16 research outputs found
A survey for the Muskat problem and a new estimate
No full textThis paper shows a summary of mathematical results about the Muskat
problem. The main concern is well-posed scenarios which include the possible formation of singularities in finite time or existence of solutions for
all time. These questions are important in mathematical physics but also
have a strong mathematical interest. Stressing some recent results of the
author, we also give a new estimate for the problem in the last section.
Initial data with L2 decay and slope less than one provide weak solutions
which satisfy a parabolic inequality as in the linear regime.Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadJunta de Andalucí
Global Existence for the Confined Muskat Problem
No full textIn this paper we show global existence of the Lipschitz continuous solution for the stable Muskat problem with finite depth (confined) and initial data satisfying some smallness conditions relating the amplitude, the slope, and the depth. The cornerstone of the argument is that, for these small initial data, both the amplitude and the slope remain uniformly bounded for all positive times. We notice that, for some of these solutions, the slope can grow but it remains bounded. This is very different from the infinite deep case, where the slope of the solutions satisfy a maximum principle. Our work generalizes a previous result where the depth is infinite.The author was supported by the grant MTM2011-26696 and SEV-2011-0087 from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO
Le traducteur (de litterature) et la grammaire – est-ce amusant, leurrant ou effrayant?
No full textNaukowo-literacka seria „Prelekcje Mistrzów” – to elitarny cykl wykładów gościnnych Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku skierowany do wykładowców akademickich, studentów, doktorantów, nauczycieli i uczniów, ale również do wszystkich humanistów zainteresowanych tematami będącymi przedmiotem dociekań i badań najświetniejszych pisarzy i uczonych z kraju i zagranicy. Wykładowcami są wybitni profesorowie, uczeni, pisarze, ludzie sztuki, przedstawiciele kultury, słowem: twórcy wyznaczający kierunki rozwoju współczesnej humanistyki. Naukowo-Literacka Seria „Prelekcje Mistrzów” zaprasza do skupionego spotkania z reprezentantami współczesnej myśli i wrażliwości humanistycznej, z ich myślą, postawami, diagnozami stanu kultury dawnej i współczesnej. Redakcja serii: Jarosław Ławski, Krzysztof Korotkich. Redaktor tomu: Daniel Karczewski.On March 4, 2019 Professor Elżbieta Tabakowska gave a lecture titled “Grammar and (literary) translation – trick or threat?” at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Białystok. The lecture posed a question about the content of a literary text from the perspectives of an author, a translator, and a reader. This question illuminates the fact that the classical approach to the content/form dichotomy based on two metaphors – the container metaphor and the conduit metaphor – oversimplifies the issue. This model fails to account for the ownership of the content that was inserted into words and transferred to readers. In other words, the problem remains unsolved regarding through whose eyes the world shown in a text was actually seen: the author’s, the narrator’s, the implied reader’s, the actual reader’s, or the translator’s. Language is immanently metonymic, and so is any text created in that language. The world construed via language is only a fragment of reality; the implicit elements need to be reconstructed by every single recipient and are inevitably affected by their background knowledge. In addition, the vision of reality shaped within a text is an interpretation of a certain portion of actuality proposed by an author from a particular perspective and in a particular place and time. The reader (and obviously the translator) makes his or her own interpretation of the authorial interpretation the same way a viewer interprets a painting or a piece of architecture. Reading for translation, however, is a tricky task that a translator must undertake to recreate the original work using a different material that has different properties.
Professor Tabakowska used a metaphor drawn from the domain of materials science to argue that the translator’s competency cannot be defined in terms of either a “literary” or “linguistic” approach to translation theory. This division inevitably provokes discussion regarding whether translation is a craft or an art. It may not be possible to design a steel bridge without knowing the properties of steel, but it is not impossible to design a steel bridge that is simultaneously durable and beautiful. The truth lies somewhere in the middle – both approaches assume that a translator must know the properties of the “material” (actually, the properties of two different materials – those of both the source and the target language). However, what may still spark controversy among scholars is the choice of a theory that best defines the “knowledge of a language” as the fundamentals of translation teaching. Professor Tabakowska claims that the most adequate approach is a composite theory focusing on natural language analysis, known as cognitive linguistics.
