1,720,973 research outputs found
Probing the Underlying Principles of Perceived Immanent Accents Using a Modeling Approach
Full text linkThis article deals with the question of how the perception of the “immanent accents”
can be predicted and modeled. By immanent accent we mean any musical event
in the score that is related to important points in the musical structure (e.g., tactus
positions, melodic peaks) and is therefore able to capture the attention of a listener.
Our aim was to investigate the underlying principles of these accented notes by
combining quantitative modeling, music analysis and experimental methods. A listening
experiment was conducted where 30 participants indicated perceived accented notes
for 60 melodies, vocal and instrumental, selected from Baroque, Romantic and Post-
tonal styles. This produced a large and unique collection of perceptual data about the
perceived immanent accents, organized by styles consisting of vocal and instrumental
melodies within Western art music. The music analysis of the indicated accents provided
a preliminary list of musical features that could be identified as possible reasons for
the raters’ perception of the immanent accents. These features related to the score in
different ways, e.g., repeated fragments, single notes, or overall structure. A modeling
approach was used to quantify the influence of feature groups related to pitch contour,
tempo, timing, simple phrasing, and meter. A set of 43 computational features was
defined from the music analysis and previous studies and extracted from the score
representation. The mean ratings of the participants were predicted using multiple linear
regression and support vector regression. The latter method (using cross-validation)
obtained the best result of about 66% explained variance (
r= 0.81) across all melodies and for a selected group of raters. The independent contribution of each feature
group was relatively high for pitch contour and timing (9.6 and 7.0%). There were also
significant contributions from tempo (4.5%), simple phrasing (4.4%), and meter (3.9%).
Interestingly, the independent contribution varied greatly across participants, implying
different listener strategies, and also some variability across different styles. The large
differences among listeners emphasize the importance of considering the individual
listener’s perception in future research in music perceptio
Terrestrial-type planetary atmospheres with HELIOS
Full text linkThe next generation of astronomical facilities will be able to retrieve exoplanetary atmospheric spectra in increasing quantity and of increasing quality. Radiative transfer (RT) models of these atmospheres is essential both for interpreting observational data and for linking these data to the planetary physical state with the aid of dedicated climate models. So far, a large effort has been placed in modelling the atmospheres of giant planets, which are the most easily accessible to observations. Now times are ripe to extend these studies to treat the relatively thin atmospheres of terrestrial-type exoplanets, which are the most likely targets for the search of atmospheric biomarkers.Here we present a procedure to perform radiative transfer calculations for terrestrial-type exoplanets with temperate physical conditions (Simonetti et al. in preparation). The procedure is based on HELIOS and HELIOS-K, which are novel, flexible and publicly available codes developed by the University of Bern (Grimm & Heng, 2015; Malik et al., 2017, 2019; Grimm et al., 2021) as a part of the Exoclime Simulation Platform (ESP) repository. These codes make full use of the computing power of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs, colloquially known as graphics cards) being therefore much faster (up to one order of magnitude, see Grimm et al. 2021) than other similar codes and are integrated with a variety of molecular and atomic line repositories such as HITRAN (Gordon et al., 2017), HITEMP (Rothman et al., 2010) and Kurucz. Until now, HELIOS has been mostly applied to study Jupiter-like planets. The main features of the procedure that we have implemented for the treatment of rocky, habitable planets can be summarized as follows.First, we added the treatment of the continuum absorption features of a variety of gases, in particular H2O (Clough et al., 1989; Mlawer et al., 2012) and CO2 (Gruszka & Borysow, 1997; Baranov et al., 2004; Baranov, 2018). These continua strongly contribute to the overall opacity of Earth-like atmospheres and cannot be neglected. Second, we paid special attention to the sub-Lorentzian profile of CO2 absorption lines, testing the effects of different recipes (Perrin & Hartmann, 1989; Tonkov et al., 1996). Third, we considered different hypotheses regarding the convective lapse rate of the troposphere. On these basis we: (i) tested the robustness of HELIOS and HELIOS-K against changes in model variables and (ii) compared them with other codes already published and used in the same context (e.g. LBLRTM Clough et al., 2005), as done by Yang et al. (2016).One of the main goals of