26 research outputs found
Putting a price tag on security: Subjective well-being and willingness-to-pay for crime reduction in Europe
Full text linkUsing information on life satisfaction and crime from the European Social Survey, we apply the life satisfaction approach (LSA) to determine the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB), income, victimization experience, fear of crime and various regional crime rates across European regions, while controlling for potentially confounding socio-economic variables. We show that fear of crime, criminal victimization and the average regionally perceived fear of crime significantly reduce life satisfaction across Europe. Building upon these results, we quantify the monetary value of improvements in public safety and its valuation in terms of individual well-being. The loss in satisfaction for victimized individuals corresponds to 21,790€. Increasing an average individual´s perception within his neighborhood from unsafe to safe yields a benefit equivalent to 12,700€. Our results regarding crime and SWB in Europe largely resemble previous results for different countries and other criminal contexts, whereby using the LSA as a valuation method for public good provision yields similar results as stated preference methods and considerably higher estimates than revealed preference methods
Dishonest online: A distinction between observable and unobservable lying
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaf
Refining tools to bridge the gap between academia and chemical regulation: perspectives for WikiREACH
No full textWikiREACH – a tool that reduces the resources needed and simplifies the process of gathering peer-reviewed studies for hazard and risk assessment of chemicals.</p
Determinations of Other-Regarding Behavior and the Private Provision of Public Goods
Full text linkDiese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur Forschung, die die im ökonomischen Standardmodell verwendete Annahme des eng gefassten Eigeninteresses in Frage stellt. Der erste Teil der Arbeit umfasst drei experimentelle Studien über soziale Präferenzen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit umfasst drei Studien, die sich in die Literatur zur privaten Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter einfügen.
Jahrzehntelange experimentelle Forschung mit öffentlichen Gütern, Ultimatum-, Vertrauens- und Diktatorspielen hat gezeigt, dass Individuen selbst bei anonymen One-Shot-Entscheidungen auf monetäre Auszahlungen zum Nutzen anderer verzichten. Eine Erklärung für dieses Verhalten ist, dass Individuen eine Präferenz für eine gerechte Verteilung haben. Das Verhalten hängt jedoch nicht nur von der Verteilung der Auszahlungen ab, sondern auch von dem Prozess, der zu dieser Verteilung führt. Zu den prozessbezogenen Merkmalen gehören die Absicht der beteiligten Entscheidungsträger und damit zusammenhängend das Ausmaß, in dem ihnen kausal die Verantwortung zugeschrieben werden kann, die Fairness der Verfahren oder die Einhaltung bestimmter sozialer oder moralischer Normen. Alle drei Studien im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit untersuchen das Verhalten in Situationen, in denen Entscheidungen wahrscheinlich von den Folgen für die Verteilung der Auszahlungen beeinflusst wird, in denen aber wahrscheinlich auch andere Determinanten eine Rolle spielen. Die Studien untersuchen (1) die Rolle einer fairen Verteilung auf das Verbraucherverhalten bei Preisdiskriminierung, (2) wie verschiedene Ausreden, die sich aus der Ungewissheit über die Folgen des eigenen Handelns für andere ergeben, egoistisches Verhalten beeinflussen und (3) die Rolle der Beobachtbarkeit von Unehrlichkeit beim Lügen in einer Online-Umgebung.