In a simplified version for translators’ purposes, there are two theoretical keystones of this model:
1. Competency and the resulting proficiency are understood as the knowledge of (linguistic) rules and the skill of using the (linguistic) tool properly. This means that, in order to decode a message (i.e. to interpret and translate the meaning of the encoded information), one must have more than a mere knowledge of how to proficiently use both languages. A translator should also be able to identify and comprehend the context and have background knowledge about the world.
2. The meaning and interpretation (i.e. semantics and pragmatics) of a message are not two separate ideas. They work together as two parts of one mechanism that is firmly based on grammar. It is grammar that the particular properties of the material stem from; therefore, grammar is the source of differences between languages and governs the way these languages work to create mental representations of human experience. For this reason, cognitive linguistics approaches grammar as the basic component of imagery.
These two claims give rise to four dimensions of imagery, upon which Elżbieta Tabakowska expounded, showing how they translate into four aspects of communication in the author–translator–reader triangle:
1. The level of detail (the precision of descriptions), as seen by the author (A) and translator (T).
2. The level of prominence/foregrounding (the position of a given element on a scale between figure and ground), as seen by A and T.
3. The scope of the background knowledge of an implied/default reader as seen by A (in the context of the source language culture) and T (in the context of the target language culture).
4. The level of conflation of text with the (cultural) universe of discourse, as seen by T.
At this point, Professor Tabakowska stressed the importance of deep reading as the first stage of translation from one language to another (a phase that seems to be frequently underestimated or neglected by those advocating the opinion that it is enough to “know the languages”). She made it clear that the analysis is grounded on the last three factors, since the level of detail involves mostly lexis and as such has little correlation with grammar. Elżbieta Tabakowska gave examples from her own experience as a translator to expose possible translation challenges within the three areas in question, as well as to illustrate their grammatical character. The cases she discussed include the following:
- Word order patterns in English and Polish vs. the novum–datum/theme–rheme contrast as an important element of scene construal (figure/ground reversals).
- Syntactic quantitative iconicity (iconic quantity) vs. (apparent) stylistic errors – repetitions.
- Phonological quantitative iconicity and sound symbolism.
- Diminutive meanings and cultural motivation of diminutive derivation.
- Cultural motivation of metonymic uses.
- The number of nouns and generic vs. individual interpretation. Translating languages with and without the morphological exponents of genericity.
- Grammar and the postulate of congruence between target text and the universe of discourse of the target culture, and.
- Grammar vs. the determinants of literariness of a text.
Professor Tabakowska referenced the most fundamental postulate of cognitive linguistics (and Cognitive Grammar in particular), stating that grammar is symbolic in nature and builds conceptualisations together with other linguistic means of expression. The problems of translation as addressed in her lecture along with the proposed solutions stand in support of Professor Tabakowska’s claim that the accurate interpretation of an image shown in a text coupled with an understanding of how that image was construed in the source language is a prerequisite for its successful explanation and re-creation in a different linguistic and cultural environment using completely different devices.« Le traducteur (de littérature) et la grammaire – est-ce amusant, leurrant ou effrayant? » est le sujet de la conférence que le professeur Elżbieta Tabakowska a donnée le 4 mars 2019 à la Faculté de Philologie de l’Université de Białystok. La conférence a été suivie avec beaucoup d’intérêt par de très nombreux étudiants, doctorants et professeurs de toutes les domaines d’études de la Faculté de Philologie. Conférence du prof. Tabakowska était la réponse à la question sur le contenu d’un texte littéraire du point de vue de l’auteur, traducteur et lecteur.
Professeur Tabakowska a commencé par constater que l’approche, qui est déjà classique dans la didactique de la traduction, de présenter la relation forme/contenu en termes de métaphore de conteneur et de métaphore de conducteur est trop simpliste. À savoir, ce modèle ignore complètement la question de savoir à qui appartient le contenu, emballé dans un récipient et transmis, en d’autres termes, qui voit un fragment de la réalité dont l’image constitue ce contenu. Est-ce l’auteur ou le narrateur, le lecteur prévu ou le vrai lecteur, y compris un traducteur? Professeur Tabakowska a souligné que la langue (et chaque texte qui y apparaît) est métonymique et ne montre qu’un fragment de la réalité, tandis que ce qui n’est pas dit est complété par chaque destinataire individuellement et, naturellement, marqué par ses «connaissances de base».
