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Administrative barriers and trade capacity building
Get PDFTokom druge polovine 20. veka, uloga medjunarodne trgovine je bila od sustinskog znacaja za odvijanje razvojnog procesa u mnogim zemljama, kao i povecanja njihove konkurentnosti na svetskom trzistu. Razvojni proces je uslov za ostvarenje privrednog rasta, a u slucaju mnogih Zemalja u razvoju, bitan je zbog uticaja na smanjenje siromastva. Bez obzira na tako znacajnu ulogu, medjunarodna trgovina je tokom proslog veka bila ogranicavana velikim brojem barijera i to u obliku carina, ali i necarinskih barijera...International trade, especially during the second half of the 20th century, has played an
essential role in many countries` development process as well as in increasing their
competitiveness in the world market. Development process is a precondition for
fostering economic growth and for many developing countries, it is important since it
affect the reduction of poverty. Despite such an essential role, international trade was
limited by a large number of tariff and non-tariff barriers during the last century. Today,
some of these non-tariff barriers have become „less visible― and they have emerged as a
consequence of insufficiently efficient and effective work of customs administrations as
well as other border administration necessary for making foreign trade transactions.
Consequently, their implementation has incurred high transaction costs which reduce
international trade. These barriers are called administrative procedural non-tariff
barriers and although new Agreement on Trade Facilitation is under way, after WTO
Draft Consolidated Negotiating Text on Trade Facilitation has been announced, they are
still not regulated at a multilateral level. Trade Facilitation is related to many policies
under negotiation at the WTO and the aim of that initiative is to facilitate trade
expansion, reduce trade transaction costs as well as to streamline of clearance
procedures and meet new international security requirements.
Infrastructure development which consists of transport and trade infrastructure, also
known as „hard― and „soft― infrastructure, has in last few decades been a major factor in
reducing trade transaction costs thus diminishing the administrative procedural nontariff
barriers impact on international trade. The process of improving trade
infrastructure is called Trade Capacity Building. This complex process is related to the
modernization of customs administration all around the world, especially in the
Developing countires. A lack of funds for that purpose has motivated the launch of the
new programme, the Aid for Trade
Položaj Srbije u međunarodnim tokovima intelektualne svojine
Get PDFThe international trade is increasingly addressing importance to
intellectual property issues. For more than a century international
conventions have been providing internationally recognized rules and
standards in an attempt to create a balance between the rights of creators on
the one hand and on the other hand users’ interests. TRIPS Agreement was
created in an effort to reduce distortions and impediments to international
trade. Steady progress in the field of intellectual property and the expansion
of the application of new inventions has a very significant impact on the
world economy. Innovation, knowledge, and technology have become the
most crucial factor in economic development and international
competitiveness. The great advantage of intellectual property is a broad
applicability of new products in all areas of production and trade. It is
difficult however to statistically process all aspects of intellectual property
internationally.
Developed countries are the leading importers and exporters of intellectual
property. Regarding Serbia we will analyze the correlation between the
registered intellectual property rights and the gross domestic product. We’ll
show in what fields of technology Serbia have the most patent applications.
