCs) by firms. Therefore, a consumer right-to-know about SVHCs in articles is intended to create market-based incentives. However, awareness of the right-to-know among EU citizens is low. Moreover, the response window of 45 days afforded to suppliers impedes immediate, informed decisions by consumers. Consequently, despite being in effect for more than 10 years, only few consumer send requests. Civil society actors have developed smartphone applications reducing information search costs, allowing users to send right-to-know requests upon scanning an article’s barcode. Answers are stored in a database and made available to the public immediately. This paper assesses to which extent smartphone tools contribute to an increased use of the right-to-know by undertaking a case study of the application “ToxFox” by the German non-profit organisation Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND).
Results
An analysis of the data from the BUND database for the period 2016 to 2018 reveals that about 20 thousand users have sent almost 49 thousand requests. This has led to more than 9 thousand database entries, including 189 articles which contain SVHCs above the legal threshold. The data also indicate that receiving information on requested articles encourages further use of the application. Many suppliers accept the application and pro-actively provide information on articles without SVHCs above the threshold. However, most consumers use the application only for a short time, and suppliers are struggling to reply to right-to-know requests.
Conclusion
Evaluating the results, the study identifies options to enhance the application’s design in terms of user motivation and legal certainty, and to enhance the framework governing "barcode" assignments to articles with a view to better contributing to transparency. As for policy implications, a lack of consumer requests can in part be traced back to design flaws of the right-to-know and a lack of implementation and enforcement of REACH. In addition, suppliers have to increase their supply chain communication efforts to make sure they are in a position to properly answer consumer requests. We recommend several policy options addressing these and additional aspects, thus contributing to the legislative review of Art. 33 REACH.Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 202
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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