Elle a ajouté que l’image du monde présentée dans le texte est une interprétation d’un fragment de réalité réalisé par l’auteur dans une perspective spécifique, dans un lieu et un temps spécifiques. Le lecteur (y compris le traducteur), comme quelqu’un qui regarde le travail d’un peintre ou d’un constructeur, fait sa propre interprétation de l’interprétation de l’auteur. La tâche du traducteur est encore plus difficile car il doit regarder attentivement l’image originale et la reconstruire, mais en utilisant un matériau différent avec des propriétés différentes.
Professeur Tabakowska a utilisé une métaphore tirée du domaine de la science des matériaux pour faire comprendre aux auditeurs que la détermination de la compétence d’un traducteur littéraire sur la base de la théorie de la traduction «littéraire» ou «linguistique» est construite sur de fausses prémisses et mène à une discussion sur la question de savoir si le traducteur doit être considéré comme un bon artisan (maîtrise de l’artisanat résultant de la pratique) ou artiste (compétence construite dans le processus d’apprentissage conscient soutenu par la théorie). Il est impossible de construire un pont en acier sans connaître les propriétés de l’acier, et les connaissances purement techniques n’excluent pas la possibilité de construire un pont fonctionnel et beau à la fois. En supposant que la vérité se trouve au milieu, dans les deux approches, le traducteur doit connaître les propriétés de la matière sur laquelle il travaille (ou plutôt deux matières – les langues de l’original et de la traduction), tandis que la question controversée pour les théoriciens de la traduction est le choix de la théorie qui pourrait définir la connaissance de langue comme base pour l’enseignement des traducteurs. Professeur Tabakowska a souligné que la plus pertinente ici est la théorie du langage naturel connue sous le nom de linguistique cognitive.
Dans la version simplifiée, les fondements théoriques de ce modèle sont contenus dans deux thèses:
1. La compétence et l’expertise qui en résulte sont la connaissance des règles et la capacité à utiliser l’outil. Cela signifie que une reconnaissance appropriée du contexte et une connaissance du monde sont nécessaires en plus de la connaissance de la langue pour lire des informations encodées dans une langue.
2. La signification et l’interprétation (sémantique et pragmatique) ne sont pas séparées l’une de l’autre, mais forment un mécanisme unique enraciné dans la grammaire. C’est la grammaire qui détermine les propriétés du matériau, et donc les différences entre la matière du langage A et du langage B, et c’est pourquoi la linguistique cognitive la considère comme le principal outil d’imagerie.
Sur la base de ces deux hypothèses, le prof. Tabakowska a défini quatre dimensions d’imagerie qui se traduisent par quatre aspects d’une bonne communication dans le système auteur–traducteur–lecteur, à savoir:
1. Le degré de précision des descriptions (richesse des détails sur l’échelle de la précision à l’image schématique) – selon l’auteur (A) et le traducteur (T).
2. Le degré de clarté des descriptions (la position de l’élément donné sur l’échelle entre la position de la figure et la position de l’arrière-plan – dans l’évaluation de A et T.
3. L’étendue des connaissances de base du lecteur prévu dans l’évaluation de A (dans le contexte de la culture autochtone) et de T (dans le contexte de la culture dans laquelle la langue de traduction est enracinée).
4. Degré d’intégration du texte à l’univers du discours (culturel) – selon T.
À ce point de réflexion, le prof. Tabakowska a souligné le rôle de l’analyse de texte comme première étape du processus de traduction (dont le sens est souvent négligé par les partisans de la position selon laquelle un traducteur a simplement besoin de «connaître les langues»). Dans le même temps, elle a indiqué que les trois derniers facteurs sont importants dans l’analyse (le degré de précision a peu à voir avec les phénomènes grammaticaux, car il concerne principalement la lexique). Exemples de sa propre pratique de traduction, sur lesquels le prof. Tabakowska a expliqué ces trois domaines, indiquent les sources grammaticales de problèmes possibles avec «différentes propriétés de la matière». Cela comprend:
- L’opposition novum-datum en tant qu’élément important de la structure de la scène (arrangement figure / arrière-plan) et de la structure de la phrase.