It is notable that the almost two-thirds of the countries in the world registered
growth in the number of patent applications received. Countries in the
region, including Serbia lag behind developed countries in terms of
development and commercial use of intellectual property, so it is possible in
this field and need of improvement. We shell investigate growing trend of
international trade licence fees and royalties in a world. Increasing problem
of intellectual property piracy and counterfeiting is noticeable in Serbia and
in the world
A model of American foreign trade policy
No full textIn this paper the author explains very complex and developed process of trade policy creation in the United States. He describes the institutional model of trade policy creation, main organs and procedures, and the legal setting for that process. He also gives the basic principles in the realization of American trade policy in all dimensions - bilaterally regionally and multilaterally, that is to say the bilateral relations with main American trading partners, the links of the United States with the main regional economic groupings in the world and the U. S. influence in international economic organizations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Marketing instruments of foreign trade promotion
No full textInstruments of promotion as a part of marketing mix are usually associated with companies but more and more countries use this instrument in order to boost their exports. These foreign trade promotion instruments are now popular in many countries in the world since their use is not opposed to any World Trade Organization rules. Marketing instruments of trade promotions are the most important. They include National Exhibitions and National labels of origin and quality. In order to coordinate the application of these instruments countries have established national bodies for trade promotion. Many studies in the past had argued that national Agencies established to promote export did not had any real success, but recent studies indicate that they could have a significant impact on country export promotion. The result of this rise in impact of national export promotion agencies is due to international effort spearheaded by International Trade Center. The aim of this paper is to point out types and methods of marketing instruments application in trade promotion and to present the effectiveness of these instruments applications
NEW APPROACH IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE ANALYSIS DUE TO INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOVEMENTS
No full textNowadays not only goods and services move across national borders but factors of production also. Firms deliver goods and services to foreign markets more through their foreign direct investment operations (foreign affiliates) than through traditional forms of international trade, like export. Labour is also moving from one country to another and that replaces the need for trade in services. The activities of transnational enterprises caused the main distortions in the gathering and analysing of statistical data on international trade, so traditional foreign trade statistics are not longer a good framework for the analysis of international trade flows. New approach in international trade analysis must include new forms of indirect export of goods and services on international markets – sales through foreign affiliates and the movement of labour across national borders. New statistical tools are Foreign Affiliates Trade Statistics (FATS) and Value-Added trade recording that represent a solid base for facilitating economic policy decisions
International trade regime and modalities of further international trade in services liberalization
Get PDFУ првом делу су проучене теоријске претпоставке за анализу
међународне трговине услугама. Представљена су виђења важнијих
међународних организација у погледу дефинисања и класификације
услуга. Посвећена је пажња и проблемима у статистичком праћењу
међународне трговине услугама и указано је на значај сектора услуга на
привредни развој сваке земље и на развој међународне трговине.
У другом делу су анализирани међународни трговински и
инвестициони токови у сектору услуга. Такође су размотрени и ефекти
либерализације трговине услугама на друштвени бруто производ и
кретања платног биланса.
Трећи део је посвећен међународном трговинском режиму за
услуге. Размотрен је режим трговине услугама за време ГАТТ и правила
СТО за трговину услугама. То подразумева анализу Општег споразума о
трговини услугама и специфичности либерализације трговине услугама
под окриљем СТО. На крају овог дела, идентификован је просечан ниво
либерализације трговине услугама у оквиру СТО. Упоређени су нивои
либерализације трговине услугама најутицајнијих чланица СТО и
чланица које су у скорије време приступиле СТО.
У четвртом делу је анализиран процес даље либерализације
трговине услугама у оквиру СТО. Посматран је досадашњи ток преговора
у оквиру Доха рунде мултилатералних трговинских преговора, као и
утицај регионалних интеграција и иницијатива на ове преговоре.
Анализиран је и утицај различитих нивоа либерализације на домаћу
привреду.
У петом делу су сазнања из претходног истраживања примењена
на Србију. Пошто је Србија у процесу преговора о приступању СТО,
најпре су идентификоване и објашњене карактеристике тог процеса.
Након тога је анализиран досадашњи ток и тренутно стање у
преговорима. Пре него што се приступило анализи утицајa различитих
нивоа либерализације, размотрен је и значај сектора услуга за привреду
Србије.Theoretical preconditions for analysis of international trade with
services are discussed in the first part. The definitions and classifications of
services, set by the most important international organizations are presented.
Attention is drawn to the problems in keeping statistical records of
international trade with services and to the importance of services sector to
national economies and development of international trade.
In the second part, international trade and investment flows are
analyzed. Also, the effects of liberalization on GDP and balance of payment
are discussed.
Third part is about international trade regime for services. It`s origin is
identified during GATT and WTO rules and regulations for international trade
with services are taken into consideration. General Agreement for trade in
Services and the level of liberalization of trade with services within WTO are
analyzed.
In the fourth part there is a discussion about the process of further
liberalization of international trade with services. Both parts of this process,
regional and global and their interaction are analyzed. The influences of
different levels of services trade liberalization on domestic economy are
tested.
In the last part, everything that is previously mentioned is connected to
Serbia. Before that, since Serbia is currently in the WTO Accession Process,
main characteristics of the Process are explained. The analysis is then
directed to current status in negotiations, importance of services sector for
Serbian economy and the influences of different levels of services trade
liberalization
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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