201,718 research outputs found
Damascus (Syria): Bilal Tomb: plan
No full textBox 22, Folder 01. Pencil drawing. Damascus (Syria): Tomb known as Bilal, possibly located in the Maqbarat Bab al-Saghir (cemetery outside of Bab al-Hadid). Drawing depicts a ground plan. This version of the drawing is not published. Title and identification based on drawing published in Ernst Herzfeld, "Damascus: Studies in Architecture – III," Ars Islamica vols. 11-12 (1946), figure 15. Published caption for fig. 15 reads: "Damascus, Bilal, Plan."Cf. Damascus Sketchbook I = FSA A.6 02.13.32.017, page 11 (see inscription note below). German identification notes written on front in black ink and gray pencil: "Bilal: 625 H; darin Fatima!; Bilal 1:100; maqbarat Bab al-Saghir?; notebook I; zu den Gräbern cf Skzb. Dam I p. II.
M. Pierrard, La relative sans antécédent en français moderne, Essai de syntaxe propositionnelle, Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Information Grammaticale, 1988
No full textHaffar Bilal. M. Pierrard, La relative sans antécédent en français moderne, Essai de syntaxe propositionnelle, Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Information Grammaticale, 1988. In: L'Information Grammaticale, N. 40, 1989. pp. 43-44
PERANAN BILAL BIN RABBAH DALAM PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM DI JAZIRAH ARAB TAHUN 611 M – 641 M
No full textABSTRAKHasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi kehidupan Agama dan sosial budaya masyarakat Arab sebelum Islam masuk masih menganut paham Jahilliyah yang diantaranya, menyembah berhala, perbudakan serta seni arsitektur dan syair. Setelah Islam masuk di Jazirah Arab yang dibawa oleh Nabi Muhammad Shalallahu ‘Alaihi Wassalam paham-paham Jahiliyah mulai ditinggalkan, didalam perkembangan Islam di Jazirah Arab munculah beberapa tokoh penyebar Agama Islam salah satunya adalah Bilal bin Rabbah. Peranan Bilal bin rabah yang sangat berpengaruh dalam perkembangan Islam yaitu sebagai kepercayaan Rasull untuk mengumandangkan Adzan sekaligus menjadi Muadzin Pertama dalam Islam di seluruh dunia hal itu berdampak bagi kehidupan sekarang khususnya bagi kaum Muslim. selain itu juga Bilal berperan dalam Perang badar dia berhasil membunuh bekas majikannya semasa masih menjadi Budak yaitu Umayah bin Khalaf sekaligus menandai kemenangan kaum Muslim dalam perang tersebut.Kata Kunci: Bilal, Jazirah Arab ABSTRACTThe results showed that the condition of religious and socio-cultural life of Arab society before Islam arrived, still adopts Jahilliyah. there are a few characteristics of Jahilliyah, such as: dolatry, bondage and architectural art and poetry. After the Islamic religion which is brought by Prophet Muhammad Shalallahu ‘Alaihi Wassalam entered in Jazirah Arab, the notion of Ignorance Jahilliyah becoming obsolete. in the development of Islam in Jazirah Arab emerged several prominent propagator Islam, one of them is Bilal bin Rabbah. The role of Bilal bin Rabah highly influential in the development of Islam that as a person who is trusted by the prophet to peal Adzan and become the first Muezzin of Islam around the world. nowadays, it has implications for life, especially for Muslims. Besides that, Bilal bin Rabbah have an important role in the War of Badr. he succeeded to kill a former master “Umayyah bin Khalaf” when he was still a slave. it shows that the victory of Muslims in the war.Keyword: Bilal, Jazirah Ara
Peranan Bilal Bin Rabah dalam dakwah Rasulullah Saw (580-640 m)
No full textPenelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan historis, dan teori yang digunakan adalah teori peranan. Pendekatan historis bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara menyeluruh tentang Biografi Bilal bin Rabah. Teori Peranan digunakan penulis untuk mengungkapkan adanya peranan Bilal bin Rabah pada masa Rasulullah. Sementara untuk langkah-langkah dalam proses penelitian sejarah terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu: heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi.Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Bilal bin Rabah adalah seorang budak yang tertindas dari Bani Jumah. Bilal mempunyai peran penting dalam dakwah Rasulullah yaitu sebagai penyeru adzan (muadzin) serta ikut berpartisipasi dalam semua perang khususnya perang badar. Sosok Bilal ternyata mempunyai keistimewaan yang sangat luar biasa diantaranya adalah keteguhan Imannya ketika ia di siksa oleh majikannya Umayyah bin Khalaf karena ia masuk Islam tidak membuatnya goyah dan tetap dalam ajaran Rasulullah SAW. Nabi Muhammad juga mendengar suara terompahnya di Surga pada saat beliau Isra’ Mi’raj