- Iconicité quantitative et erreurs stylistiques (apparentes) – répétitions.
- Iconicité quantitative de la couche phonétique et symbolisme sonore.
- Symbolisme des diminutifs et productivité des règles pour leur création.
- L’immersion culturelle des utilisations métonymiques.
- Nombre nominal contre interprétation individuelle et générique. Exposants génériques morphologiques et leur absence.
- Grammaire et postulat d’intégration du texte traduit avec l’univers du discours.
- Déterminants du caractère littéraire du texte et la grammaire.
L’érudit a rappelé le slogan phare de la linguistique cognitive sur la nature symbolique de la grammaire, qui «s’allie à d’autres moyens linguistiques et construit un sens avec eux». Les problèmes de traduction discutés par le prof. Tabakowska et les solutions proposées soutiennent la thèse selon laquelle la lecture correcte d’une image peinte dans la langue, la compréhension de la façon dont elle a été construite est une condition pour l’expliquer et reproduire dans une réalité différente de la deuxième langue en utilisant des moyens complètement différents.Elżbieta Muskat-Tabakowska – prof. dr hab., emerytowany profesor Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Anglistka, pionierka badań kognitywistycznych w przekładoznawstwie. Założycielka i długoletni kierownik Katedry UNESCO do Badań nad Przekładem i Komunikacją Międzykulturową przy Wydziale Filologicznym Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie. Członek Collegium Invisible oraz Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Była Przewodniczącą Rady Naukowej Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawstwa Kognitywnego. Visiting professor na kilku europejskich uniwersytetach.
Autorka książek z zakresu językoznawstwa i teorii przekładu: „Gramatyka i obrazowanie. Wprowadzenie do językoznawstwa kognitywnego” (1995), „O przekładzie na przykładzie: rozprawa tłumacza z Europą Normana Daviesa” (1999), „Językoznawstwo kognitywne a poetyka przekładu” (2004), „Kognitywizm po polsku – wczoraj i dziś” (2004), „Tłumacząc się z tłumaczenia” (2009), „Językoznawstwo zastosowane” (2019). Autorka ponad dwustu oryginalnych artykułów naukowych. Redaktor naukowa serii wydawniczych: „Międzykulturowe konteksty kognitywizmu” (Universitas) i „(Wy)tłumaczenia” (Univeristas). Tłumaczka książek Normana Daviesa: „Boże Igrzysko ”(1989, 1991), „Europa. Rozprawa historyka z historią ”(1998), „Powstanie ’44” (2004), „Europa walczy” (2008), „Zaginione królestwa ”(2010), „Serce Europy” (2014), „Na krańce świata ”(2017) oraz autorka jedenastego polskiego przekładu „Alicji w Krainie Czarów ”Lewisa Carolla. Poetka: „Podwyższona echogeniczność ”(2005), „Niepełna pustka. Haiku ”(2016), „Łupka pistacji. Haiku ”(2019). Uhonorowana Laurem Jagiellońskim za wybitne osiągnięcia naukowe, a także dwukrotnie Złotym Krzyżem Zasługi i Krzyżem Oficerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski za wybitne osiągnięcia w dziedzinie przekładu i językoznawstwa.Balcerzan, Edward. 2013. Literackość. Modele, gradacje, eksperymenty. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK.Biblia w przekładzie ks. Jakuba Wujka. http://www.madel.jezuici.pl/biblia/Biblia‑Wujka-C.pdf.Borges, Louis. 2004. Rzemiosło poezji. Wykłady Fundacji Charlesa Eliota Hortona, 1967–68. (Tłum. Marcin Świerkocki). Warszawa: Prószyński i S-ka.Davies, Norman. 2017. Beneath Another Sky: A Global Journey into History. Wydruk komputerowyDavies, Norman. 2017. Na krańce świata. Podróż historyka przez historię. (Tłum. E.Tabakowska). Kraków: Znak.Gazeta Wyborcza – wybrane numery z lat 2018–2019.Kalwas, Piotr Ibrahim. 2017. „Sekrety egipskie: o polowaniu na homoseksualistów w Kairze”. „Gazeta Wyborcza”, 04.04.17.Labocha, Janina. 2008. Tekst, wypowiedź, dyskurs w procesie komunikacji językowej. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.Langacker, Ronald W. 2008. Cognitive Grammar. A Basic Introduction. Oxford: OUP.Orliński, Wojciech. 2012. „Pożytek z wołacza czyli tajniki prozy Sapkowskiego”. „Gazeta Wyborcza”, 5.04.2012
A Dog on a Short Leash on a Rickety Foot-bridge
No full textPunktem wyjścia artykułu jest tytułowa metafora, której Douglas Hofstadter używa, mówiąc o przekładzie. Hofstadter opisuje zadanie stojące przed tłumaczem, zwłaszcza w przypadku tekstu literackiego, jako dzieło budowniczego mostu, spinającego dwa brzegi kanionu oddzielającego oryginał od przekładu. Konstrukcja, która jest z początku jedynie chwiejną kładką, stopniowo zmienia się w solidny most, w miarę jak tłumacz odkrywa coraz głębsze warstwy znaczeń. Ten proces, nieuchronnie subiektywny, wymaga skupienia uwagi na rozmaitych aspektach przekładanego tekstu. Są one uderzająco podobne do wymiarów obrazowania w modelu gramatyki i języka naturalnego stworzonym przez Ronalda Langackera. W szerszej perspektywie ta zbieżność stanowi argument przemawiający za transdyscyplinarnym