Das Versagen der Märkte, ein effizientes Maß an öffentlichen Gütern bereitzustellen, wird als einer der Hauptgründe für staatliche Eingriffe angesehen. Die jahrzehntelange Forschung in der Verhaltensökonomie zeigt jedoch, dass die privaten Beiträge im Allgemeinen höher sind, als es das reine Eigeninteresse vorhersagt. Wissenschaftler sind seit langem daran interessiert, die zugrunde liegenden Präferenzen für private Beiträge zu öffentlichen Gütern zu verstehen. Diese Forschung hat eine Reihe von Motiven für Beiträge untersucht, die über das reine Eigeninteresse hinausgehen, hat aber auch zu möglichen Erklärungen geführt, die in den Bereich des Eigeninteresses fallen, wie etwa ein kurzfristiger positiver Grenznutzen oder langfristige Signalanreize. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit kann in diese Literatur eingeordnet werden. Studie vier untersucht die Auswirkung von Gamification auf die intrinsische Motivation und die Leistungserbringung bei einer Aufgabe, die wichtige Merkmale von sogenannten Micro-tasks nachahmt, wie sie typischerweise in Crowdsourcing-Projekten für öffentliche Güter vorkommen. Die Studien fünf und sechs untersuchen digitale öffentliche Güter im Kontext der EU-Chemikalienverordnung REACH, bewerten, wie effektiv das öffentliche Gut bereitgestellt wird, und diskutieren mögliche Anpassungen, um die Anreize für Personen zu erhöhen, die freiwillig zu dem Gut beitragen.This thesis contributes to research that challenges the narrow self-interest assumption used in the standard economic model. The first part of the thesis includes three experimental studies on social preferences. The second part of the thesis includes three studies that fit into the literature on private provision of public goods.
Decades of experimental research with public goods, ultimatum, trust, and dictator games have shown that individuals forgo monetary payoffs for the benefit of others even in anonymous one-shot decisions. One explanation for this behavior is that individuals have a preference for fair distribution. However, behavior depends not only on the distribution of payoffs, but also on the process that leads to that distribution. Process-related characteristics include the intent of the decision makers involved and, relatedly, the extent to which causal responsibility can be attributed to them, the fairness of the procedures, or the adherence to certain social or moral norms. All three studies in the first part of this paper examine behavior in situations where decisions are likely to be influenced by consequences for the distribution of payoffs, but where other determinants are also likely to play a role. The studies examine (1) the role of a fair distribution on consumer behavior in the presence of price discrimination, (2) how various excuses arising from uncertainty about the consequences of one's actions for others influence selfish behavior, and (3) the role of observability of dishonesty in lying in an online environment.
The failure of markets to provide an efficient level of public goods is seen as one of the main reasons for government intervention. However, decades of research in behavioral economics show that private contributions are generally higher than pure self-interest predicts. Scholars have long been interested in understanding the underlying preferences for private contributions to public goods. This research has explored a range of motivations for contributions that go beyond pure self-interest, but has also led to possible explanations that fall within the realm of self-interest, such as short-term positive marginal utility or long-term signaling incentives. The second part of this thesis can be placed in this literature. Study four examines the impact of gamification on intrinsic motivation and performance in a task that mimics important features of so-called micro-tasks typically found in public goods crowdsourcing projects. Studies five and six examine digital public goods in the context of the EU REACH chemicals regulation, assess how effectively the public good is delivered, and discuss possible adaptations to increase incentives for individuals who voluntarily contribute to the good.2021-10-1
Breathing life into consumer rights: smartphone tools facilitating the “right to know” on substances of very high concern in REACH articles
No full textAbstract
Background
The EU chemicals regulation “Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals” (REACH) aims to reduce the usage of substances of very high concern (SVHCs) by firms. Therefore, a consumer right-to-know about SVHCs in articles is intended to create market-based incentives. However, awareness of the right-to-know among EU citizens is low. Moreover, the response window of 45 days afforded to suppliers impedes immediate, informed decisions by consumers. Consequently, despite being in effect for more than 10 years, only few consumer send requests. Civil society actors have developed smartphone applications reducing information search costs, allowing users to send right-to-know requests upon scanning an article’s barcode. Answers are stored in a database and made available to the public immediately. This paper assesses to which extent smartphone tools contribute to an increased use of the right-to-know by undertaking a case study of the application “ToxFox” by the German non-profit organisation Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND).
Results
An analysis of the data from the BUND database for the period 2016 to 2018 reveals that about 20 thousand users have sent almost 49 thousand requests. This has led to more than 9 thousand database entries, including 189 articles which contain SVHCs above the legal threshold. The data also indicate that receiving information on requested articles encourages further use of the application. Many suppliers accept the application and pro-actively provide information on articles without SVHCs above the threshold. However, most consumers use the application only for a short time, and suppliers are struggling to reply to right-to-know requests.
