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Data for ‘Computational Complexity Explains Neural Differences in Quantifier Verification’
No full textDifferent classes of quantifiers provably require different verification algorithms with different complexity profiles. The algorithm for proportional quantifiers, like `most', is more complex than that for nonproportional quantifiers, like `all' and `three'. We tested the hypothesis that different complexity profiles affect ERP responses during sentence verification, but not during sentence comprehension. In experiment 1, participants had to determine the truth value of a sentence relative to a previously presented array of geometric objects. We observed a sentence-final negative effect of truth value, modulated by quantifier class. Proportional quantifiers elicited a sentence-internal positivity compared to nonproportional quantifiers, in line with their different verification profiles. In experiment 2, the same stimuli were shown, followed by comprehension questions instead of verification. ERP responses specific to proportional quantifiers disappeared in experiment 2, suggesting that they are only evoked in a verification task and thus reflect the verification procedure itself. The present dataset contains behavioural and EEG data from both experiments, as well as analysis scripts for both data types in R and Matlab/FieldTrip
Data for ‘The interplay of computational complexity and memory load during quantifier verification’
No full textFormal analysis of the minimal computational complexity of verification algorithms for natural language quantifiers implies that different classes of quantifiers demand the engagement of different cognitive resources for their verification. In particular, sentences containing proportional quantifiers, e.g., ‘most’, provably require a memory component, whereas non-proportional quantifiers, e.g., ‘all’, ‘three’, do not. In an ERP study, we tested whether previously observed differences between these classes were modulated by memory load. Participants performed a picture-sentence verification task while they had to remember a string of 2 or 4 digits to be compared to a second string at the end of a trial. Relative to non-proportional quantifiers, proportional quantifiers elicited a sentence-internal sustained negativity. Additionally, an interaction in ERP signals between Digit-Load and Quantifier-Class was observed at the sentence-final word. Our results suggest that constraints on cognitive resources deployed during human sentence processing and verification are of the same nature as formal constraints on abstract machines. The present dataset contains behavioural and EEG data from both experiments, as well as analysis scripts for both data types in R and Matlab/FieldTrip
Quantifiers and Complexity: The distinct neural signatures of verification algorithms for natural language quantifiers.
Get PDFSammendrag
Denne avhandlinga utforsker hvordan komputasjonell kompleksitet påvirker hvordan kvantorer i naturlig språk verifiseres. Mer spesifikt handler den om de nevrale konsekvensene av såkalt minimal kompleksitet: den enklest mulige algoritmen for å beregne en funksjon. Det kan bevises matematisk at kvantorer i naturlig språk kan deles inn i klasser avhengig av den minimale kompleksiteten til algoritmen for å avgjøre om ei setning med en gitt kvantor er sann. Blant disse klassene er det bare proporsjonale kvantorer – slik som ‘de fleste’ – som beviselig behøver en algoritme med en form for minne. Siden de matematiske bevisene garanterer minimal kompleksitet – det er ingen strategier som kan forenkle oppgaven – forventer vi at hjernesystemer forbundet med minne skal være aktive når proporsjonale kvantorer, men ikke andre kvantorer som ‘alle’, ‘tre av’ osv., verifiseres.
I tre EEG-eksperimenter der deltakerne måtte bedømme om setninger med kvantorer var sanne om et bilde, undersøkte vi om setningsprosessering hos mennesker er underlagt disse komputasjonelle prinsippene. Eksperimentene demonstrerer at de ulike algoritmene som kvantorer må verifiseres med, reflekteres i distinkte svingninger i hjernepotensialet; dersom setninga inneholdt en proporsjonal kvantor, kunne vi påvise kvalitative og kvantitative forskjeller relativt til andre typer kvantorer. Disse forskjellene har i tidligere studier blitt forbundet med bruk av minneressurser.
Resultatene indikerer at setningsprosessering hos mennesker er underlagt de samme kravene som hos abstrakte datamaskiner. Avhandlinga diskuterer konsekvensene av disse funnene og argumenterer for at bruken av analysemetoder fra informatikk kan bidra til teoretisk velbegrunnede og empirisk testbare hypoteser om hvilken type algoritmer hjernen benytter seg av.