Pilot tones based polarization rotation, frequency offset and phase estimation for polarization multiplexed Offset-QAM Multi-Subcarrier coherent optical systems
No full textMulti-Subcarrier Offset-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM) scheme has recently been proposed to increase the spectral efficiency (SE) of optical coherent communication systems. Thanks to the half symbol delay between the in-phase and quadrature components, OQAM signals can achieve channel spacing values as low as the symbol rate Rs, without suffering from inter channel interference (ICI) even in the condition of severe spectral overlapping. On the other hand, phase noise due to this half symbol delay not only results in the random rotation of the received constellation points but also introduces additional cross talk after equalization, when using standard equalization algorithms. Therefore, OQAM signals have very poor tolerance towards laser linewidth. In addition, for a polarization multiplexed (PM) system, polarization rotation between the x and y polarizations interacting with the phase noise can severely affect the performance.In this paper we propose a pilot tones (PTs) based approach for multi-subcarrier OQAM signals. The PTs are used to estimate frequency offset (FO),carrier phase (CP)and the polarization rotation matrix. An equalizer based on a modified constant modulus algorithm (CMA) is finally used to recover the signal
Inequity evaluation for land use and transportation model on introduction of autonomous vehicles
No full textIn recent times, there have been rapid advancements in technologies that can bring about fully autonomous driving. This can potentially result in substantial changes in the road network and traffic operations. People previously not being able to travel frequently (e.g., the elderly and people with disabilities) will be able to commute themselves. Due to this intuitive property of autonomous vehicles, additional trip production may produce an impact on travel costs between some origin-destination pairs. These unwanted changes create both positive and negative impacts on the network users resulting in an inequity issue. It is necessary to evaluate the inequity caused to a whole society by providing benefits through autonomous driving to a certain group of people. In the above context, this paper uses a bi-level optimization model technique to find an optimal solution of a multi-objective function. The proposed model aims to evaluate the maximum growth of trips that a network can support without causing inequity to other network users. The upper level of the model maximizes the generation of trips constrained by the inequity parameters, whereas the lower level minimizes the travel equilibrium costs for all the users by assigning trips to the network following the multinomial logit principle. The solution to the proposed model is provided by a multi-objective genetic algorithm
A genetic algorithm approach for minimizing total tardiness in permutation flowshop scheduling problems
No full textÖZETTOPLAM GEÇ BİTİRME ZAMANININ EN KÜÇÜKLENMESİ PERFORMANSÖLÇÜTLÜ PERMÜTASYON AKIŞ TİPİ ÇİZELGELEME PROBLEMLERİNİNÇÖZÜMÜNDE GENETİK ALGORİTMA YAKLAŞIMIKELLEGÖZ, TalipKırıkkale ÜniversitesiFen Bilimleri EnstitüsüEndüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans TeziDanışman : Prof. Dr. Bilal TOKLUTemmuz 2006, 102 sayfaBu tez çalışması kapsamında toplam geç bitirme zamanının enküçüklenmesi performans ölçütlü permütasyon akış tipi çizelgelemeproblemleri detaylı olarak incelenmiş ve bu problemlerin çözümü için birgenetik algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, probleme özgü bilgiler kullanılaraketkin bir çözüm iyileştirme algoritması ve uygun bir çaprazlama operatörügeliştirilip bu genetik algoritmaya entegre edilmiştir.Karşılaştırma problemleri kullanılarak, geliştirilen genetik algoritmaliteratürde en iyi performansa sahip olduğu iddia edilen sezgisellekarşılaştırılmış, yapılan simülasyon çalışması sonucunda geliştirilenalgoritmanın daha iyi performans sergilediği gösterilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler : Çizelgeleme, Permütasyon Akış Tipi Çizelgeleme,Genetik Algoritmalar, Toplam Geç Bitirme ZamanıIABSTRACTA GENETİC ALGORITH APPROACH FOR MINIMIZING TOTALTARDINESS IN PERMUTATION FLOWSHOP SCHEDULING PROBLEMSKELLEGÖZ, TalipKırıkkale ÜniversityGraduate School Of Natural and Applied SciencesDeparment of Industrial Engineering, M. Sc. ThesisSupervisor : Prof. Dr. Bilal TOKLUJuly 2006, 102 pagesIn this research, a detailed study of the permutation flowshopscheduling problem with the objective of minimizing total tardiness waspresented and a genetic algorithm solution procedure was developed forsuch problems. Also, using problem specific knowledge, an efficient solutionimprovement scheme and a appropriate crossover operator were developedand integrated into the genetic algorithm.Using benchmarking problems, the algorithm was compared with aheuristic algorithm which was claimed to have the best performance in theliterature. The performance of the developed algorithm has shown to besuperior using a simulation study.Key Words : Scheduling, Permutation Flowshop Scheduling, GeneticAlgorithms, Total TardinessII
GNSS integrity for aviation and road user applications
No full textThe evolution of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is paving the way for new satellite constellations and civil signals. Currently, the European Galileo and Chinese BeiDou are in deployment phases, while the American GPS and Russian GLONASS are going through modernization. On completion, satellite navigation users are expected to receive a large number of ranging signals on two civil frequencies instead of one. These significant improvements open up new possibilities to extend the use of satellite navigation for worldwide vertical guidance of aircraft down to 200 ft. above ground level. GNSS Evolutionary Architecture Study (GEAS) panel proposed several candidate integrity architectures for worldwide vertical guidance of aircraft.
Among the candidate integrity architectures, Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM), which is an extension of single frequency and lateral guidance-only RAIM, is expected to
utilize minimal infrastructure in the provision of vertically guided approach down to Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance at a decision altitude of 200 ft. above ground level or LPV-200.
The first contribution of this thesis is to analyze worldwide availability of Advanced RAIM for the provision of LPV-200 approach procedure. In this regard, ARAIM availability is evaluated using MATLAB Algorithm Availability Simulation Tool (MAAST) considering single and multiple GNSS constellations including GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and BeiDou. Furthermore, several Signal In Space (SIS) error characterizations and multiple satellite and constellation failures are taken into account during the analysis of ARAIM availability. Advanced RAIM user algorithm relies on external information in providing real-time integrity monitoring on board aircraft. This external information would be disseminated by ground station in the form of Integrity Support Message (ISM). Unlike Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Advanced RAIM does not require a realtime
communication channel for the dissemination of ISM, thanks to the distribution of integrity burden between the airborne receiver, ground monitoring network, and core constellation service providers.
This distribution of integrity burden using ARAIM concept opens up new possibilities to investigate various channels for dissemination of ISM to the aircraft. In this framework, this thesis analyzes Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) for the dissemination of ISM to the State Aircraft. A State Aircraft is defined as an aircraft used for the customs, military, and police services. TETRA Air-Ground-Air operation supported by aeronautical base station presents an attractive solution for the dissemination of ISM to the State Aircraft. The analysis of TETRA for the dissemination of ISM to the State Aircraft is based on average and maximum end-to-end ISM dissemination latency considering
a variety of parameters that directly impacts the end-to-end ISM dissemination latency, which include different ISM contents, ISM formats, ISM update intervals, channel Bit Error Rate (BER), and different number of users.