Conclusion
Evaluating the results, the study identifies options to enhance the application’s design in terms of user motivation and legal certainty, and to enhance the framework governing "barcode" assignments to articles with a view to better contributing to transparency. As for policy implications, a lack of consumer requests can in part be traced back to design flaws of the right-to-know and a lack of implementation and enforcement of REACH. In addition, suppliers have to increase their supply chain communication efforts to make sure they are in a position to properly answer consumer requests. We recommend several policy options addressing these and additional aspects, thus contributing to the legislative review of Art. 33 REACH.Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 202
Mattheus Merian: the publisher and the first author of the German printed chronicle “Theatre of Europe”
No full textВ представленій статті висвітлюється життя та діяльність відомого
німецького видавця, гравера Маттеуса Меріана. Основна увага сконцентрована на його історичній багатотомній хроніці “Театр Європи”, на
шпальтах якої описуються подій, які відбувались у Західній Європі з 1618
по 1733 роки. Дане джерело іноземного походження є важливою історіографічною пам’яткою з історії України XVII–XVIII ст., адже дозволяє
поглянути на одну й ту саму подію з точки зору іноземця. Тому важливим
є не лише знання про зміст хроніки, але й про її засновника, оскільки це
допоможе скласти цілісне уявлення про те, за яких історичних умов і
через призму яких поглядів створювався “Театр Європи“.Предстваленное сообщение посвячено жизни и деятельности известного немецкого издателя и гравера Маттеуса Мериана. Основное внимание
сконцентрировано на его исторической работе – многотомной хронике
“Театр Европы”, на страницах которой описаны события, что происходили в Западной Европе с 1618 по 1718 гг. Данный источник иностранного
происхождения является важной историографической памяткой по истории Украины XVII–XVIII вв., так с помощью него можно посмотреть на
одно и то же событие с точки зрения иностранца. А потому важным является не только знание про содержание хроники, но и про ее основателя, т.к. поможет составить целостное представление о том, при каких исторических условиях и через призму каких взглядов создавался “Театр
Европы“.The presented paper deals with life and activity of a famous German
publisher, engraver Mattheus Merian. Emphasized here is his multivolume
chronicle “Theatre of Europe”, which pages describe events of Western Europe
from 1618 to 1718. This foreign source is an important monument to the historiography
of Ukrainian history of the XVII–XVIII centuries, as it allows
seeing the same event from a foreigner’s point of view. Hence, it is important
to have not only the knowledge of the chronicle content, but of its founder as
well, since it will facilitate to gain thorough understanding of the historical
conditions and ideas that affected creation of “Theatre of Europe”
De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst: Beschrijving van het leven en werk van de Dordtse landmeter Mattheus van Nispen (circa 1628 - 1717)
No full textIn 'De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst' wordt een beschrijving gegeven van het even en het werk van de Dordtse landmeter Mattheus van Nispen, die leefde van circa 1628 tot 1717. Aan de hand van deze levensbeschrijving en werkmethoden van deze prominente landmeter wordt op originele wijze inzicht gegeven in de historie van de landmeetkunde en kartografie in de zeventiende eeuw. Van Nispen was werkzaam in de wijde omgeving van Dordrecht. Hij heeft ondermeer in 1681 een kaart in druk doen verschijnen van de Alblasserwaard en de Vijfheerenlanden. Tevens verscheen al in 1662 een boekje, juist als deze uitgave 'De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst', geheten, waarin hij zijn kennis op dit terrein heeft vastgelegd. Door de auteur is met behulp van de zogenaamde Hollandse Cirkel, een hoekmeetinstrument uit de zeventiende eeuw, de nauwkeurigheid van de meetkundige grondslag van deze kaart onderzocht. De beschrijving van dit onderzoek en de resultaten hiervan zijn in deze uitgave opgenomen. Deze uitgave 'De Beknopte Lant-Meet-Konst' is niet alleen van belang voor geïnteresseerden in de geschiedenis van de Alblasserwaard, de Vijfheerenlanden en in de omliggende gemeenten, maar juist ook voor alle belangstellenden in de historie van de landmeetkunde en de kartografie. Ir. Th.W. Harmsen studeerde Nederlandse Geodesie aan de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen en behaalde aan de Technische Hogeschool te Delft het diploma geodetisch ingenieur. Hij was vele jaren werkzaam als landmeter in overheidsdienst, en later als wetenschappelijk hoofdmedewerker aan de Technische Hogeschool te Delft.Delft University of Technolog
