1,720,963 research outputs found
L’effet du vieillissement sur les cellules souches neurales adultes
No full textLa neurogenèse persiste à l’âge adulte dans deux régions du système nerveux central (SNC) des mammifères : la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) du cerveau antérieur et la zone sous-granulaire (SGZ) de l’hippocampe. Cette neurogenèse est possible grâce à la capacité de prolifération des cellules souches présentes dans les niches de la SVZ et la SGZ, mais en vieillissant, le cerveau subit une diminution dramatique du nombre de cellules souches neurales adultes (CSNa), une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire et une altération des niches de neurogenèse. Cependant, une importante question reste sans réponse : comment la perte tardive des CSNa est temporellement reliée aux changements de l’activité de prolifération et de la structure de la principale niche de neurogenèse (la SVZ)? Afin d’avoir un aperçu sur les événements initiaux, nous avons examiné les changements des CSNa et de leur niche dans la SVZ entre le jeune âge et l’âge moyen. La niche de la SVZ des souris d’âge moyen (12 mois) subit une réduction de l’expression des marqueurs de plusieurs sous-populations de précurseurs neuraux en comparaison avec les souris jeunes adultes (2 mois). Anatomiquement, cela est associé avec des anomalies cytologiques, incluant une atrophie générale de la SVZ, une perte de la couche de cellules sousépendymaires par endroit et l’accumulation de gouttelettes lipidiques de grande taille dans l’épendyme. Fonctionnellement, ces changements sont corrélés avec une diminution de l’activité de la SVZ et une réduction du nombre de nouveaux neurones arrivant aux bulbes olfactifs. Pour déterminer si les CSNa de la SVZ ont subi des changements visibles, nous avons évalué les paramètres clés des CSNa in vivo et in vitro. La culture cellulaire montre qu’un nombre équivalent de CSNa ayant la capacité de former des neurosphères peut être isolé du cerveau du jeune adulte et d’âge moyen. Cependant, à l’âge moyen, les précurseurs neuraux semblent moins sensibles aux facteurs de croissance durant leur différenciation in vitro. Les CSNa donnent des signes de latence in vivo puisque leur capacité d’incorporation et de rétention du BrdU diminue. Ensemble, ces données démontrent que, tôt dans le processus du vieillissement, les CSNa et leur niche dans la SVZ subissent des changements significatifs, et suggèrent que la perte de CSNa liée au vieillissement est secondaire à ces événements.Neurogenesis persists throughout the adulthood in two regions of the mammalian central nervous system (SNC): the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain and the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis is possible due to the proliferation capacity of stem cells present within both the SVZ and SGZ niches, but with aging, the forebrain undergoes a drastic reduction in its number of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), a decrease of cell proliferation and an alteration of the neurogenic niches. However, a key unresolved question remains: how the onset of aNSC loss is temporally related to changes of proliferating activity and to structural alterations within the principal stem cell niche (the SVZ)? To gain insights into the initial events leading to aging-associated aNSC loss, we investigated the changes occurring to aNSCs and the SVZ niche between young adulthood and middle-age. The SVZ niche of middle-aged mice (12-months-old) was found to display reduced expression of markers for multiple neural precursor sub-populations when compared to young adult mice (2-months-old). Anatomically, this was associated with significant cytological aberrations, including an overall atrophy of the SVZ, loss of sub-ependymal cells, and accumulation of large lipid droplets within the ependyma. Functionally, these changes correlated with diminished SVZ activity and reduced number of newly born neurons reaching the principal target tissue: the olfactory bulbs. To determine whether changes were evident at the level of the SVZ stem cells, we evaluated key in vitro and in vivo parameters of aNSCs. Tissue culture experiments showed that equal numbers of neurosphere-forming aNSCs could be isolated from young adult and middle-aged forebrains. However, at middle-age, neural precursors seemed to be less sensitive to growth factors during their in vitro differentiation and displayed signs of increased quiescence in vivo. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that, with early aging, aNCS and their SVZ niche go through significant changes, and suggest that aging-associated aNSC loss is secondary to these events