podejściem do problematyki przekładu. Pracą tłumacza kierują jego kompetencja, wyobraźnia i empatia, ale jednocześnie podlegają one restrykcjom tytułowej „krótkiej smyczy”: ograniczeniom stwarzanym przez język, ale także przez wymogi określonego kontekstu. Jako ilustrację, autorka przytacza przykłady zaczerpnięte z własnego warsztatu tłumacza. Jest to tekst, w którym różne, a czasem wzajemnie sprzeczne, tożsamości bohaterki wymagają od tłumacza szczególnej uważności wobec leksykalnych i stylistycznych detali. To one tworzą smycz, jednocześnie umożliwiając tłumaczowi budowanie mostu.The inspiration for the paper was the metaphor that Dougles Hofstadter applies to translation. He defines the task of the translator – with particular reference to translation of literary texts – as that of the builder of a bridge that spans the canyon, joining its two sides: the original and the translation. An initial rickety foot-bridge, it gradually turns into a sturdy construction with the translator’s repeated attempts at discovering ever-deepening layers of meaning. Inevitably subjective, the building process requires the translator’s concentration upon individual dimensions of the translated text. These dimensions, or aspects, come strikingly close to what is defined as dimensions of imagery in Ronald Langacker’s model of grammar and natural language. In a wider perspective, the convergence is an argument for transdisciplinarity as a valid approach to translation studies. The translator is led by his own competence, imagination and the feeling of empathy, but at the same time they are constrained by “a short leash”: restrictions imposed by languages, cultures and the peculiarities of individual context. To illustrate the point, the author discusses a text (taken from her own translator’s dossier) in which multiple, and sometimes conflicting, identities of the protagonist require particular attention to lexical and stylistic minutiae. It is such details that constitute the leash, at the same time enabling the translator to construct the bridge
Simulation of oil down-coning in a single well scenario using finite element analysis
No full textWhen an oil reservoir is underlain by an aquifer, oil production draws the water from the aquifer upward, forming a water cone, which under adverse conditions enters in the production well leading to high water cuts. An alternative option is to produce above the critical rate from the aquifer, i.e., at such a rate that the oil cone is drawn into the well. Analytical models, such as derived by Muskat et al. allow to determine the critical rate in terms of simple expressions for interface models that thus ignore relative permeability and capillary pressure effects. Including these effects requires numerical modeling. The numerical modeling of this process is a challenge, because of the occurrence of steep water-oil fronts in the flow direction and the small width of the cone near the production well, which coincides with high production rates. This thesis investigates the possibility of using finite elements for the simulation of oil down-coning. The advantage of finite elements is that it allows grid refinement in regions where large variations occur. A diffusion coefficient is introduced in the saturation equation to smoothen the numerical solution, hereby decreasing the occurrence of flow singularities and allowing larger element sizes, thus decreasing the computation time. The computer model is then used to simulate coning of the oil-water interface, towards a single production well situated at the bottom of a reservoir. The considered reservoir geometry is radially symmetric, so that calculations can be done for a two-dimensional section. The model includes relative permeabilities, capillary pressure and gravity effects. To avoid infinite capillary pressure at connate water saturation, we use a fractal model for continuation of the capillary pressure below a defined critical water saturation. The height of the oil-water interface is not kept constant at the external radius, so that all oil is free to move through the reservoir. Simulations are done for scenarios with different fluid parameters, and variating drawdown rates. For certain drawdown rates, a stationary profile of the interface occurs. If this does, the height of the cone is within the range of values given by the interface model. However, critical rates provided by the derived interface model is not satisfied in the numerical model, since breakthrough does occur in simulations with rates below this critical rate. This is due to the neglecting of capillary force and relative permeabilities in the interface model. The numerical model in this study represents a reservoir where the initial oil cap is of limited radial extend, because the height of the oil column at the external radius decreases and is not kept fixed at a certain height, and is therefore not representative for a reservoir with larger interface size.Section Petroleum EngineeringGeoscience & EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Reverse engineering applied to a lumbar vertebra