Re-designing EX-CORE for large scale automotive manufacturing: Reducing cure cycle times of EX-CORE
No full textEX-CORE, a novel foam core material developed by Donkervoort Automobielen B.V., allows the creation of complexly shaped sandwich structures in a one-shot out-of-autoclave manufacturing process. Products with small tolerances and high surface quality on all surfaces can be obtained. The EX-CORE technology has achieved its intended goal at Donkervoort of saving cost and time for the production of sandwich structures for their cars. Now Donkervoort has the ambition to further develop EX-CORE for larger scale automotive manufacturing. To make the EX-CORE technology competitive with other composite production processes, the cycle time of several hours should be reduced to several minutes. The present work contributes to this development by re-engineering the EX-CORE foam composition such that cure cycle time reductions can be achieved.Aerospace Engineerin
Breathing life into consumer rights: smartphone tools facilitating the “right to know” on substances of very high concern in REACH articles
Full text linkBACKGROUND: The EU chemicals regulation “Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals” (REACH) aims to reduce the usage of substances of very high concern (SVHCs) by firms. Therefore, a consumer right-to-know about SVHCs in articles is intended to create market-based incentives. However, awareness of the right-to-know among EU citizens is low. Moreover, the response window of 45 days afforded to suppliers impedes immediate, informed decisions by consumers. Consequently, despite being in effect for more than 10 years, only few consumer send requests. Civil society actors have developed smartphone applications reducing information search costs, allowing users to send right-to-know requests upon scanning an article’s barcode. Answers are stored in a database and made available to the public immediately. This paper assesses to which extent smartphone tools contribute to an increased use of the right-to-know by undertaking a case study of the application “ToxFox” by the German non-profit organisation Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND). RESULTS: An analysis of the data from the BUND database for the period 2016 to 2018 reveals that about 20 thousand users have sent almost 49 thousand requests. This has led to more than 9 thousand database entries, including 189 articles which contain SVHCs above the legal threshold. The data also indicate that receiving information on requested articles encourages further use of the application. Many suppliers accept the application and pro-actively provide information on articles without SVHCs above the threshold. However, most consumers use the application only for a short time, and suppliers are struggling to reply to right-to-know requests. CONCLUSION: Evaluating the results, the study identifies options to enhance the application’s design in terms of user motivation and legal certainty, and to enhance the framework governing 'barcode' assignments to articles with a view to better contributing to transparency. As for policy implications, a lack of consumer requests can in part be traced back to design flaws of the right-to-know and a lack of implementation and enforcement of REACH. In addition, suppliers have to increase their supply chain communication efforts to make sure they are in a position to properly answer consumer requests. We recommend several policy options addressing these and additional aspects, thus contributing to the legislative review of Art. 33 REACH
Tõlkepärl eesti ilukirjanduse algusaegadest – esimene eestikeelne robinsonaad / A Translation Gem from the Beginnings of Estonian Literature - the First Robinsonade
No full textTeesid: Artiklis uuritakse Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis asuvat mahukat, ligi 800 lk tõlkekäsikirja „Norem Robinson“, mida võib pidada esimeseks eesti kirjanduse täiemahuliseks robinsonaadiks. Selle valmistas Pärnu koolmeister Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn saksa pedagoogi ja koolikirjaniku Joachim Heinrich Campe menukast noorsooromaanist „Robinson der Jüngere“ (1779–1780). Tõlge valmis 1822.–1823. aastal, kuid jõudis trükki alles 1842. aastal tugevasti kärbitud ja mugandatud kujul. Toetudes deskriptiivse tõlkeuurimuse analüüsikategooriatele, vaadeldakse artiklis, millised tegurid tõlkeprotsessi suunasid ja milline oli kultuuriruum, kuhu tõlge omal ajal paigutus.