Abstract
This thesis concerns the impact of computational complexity on the verification of natural language quantifiers. In particular, it deals with the neural consequences of so-called minimal complexity: the simplest possible algorithm to compute a function. It can be shown mathematically that quantifiers in natural language divide into classes depending on the minimal complexity of determining the truth value of a quantified sentence with that quantifier. Among these classes, only proportional quantifiers – like ‘most’ – demonstrably require an algorithm with a memory component. Since the formal proofs delineate a lower bound on the complexity of the verification algorithm – there is no strategy that can simplify the nature of the task – this leads to the prediction that proportional quantifiers, but not other quantifiers like ‘all’, ‘three’, etc., should recruit memory systems during verification, also in human subjects.
In three EEG experiments with a picture-sentence verification paradigm, the cognitive reality of this distinction in complexity is investigated. The experiments demonstrate that the computational complexity of the verification algorithm for natural language quantifiers is reflected in distinct neural responses: proportional quantifiers led to specific effects in the event-related potential (ERP), compared to the other classes, at different positions in a sentence in which verification occurs. Previous research has linked these effects to the recruitment of memory resources.
This compelling evidence suggests that human language processing is subjected to the same constraints as those applicable to abstract machines. On the basis of these results, the thesis goes on to explore open questions at the intersection of computer science and psycholinguistics and argues that formal proofs about the complexity of specific computational problems can inform us about which class of algorithms is plausibly implemented by the brain.Digital fulltext is not availabl
Aktionsart og Aspekt: En semantisk analyse av vekslinga mellom -e og -en i nordnorske fortidspartisipper
Get PDFDenne masteroppgaven tar for seg to ulike sterke fortidspartisipper i nordnorsk (hovedsakelig Troms-mål), der man i intransitive verb har ei veksling mellom vanlig supinumsending -e og det som antakelig opphavlig har vært hankjønnsforma -en, uavhengig av kjønn. Disse to fortidspartisippa opptrer også med ulike hjelpeverb, henholdsvis ha og være.
Vekslinga blir analysert semantisk som ei aspektuell markering av hendelsesstruktur, der være + -en koder det som blir kalt resultativt aspekt, mens ha + -e koder perfektivt aspekt. Resultativt aspekt forutsetter at hendelsesstrukturen består av to distinkte hendelser, en aktivitet og en tilstand som blir forårsaka av denne aktiviteten. Det blir også forsøksvis vist hvordan hendelsesstrukturen og aspektet oppstår i derivasjonen av ei setning, og gjennom dette framgår det dessuten hva betydningsbidraget til de to ulike morfema og til hjelpeverba er
Aktionsart og Aspekt : En semantisk analyse av vekslinga mellom -e og -en i nordnorske fortidspartisipper
No full textDenne masteroppgaven tar for seg to ulike sterke fortidspartisipper i nordnorsk (hovedsakelig Troms-mål), der man i intransitive verb har ei veksling mellom vanlig supinumsending -e og det som antakelig opphavlig har vært hankjønnsforma -en, uavhengig av kjønn. Disse to fortidspartisippa opptrer også med ulike hjelpeverb, henholdsvis ha og være. Vekslinga blir analysert semantisk som ei aspektuell markering av hendelsesstruktur, der være + -en koder det som blir kalt resultativt aspekt, mens ha + -e koder perfektivt aspekt. Resultativt aspekt forutsetter at hendelsesstrukturen består av to distinkte hendelser, en aktivitet og en tilstand som blir forårsaka av denne aktiviteten. Det blir også forsøksvis vist hvordan hendelsesstrukturen og aspektet oppstår i derivasjonen av ei setning, og gjennom dette framgår det dessuten hva betydningsbidraget til de to ulike morfema og til hjelpeverba er
Computational complexity explains neural differences in quantifier verification
Get PDFDifferent classes of quantifiers provably require different verification algorithms with different complexity profiles. The algorithm for proportional quantifiers, like ‘most’, is more complex than that for nonproportional quantifiers, like ‘all’ and ‘three’. We tested the hypothesis that different complexity profiles affect ERP responses during sentence verification, but not during sentence comprehension. In experiment 1, participants had to determine the truth value of a sentence relative to a previously presented array of geometric objects. We observed a sentence-final negative effect of truth value, modulated by quantifier class. Proportional quantifiers elicited a sentence-internal positivity compared to nonproportional quantifiers, in line with their different verification profiles. In experiment 2, the same stimuli were shown, followed by comprehension questions instead of verification. ERP responses specific to proportional quantifiers disappeared in experiment 2, suggesting that they are only evoked in a verification task and thus reflect the verification procedure itself. Our findings demonstrate that algorithmic aspects of human language processing are subjected to the same formal constraints applicable to abstract machines.publishedVersio
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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