No full textBone studies can be made in vivo or in vitro. However, disadvantages of both traditional techniques call for a compromise between the two. Reverse engineering allows in vitro bone samples to be simulated and analysed in a virtual in vivo environment thus offering a middle ground solution and a sound foundation on which biomechanical studies of bone could develop.peer-reviewe
Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry
No full textMapping protein-protein interactions is an invaluable tool for understanding protein function. Here, we report the first large-scale study of protein-protein interactions in human cells using a mass spectrometry-based approach. The study maps protein interactions for 338 bait proteins that were selected based on known or suspected disease and functional associations. Large-scale immunoprecipitation of Flag-tagged versions of these proteins followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis resulted in the identification of 24,540 potential protein interactions. False positives and redundant hits were filtered out using empirical criteria and a calculated interaction confidence score, producing a data set of 6463 interactions between 2235 distinct proteins. This data set was further cross-validated using previously published and predicted human protein interactions. In-depth mining of the data set shows that it represents a valuable source of novel protein-protein interactions with relevance to human diseases. In addition, via our preliminary analysis, we report many novel protein interactions and pathway associations
A multiple case study of mental health interventions in middle income countries: Considering the science of delivery
No full text© 2016 Kidd et al. This is an open access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.In the debate in global mental health about the most effective models for developing and
scaling interventions, there have been calls for the development of a more robust literature
regarding the "non-specific", science of delivery aspects of interventions that are locally,
contextually, and culturally relevant. This study describes a rigorous, exploratory, qualitative
examination of the key, non-specific intervention strategies of a diverse group of five internationally-
recognized organizations addressing mental illness in middle income countries
(MICs). A triangulated approach to inquiry was used with semi-structured interviews conducted
with service recipients, service providers and leaders, and key community partners
(N = 159). The interview focus was upon processes of implementation and operation. A
grounded theory-informed analysis revealed cross cutting themes of: a holistic conceptualization
of mental health problems, an intensive application of principles of leverage and creating
the social, cultural, and policy “space” within which interventions could be applied and
resourced. These findings aligned with key aspects of systems dynamic theory suggesting
that it might be a helpful framework in future studies of mental health service implementation
in MICs
Development of porous ceramic air bearings
No full textPorous air bearings enjoy some important advantages over conventional air
bearing types such as increased load carrying capacity, higher stiffness and
improved damping. However, these types of bearings have yet to find
widespread acceptance due to problems with obtaining materials with
consistent permeability, instability issues relating to the volume of gas trapped
at the bearing surface in the pores, and manufacturing the bearing without
altering the permeability.
Using a series of fine grades of alumina powder to minimise surface pore
volume it has been demonstrated that it is possible to consistently and
reproducibly manufacture porous bearings by injection moulding and slip
casting. The relationship between powder size, processing conditions, porosity,
mechanical properties and fluid flow characteristics were experimentally
determined. The temperature of processing and the green density were found
to be the controlling parameters in the resulting fluid flow properties for a
given powder size,
Test bearings were produced from the range of processing conditions
investigated. It was found that the fine powder size bearings were stable over
the entire range of test conditions irrespective of their initial manufacturing
route. The most important consideration for the bearing performance was the
quality of manufacture. The bearings were found to be sensitive to the flatness
of their working surface and quality of fit in their test holder.