SU M M A R Y
This article discusses a voluminous manuscript translation of almost 800 pages entitled Norem Robinson (Engl. Robinson the Younger), from the collections of the Estonian Literary Museum. This manuscript can be considered as the first complete Robinsonade in Estonian literature. Its author is a schoolteacher from Pärnu, Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn (1803–1847), who translated it from the youth novel Robinson der Jüngere(1779–1780, Engl. Robinson the Younger), a bestseller by the educator, writer and a major representative of German Enlightenment, Heinrich Joachim Campe. Lorenzsonn’s translation was completed in 1822–1823, but not printed until 1842 in a strongly adapted version titled Norema Robinsoni ello ja juhtumised ühhe tühja sare peäl (Engl. The Life and Adventures of Robinson the Younger on a deserted island). The print version of the Robinsonade lacks a pedagogical frame story, where the father tells children about the adventures of Robinson and takes the opportunity to discuss and imitate with children all the actions taken by Robinson the Younger. Due to this and other extirpated parts, the possible target audience was enlarged – besides children and youth, the text was now addressed to adults as well.
In accordance with the Descriptive Translation Studies, this article focused on the one hand on the Lorenzsonn's Campe-translation, and on the other hand, on the context of the target culture, arriving at conclusions concerning the factors influencing the translation process. The article uses Gideon Toury’s treatment of translation norms to discuss ideosyncrasies of the participants of the translation process (translator, mentor, censor), as well as the relevance of other norms. First preliminary norms regarding translation policy are analysed. Secondly, initial norms determine whether the translation is oriented to the source text and culture (the goal is adequacy) or to the target text and culture (the goal is acceptance). Thirdly, operational norms direct particular translation decisions. Operational translation norms can be divided further into matricial norms that concern the fullness of the translated text and textual-linguistic norms that concern the questions of grammar, syntax, style etc.
The article focuses on the presumed decisions of Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn and his teacher and mentor, well-known Baltic German Estophile Johann Heinrich Rosenplänter, in the translation process. In addition, the article discusses the educational circumstances in primary schools for peasants in Estonia in the first half of the 19th century and the reading skills of potential Estonian-speaking readers at that time. Clearly, at the beginning of the 19th century, the Estonian-speaking audience was too small and not yet ready for such voluminous, demanding aesthetic and scientific reading materials. The comparative analysis of the translation manuscript and the printed text focuses on the lexical, semantic and grammatical levels, concluding that the manuscript aspires to adequacy with respect to Campe’s Robinsonade, but the printed version appeals to the Estonian-speaking reader and the Estonian cultural context. This can be explained by the fact that the aim of the manuscript was language study, while with the printed book Lorenzsonn wanted to bring the huge translation work from his early years to the literary market.
Although both texts are linguistically clumsy, and the printed text has lost value because of the extirpations, it is still a translation gem dating from the very beginnings of Estonian literature, one that has not received sufficient recognition in Estonian literary history. The translation work of Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn, carried out at a time when the Estonian language was not yet fully developed is also a fact that has not been acknowledged as it well deserves to be. Further, this article undertakes to rectify two misunderstandings of Estonian literary history. First, Lorenzsonn’s Campe-translation is not a chapbook, although Estonian literary history has always defined it as such. It is demanding reading material which aims to enlarge the horizon of the Estonian-speaking reader in fields such as exotic flora and fauna, morals and ethics, and different methods of work, while simultaneously entertaining the reader and offering aesthetic pleasure. The second misunderstanding concerns the fact that the first Robinsonade of Estonian literature is considered to be Weikisi Hanso luggu tühja sare peal, (1839, Engl. A Story of the Little Hans on an deserted island) an adaptation by Johann Thomasson from Gottfried der Einsiedler (1829, Engl. Gottfried, the hermit), a youth story by German Pietist and children’s and youth writer Christoph von Schmid. Even though Thomasson’s Robinsonade, which can without hesitation be defined as a chapbook, was printed a few years earlier than Lorenzsonn’s Campe adaptation, Lorenzsonn accomplished his translation twenty years earlier. Also, in terms of artistic quality and translation techniques, Lorenzsonn’s huge work is on a much higher level than Thomasson’s adaptation