this work is to provide a new and fast radiative transfer treatment for the ESTM, an energy balance climate model with upgraded treatment of the vertical and horizontal energy transport Vladilo et al. (2015). The ESTM is extremely flexible and allows for a rapid exploration of the planetary and atmospheric parameter space, providing us the ability to map quantitative indices of habitability on these parameters (Silva et al., 2017). The flexibility of both HELIOS and ESTM will allow us to test a wide variety of atmospheric compositions, which have applications in the study both of exoplanets and of ancient Earth and Mars. Moreover, the HELIOS procedure adapted to terrestrial-type atmospheres can be used to generate synthetic TOA fluxes useful to link the conditions at the planet's surface with quantities that will become observable with future generations of instruments, such as secondary eclipse spectra and direct IR emission spectra from terrestrial-type exoplanets (see e.g. Quanz et al., 2021). Finally, the output of the same procedure can be applied to other codes in the ESP repository, such as the THOR GCM (Mendonca et al., 2016; Deitrick et al., 2020).Figure 1 shows the TOA albedo obtained for three different stellar spectral classes for different values of surface temperature and stellar zenith angle, for an atmosphere of 1 bar of CO2 and a relative H2O humidity of 100%, as obtained by HELIOS using the procedure presented in Simonetti et al. (in preparation). The surface albedo was set to 0.15.Figure 2 shows the relation between OLR and surface temperature for different radiative transfer models for an Earth-like atmosphere composed by N2, O2, 360 ppmv of CO2, 1.8 ppmv of CH4 and a temperature-dependent quantity of H2O (relative humidity equal to 100%). The thick red curve labelled "HELIOS" has been obtained with the novel procedure presented in Simonetti et al. (in preparation). The data relative to the other curves have been taken from Yang et al. (2016). REFERENCES:Baranov, Y. I. 2018, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 345, 11Baranov, Y. I., La erty, W. J., & Fraser, G. T. 2004, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 228, 432Clough, S. A., Kneizys, F. X., & Davies, R. W. 1989, Atmospheric Research, 23, 229Clough, S. A., Shephard, M. W., Mlawer, E. J., et al. 2005, JQSRT, 91, 233Deitrick, R., Mendonca, J. M., Schr..
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Relationship Between Musical Structure and Emotion in Classical Piano Scores : A Case Study on the Theme of La Folia
No full textWe explored the relationship between musical structure and emotion
on different variations of La Folia – a musical theme of Portuguese
origin based on a standard harmonic progression. Our approach aims
to extend previous research by investigating more factors and
comparing different models for music emotion. In a pilot study, 12
participants rated the emotion associated to the stimuli on a graduate
scale from 1 to 10, according to 3 different models for music emotion:
the valence/arousal-based emotion model (Russell, 1980), a discrete
emotion approach (Izard, 1972), and the Geneva Emotional Music
Scale (GEMS) (Zentner et al., 2008). Stimuli were commercial
recordings of the first 8 bars of 32 variations of the Theme of La
Folia by A. Scarlatti, C. P. E. Bach, S. Rachmaninov and F. Liszt,
with different combinations of 9 factors that were judged and
averaged by 2 musical experts using a 5-point rating scale.
Preliminary results are: (i) there exist significant correlations
between structural parameters and descriptors for emotions in all of
the models; (ii) correlations between structure and emotion are more
remarkable for the valence/arousal-based emotion model and for the
GEMS model, and are higher for register, note density, dynamics,
accentuation and articulation; (iii) agreement among raters for the
DES model is significantly lower than for the other two models. On
the base of these results, we planned two new experiments focussing
only on the valence/arousal-based emotion model and on the firstorder
GEMS model. They are: a second listening test based on a real
music design (20 out of the previously selected 32 stimuli,
corresponding to pieces featuring more extreme variability in the
musical structure, with different combinations of 21 factors), and a
new listening test based on a controlled and balanced design (24
variations with selected combinations of 4 factors, arranged and
recorded in a deadpan performance by the first author). 24
participants (12 musicians and 12 non-musicians) have been
involved in the current study, following the same procedure outlined
above. We expect to extend understanding on the relationship
between structure and emotion following more accurate,
computational analyses of musical features, as well as by defining
new predictors for emotion that are more appropriate for specific
musical style(s) – like factorial analysis or multidimensional scaling.nonPeerReviewe
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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