1,721,034 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The microevolution of Renibacterium salmoninarum
Full text linkRenibacterium salmoninarum is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), a chronic infection of cultured and wild salmonids, which can result in acute morbidity or mortality or be a slowly progressive disease causing an often-dramatic decline in growth. BKD is economically important in aquaculture, where it can spread horizontally throughout sea pens or vertically through transferred broodstock or eggs. It is also a concern for conservation and restoration efforts for endangered fish stocks because infections are prevalent among free-ranging Pacific salmon in river and marine systems.
New advances in whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were used to provide previously impossible insights into BKD. We assembled the full genomes of 68 unique R. salmoninarum isolates whose origins range widely at spatial, temporal, habitat and host species levels. High-resolution reconstruction of the phylogenomic relationships between strains was possible by using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) information.
R. salmoninarum was revealed to be a highly clonal bacterium with a relatively slow rate of evolution. Two main lineages were found to exist, provisionally named lineage 1 and lineage 2. Lineage 1 had a cosmopolitan spatio-temporal distribution, while lineage 2 were restricted to rivers of Eastern Scotland and fjords of Western and Northern Norway. Bayesian evolutionary analyses revealed multiple independent introductions of lineage 1 strains across the Atlantic ocean and from one side of the American continent to the other occurring in the last century-and-a-half, consistent with a hypothesis of anthropogenic spread by movement of fish and ova for aquaculture and recreational angling. The comparatively rare lineage 2 appears to have been long-term enzootic to Europe. Strains from different host species were indistinguishable, suggesting free inter-species transmission.
Peculiarly, all R. salmoninarum isolates appear to contain the full complement of genes in the species. However, the copy number of dominant virulence factors msa and p22 varied from two to five and one to five, respectively. This copy number variation was common among North American isolates, rare in Norwegian, and completely absent in British. Analyses suggested that the trait had emerged multiple times in independent populations of North America due to local selection pressures.
In order to detect copy-number variants and quantify the number of paralogs per strain using WGS data we had to develop a completely new method, described in a standalone, full-length paper and available as open-source software.
In summary, the application of WGS and bioinformatic techniques to an important aquaculture pathogen has provided us with unprecedented insights into its genomics, evolutionary processes and transmission dynamics.Renibacterium salmoninarum er organismen som forårsaker bakteriell nyresjuke (BKD), en kronisk infeksjon hos både oppdrettslaks og vill laksefisk, som kan resultere i akutt morbiditet eller mortalitet eller i andre tilfeller manifestere seg som en sakte progredierende sykdom som gir en dramatisk reduksjon i tilvekst. BKD er økonomisk betydningsfull innen akvakultur, der sykdommen kan spre seg horisontalt mellom merder eller vertikalt gjennom rogn eller flyttede avlsfisk. Sykdommen påvirker også naturvern-, truede dyrearter og artsmangfoldshensyn fordi den er prevalent i villfisk-populasjoner av stillehavslaks i elver og marine systemer.
Fremskritt innen helgenomssekvenseringteknikker (WGS) ble brukt til å oppnå kunnskap om BKD som tidligere ville vært umulig. Vi satte sammen genomene til 68 unike R. salmoninarum-isolater hvis opprinnelse varierte svært både geografisk, tidsmessig, artsmessig, samt i habitatet vertsfisken ble isolert fra. Vi kunne rekonstruere detaljert informasjon om fylogenomiske forhold mellom stammene ved å detektere og bruke enkeltbasepolymorfismer (SNPs).
R. salmoninarum viste seg å være en svært klonal bakterie med en relativt langsom evolusjonsrate. To hovedgrener ble oppdaget, og de ble foreløpig navngitt gren 1 og gren 2. Gren 1-stammer hadde en variert opprinnelse både med tanke på rom og tid, mens gren 2 kun ble funnet i områdene Skottland, Vest- og Nord-Norge. Bayesianske evolusjonsanalyser pekte på at det i løpet av det siste halvannet århundre har forekommet flere uavhengige introduksjoner av stammer tilhørende gren 1 på tvers av Atlanterhavet, samt fra den ene siden av det amerikanske kontinentet til den andre, noe som samsvarer med en hypotese om menneskelig spredning av sykdommen gjennom forflytning av fisk og rogn i forbindelse med akvakultur og utsett for hobbyfiske. De forholdsvis sjeldne gren 2-stammene virker derimot å ha vært enzootiske innen Europe i lengre tid. Stammer fra forskjellige arter var genetisk uadskillelige, noe som antyder fri smitte mellom artene.
Overraskende nok viste samtlige R. salmoninarum-isolater seg å inneholde en komplett samling av genene som er kjent innen arten. Genene varierte dog i antall. Kopitallet til de dominante
virulensfaktorene msa og p22 varierte henholdsvis fra to til fem og én til fem. Denne kopinummervariasjonen var vanlig blant Nord-Amerikanske isolater, sjelden blant norske og ikke til stede i britiske. Analyser viste at kopinummer-mutasjonen har forekommet gjentatte ganger i uavhengige populasjoner, og pekte på lokalt seleksjonspress i Nord-Amerika som en sannsynlig årsak.
For å detektere kopinummervarianter samt å kvantifisere antall paraloge gen per stamme kun ved hjelp av helgenomssekvenserings-data måtte vi utvikle en helt ny metode, som har blitt beskrevet i en egen artikkel, og som er tilgjengelig i programvare med åpen kildekode.
For å oppsummere har helgenomssekvensering og bioinformatiske teknikker blitt anvendt på en patogen som er viktig innen akvakulturen. Dette har gitt oss hittil uovertruffen innsikt i bakteriens genomikk, dens smittedynamikk og de evolusjonære prosessene som former den
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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