The bearings were compared with published theories for load capacity and
stiffness. A reasonable agreement was found with load carrying capacity once a
correction for surface roughness was incorporated. Stiffness predictions
provided a useful tool for the analysis and prediction of properties such as
optimum values of permeability for a given geometry, if certain allowances are
made
Names of colors in descriptions of inanimate nature (on Alexander Grin’s novels)
No full textThe analysis of color names provides valuable information about the models of perception, association and interpretation models of the world presented in a literary work. The main porpuose of his paper is to reconstruct a fragment of the color picture of the world of the outstanding Russian writer Aleksander Grin. The subject of analysis are the names of colors used by the novel’s author to describe inanimate nature objects, which can be divided into three classes: 1) surface water, 2) surface and rocky ground, 3) air and weather phenomena. Aleksander Grin uses in his novels numerous color names to create pictures of inanimate nature, which represent four fields of chromatic colours: blue, green, red and yellow, and three fields of achromatic colors: white, black and grey. The words, referring to colours, used in the analysed works are represented by different parts of speech – not only adjectives (15 lexems), but also nouns (6), adverbs (1), verbs (2) and participles (2)[email protected] w Białymstoku, Wydział Filologiczny, Kolegium JęzykoznawstwaГрин А.С., 1994, Собрание сочинений в пяти томах, Москва. (Utw.)Grin A., 1959, Piekło odzyskane, Wstępem opatrzył S. Pollak, Warszawa. (PO)Grin A., 1960, Serce dżungli, (przełożyła I. Piotrowska), Warszawa. (SD)Grin A., 1986, Szkarłatne żagle. Opowiadania fantastyczne, przełożyli A. Bogdański, I. Piotrowska, S. Pollak, E. Rojewska-Olejarczuk, J. Szymak-Reiferowa, Warszawa. (SzŻ)Grin A., 1971, Opowiadania niesamowite, Warszawa. (ON)Grin A., 1987, Szczurołap i inne opowiadania, (wyboru dokonał J. Litwinow), Warszawa. (Szcz)Ampel-Rudolf M., 1994, Kolory. Z badań leksykalnych i składniowo-semantycznych języka polskiego, Rzeszów.Inny słownik języka polskiego, 2000, pod red. M. Bańki, t. 1, Warszawa.Narloch A., 2013, Цветообозначения в русском и польском языках. Структурно-семантический, терминологический и когнити-ный аспекты, Poznań.Słownik języka polskiego PWN, [online], https://sjp.pwn.pl, [20.01.2020]Stanulewicz D., 2014, Nieopisany błękit wody, która ściąga na siebie barwę nieba”. Nazwy barw w powieści „Zatoka śpiewających traw” Stanisławy Fleszarowej-Muskat, „Studia Językoznawcze. Synchroniczne i diachroniczne aspekty badań polszczyzny” 13, s. 245–273.Wielki słownik języka polskiego, pod red. P. Żmigrodzkiego, [online], https://wsjp.pl, [20.01.2020]Tokarski R., 2004, Semantyka barw we współczesnej polszczyźnie, Lublin.Kuznecov S.A., 2000, Bol’šoj tolkovyj slovar’ russkogo âzyka, Sankt-Peterburg. [Кузнецов С.А., 2000, Большой толковый словарь русского языка, Санкт-Петербург.]Mel’nikova L.A., 2009, A.S. Grin: slovo – obraz, Minsk. [Мельникова Л.А., 2009, А.С. Грин: слово – образ, Минск.]Černenok I. G., 2008, Simvolika cveta v hudožestvennom diskurse (na materiale korotkoj prozy Vol’fganga Borherta), (v:) „Izvestiâ Kaliningradskogo gosudarstvennogo tehničeskogo universiteta”,№ 13, s. 179–183. [Черненок И. Г., 2008, Символика цвета в художественном дискурсе (на материале короткой прозы Вольфганга Борхерта), (в:) ,,Известия Калининградского государственного технического университета”, № 13, с. 179–183.]2016718