L’effet du vieillissement sur les cellules souches neurales adultes
No full textLa neurogenèse persiste à l’âge adulte dans deux régions du système nerveux central (SNC) des mammifères : la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) du cerveau antérieur et la zone sous-granulaire (SGZ) de l’hippocampe. Cette neurogenèse est possible grâce à la capacité de prolifération des cellules souches présentes dans les niches de la SVZ et la SGZ, mais en vieillissant, le cerveau subit une diminution dramatique du nombre de cellules souches neurales adultes (CSNa), une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire et une altération des niches de neurogenèse. Cependant, une importante question reste sans réponse : comment la perte tardive des CSNa est temporellement reliée aux changements de l’activité de prolifération et de la structure de la principale niche de neurogenèse (la SVZ)? Afin d’avoir un aperçu sur les événements initiaux, nous avons examiné les changements des CSNa et de leur niche dans la SVZ entre le jeune âge et l’âge moyen. La niche de la SVZ des souris d’âge moyen (12 mois) subit une réduction de l’expression des marqueurs de plusieurs sous-populations de précurseurs neuraux en comparaison avec les souris jeunes adultes (2 mois). Anatomiquement, cela est associé avec des anomalies cytologiques, incluant une atrophie générale de la SVZ, une perte de la couche de cellules sousépendymaires par endroit et l’accumulation de gouttelettes lipidiques de grande taille dans l’épendyme. Fonctionnellement, ces changements sont corrélés avec une diminution de l’activité de la SVZ et une réduction du nombre de nouveaux neurones arrivant aux bulbes olfactifs. Pour déterminer si les CSNa de la SVZ ont subi des changements visibles, nous avons évalué les paramètres clés des CSNa in vivo et in vitro. La culture cellulaire montre qu’un nombre équivalent de CSNa ayant la capacité de former des neurosphères peut être isolé du cerveau du jeune adulte et d’âge moyen. Cependant, à l’âge moyen, les précurseurs neuraux semblent moins sensibles aux facteurs de croissance durant leur différenciation in vitro. Les CSNa donnent des signes de latence in vivo puisque leur capacité d’incorporation et de rétention du BrdU diminue. Ensemble, ces données démontrent que, tôt dans le processus du vieillissement, les CSNa et leur niche dans la SVZ subissent des changements significatifs, et suggèrent que la perte de CSNa liée au vieillissement est secondaire à ces événements.Neurogenesis persists throughout the adulthood in two regions of the mammalian central nervous system (SNC): the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain and the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis is possible due to the proliferation capacity of stem cells present within both the SVZ and SGZ niches, but with aging, the forebrain undergoes a drastic reduction in its number of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), a decrease of cell proliferation and an alteration of the neurogenic niches. However, a key unresolved question remains: how the onset of aNSC loss is temporally related to changes of proliferating activity and to structural alterations within the principal stem cell niche (the SVZ)? To gain insights into the initial events leading to aging-associated aNSC loss, we investigated the changes occurring to aNSCs and the SVZ niche between young adulthood and middle-age. The SVZ niche of middle-aged mice (12-months-old) was found to display reduced expression of markers for multiple neural precursor sub-populations when compared to young adult mice (2-months-old). Anatomically, this was associated with significant cytological aberrations, including an overall atrophy of the SVZ, loss of sub-ependymal cells, and accumulation of large lipid droplets within the ependyma. Functionally, these changes correlated with diminished SVZ activity and reduced number of newly born neurons reaching the principal target tissue: the olfactory bulbs. To determine whether changes were evident at the level of the SVZ stem cells, we evaluated key in vitro and in vivo parameters of aNSCs. Tissue culture experiments showed that equal numbers of neurosphere-forming aNSCs could be isolated from young adult and middle-aged forebrains. However, at middle-age, neural precursors seemed to be less sensitive to growth factors during their in vitro differentiation and displayed signs of increased quiescence in vivo. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that, with early aging, aNCS and their SVZ niche go through significant changes, and suggest that aging-associated aNSC loss is secondary to these events
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