Research on ARAIM is still evolving while the current research is focused on Advanced RAIM system architecture. This thesis contributes to on going discussion on Advanced RAIM architecture by
outlining the system architecture. Furthermore, this thesis proposes three-tiers integrity monitoring strategy, which is the extension of multiple ISM Advanced RAIM architecture for the worldwide vertical guidance of aircraft. The three-tiers integrity monitoring strategy uses distinct SIS error bounding methodology within each tier and provides ground validated extended ephemerides within tier-1 and ephemerides with improved accuracy within tier-2 using TETRA network. The three-tiers strategy, on one hand, protects the airborne receiver against the threat of constellation wide faults, while on the other, it makes use of the TETRA Air-Ground-Air technological solution that allows the dissemination of ISM to the State Aircraft over a wide coverage area and at higher altitude. GNSS integrity monitoring is the key enabler of Safety of Life (SoL) applications relying on the use of satellite navigation such as aviation. However, integrity monitoring of GNSS is not limited to applications that involve life safety but also plays a key role in enabling applications in which positioning errors may have legal or economic consequences. Such applications are known as liability-critical applications to distinguish it from safety-critical applications. The existing integrity paradigms are mainly developed for aviation considering the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) performance requirements and are meeting the Required Navigation Performance (RNP). The "as is" application of existing integrity concept in the urban and road user environment does not satisfies the integrity and more importantly the navigation system availability requirements. One of the reasons is the mismatch of the pseudorange error estimation model and the urban environment. This thesis contributes in evaluating the performance of a novel method of pseudorange error estimation that does not rely on the theoretical and/or empirical models
but considers the environment surrounding the user. Another issue that is considered in this thesis is the impact of solar radio burst on the performance of GNSS receivers. Solar radio burst is the sudden outburst of radio noise from the Sun, which decreases C/N0 of every tracked satellite signal by increasing the noise floor of GNSS receiver. The degradation in C/N0 due to the solar radio
frequency interference can result in degraded navigation accuracy or complete loss of receiver tracking. This could be an issue for wide range of applications that demand uninterrupted satellite navigation service with certain level of accuracy, particularly for the Safety of Life (SoL) applications relying on the use of GNSS, for instance, aircraft landing procedures in civil aviation. Finally, this thesis analyses the performance of large subset of GPS receiver including aviation and survey grade receivers located worldwide. The performance assessment includes estimation of GPS L1/L2 C/N0 degradation and rise in horizontal and vertical positioning error during the September 24, 2011 solar radio burst event
Carrier Phase Estimation in Multi-Subcarrier Coherent Optical Systems
No full textIn this letter, we analyze three different carrier phase estimation approaches for coherent optical systems based on multi-subcarrier modulation, comparing them in terms of both performance and complexity. Averaging the estimated values on the subcarriers (SCs) significantly increases the laser linewidth tolerance at the expense of additional complexity, while using a single SC for carrier phase estimation yields a complexity reduction without any substantial performance loss with respect to performing a separate phase estimation on all SC
Damascus (Syria): Bilal Tomb and Qaymari Bimaristan: detail of ornamental stone voussoirs on entrance portals
No full textBox 22, Folder 01. Ink and pencil drawings. Damascus (Syria): Bilal Tomb and Qaymari Bimaristan (al-Bimaristan al-Qaymari, al-Maristan al-Qaymari, Qaymari Hospital). Drawings depict details of entrance portals, showing ornamental stone voussoirs in archways (made of joined stones in an ablaq or bi-colored pattern). These versions of the drawings are not published. Title and description based on information published in Ernst Herzfeld, "Damascus: Studies in Architecture – III," Ars Islamica vols. 11-12 (1946), figure 16 and 17. Published caption for fig. 16 reads: "Damascus, Bilal, Arch over Door." Published caption for fig. 17 reads: "Damascus, Salihiya, Muristan al-Kaimari, Arch." These versions of the drawings are not published. Identification note written on front in black ink: "Bilal.
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