1,358,515 research outputs found
The decisionalization of individualization
No full textThroughout forensic science and adjacent branches, academic researchers and practitioners continue to diverge in their perception and understanding of the notion of ‘individualization’, that is the claim to reduce a pool of potential donors of a forensic trace to a single source. In particular, recent shifts to refer to the practice of individualization as a decision have been revealed as being a mere change of label [1], leaving fundamental changes in thought and understanding still pending. What is more, professional associations and practitioners shy away from embracing the notion of decision in terms of the formal theory of decision in which individualization may be framed, mainly because of difficulties to deal with the measurement of desirability or undesirability of the consequences of decisions (e.g., using utility functions). Building on existing research in the area, this paper presents and discusses fundamental concepts of utilities and losses with particular reference to their application to forensic individualization. The paper emphasizes that a proper appreciation of decision tools not only reduces the number of individual assignments that the application of decision theory requires, but also shows how such assignments can be meaningfully related to constituting features of the real-world decision problem to which the theory is applied. It is argued that the decisonalization of individualization requires such fundamental insight to initiate changes in the fields’ underlying understandings, not merely in their label
Mit drei Bildnissen und dem Bildnisse des Verfassers
No full textMIT DREI BILDNISSEN UND DEM BILDNISSE DES VERFASSERS
Goethe-Forschungen / von Woldemar von Biedermann (-)
Mit drei Bildnissen und dem Bildnisse des Verfassers (Anderweitige F.) (1)
Cover (1)
Title page (3)
Illustration (Portrait) (6)
Vorbemerkung des Verlegers (7)
Illustration (8)
Titelseite (9)
Vorwort (11)
Inhaltsuebersicht. (15)
I. Dichtungen Goethes. (17)
I. Lesarten Zweier Kleinen Gedichte. (19)
II. Quellen Und Anlässe Goethischer Dramen. (21)
1. Einzelnes Zu "Faust". (23)
2. Zu "Tasso". (57)
3. Theaterzettel Zur Natürlichen Tochter. (63)
Chapter (68)
III. Dramatische Entwürfe Goethe's. (69)
1. Cäsar. (71)
2. Das Entstehen Der Elpenor-Dichtung. (76)
Chapter (84)
IV. Goethe Mit Zeitgenossen. (85)
Illustration (Portrait) (86)
1. Bildnisse Zur Goethekunde. (87)
2. Zu Caroline Schulze. (89)
3. Goethe Und Heinrich Leopold Wagner. (97)
4. Goethe Und Jakob Lenz. (112)
5. Franz Lersé in Weimar. (123)
6. Die Unterredung mit Napoleon. (127)
Illustration (Portrait) (143)
Chapter (144)
V. Vermischtes Zur Goetheforschung. (145)
1. Hagedorn, ein Vorbild Goethe's. (147)
2. Goethe's Productive Kritik. (160)
3. Zu Den Recensionen Den Frankfurter Gelehrten Anzeigen. (172)
4. Gedächtnissirrthümer Goethe's. (174)
5. Zu Goethe's Theaterrepertoire. (187)
6. Goethe Und Das Schriftthum China's. (191)
Chapter (216)
VI. Berichtigungen Und Nachträge Zu Goetheschriften Des Verfassers. (217)
1. Goethe Und Dresden. (219)
2. Zu Goethe's Briefen an Eichstädt. (222)
3. Zu Goethe's Briefwechsel mit Rochlitz. (228)
4. Zu Der Schrift: Zu Goethe's Gedichten. a. Briefgedicht an Merck. (232)
4. Zu Der Schrift: Zu Goethe's Gedichten. b. Willkommen Und Abschied. (239)
4. Zu Der Schrift: Zu Goethe's Gedichten. c. Haiderröslein. (240)
4. Zu Der Schrift: Zu Goethe's Gedichten. d. Goethe's Sonette. (243)
4. Zu Der Schrift: Zu Goethe's Gedichten. e. Hatem. (248)
4. Zu Der Schrift: Zu Goethe's Gedichten. f. Letze Zahme Xenie ... (249)
Beigabe (251)
Entwicklung Aeusserer Formen Der Dichtung. (253)
Nachweise Zur Beigabe. (279)
Seitennachweise. (284
Optimal designs for full and partial likelihood information - with application to survival models
No full textTime-to-event data are often modelled through Cox's proportional hazards model for which inference is based on the partial likelihood function. We derive a general expression for the asymptotic covariance matrix of Cox's partial likelihood estimator for the covariate coefficients. Our approach is illustrated through an application to the special case of only one covariate, for which we construct minimum variance designs for different censoring mechanisms and both binary and interval design spaces. We compare these designs with the corresponding ones found using the full likelihood approach and demonstrate that the latter designs are highly efficient also for partial likelihood estimation
Decision theory
No full textForensic scientists, lawyers and other participants of the legal process are routinely faced with problems of making decisions under circumstances of uncertainty. Uncertainty relates to propositions of interest that are not completely known by the decision-maker at the time when a decision needs to be made. Propositions may relate to the source or nature of forensic traces, marks and objects. For example, with friction ridge marks, propositions of interest may be ‘Does this fingermark come from the person of interest (POI) or from some unknown person?’. In forensic document examination, a scientist may ask ‘Is this a genuine document or has it been modified (e.g., page substitution)?’. In forensic anthropology the question ‘Are these human remains?’ may arise, and so on. Replying in one way or another to such questions may be perceived as uncomfortable since knowledge about the relevant underlying truth-state of the world is incomplete to some extent. For example, in typical real-world applications of forensic science it is not known with certainty, when deciding to consider a POI as the source of a particular fingermark, whether the POI is in fact the source of the fingermark. Similarly, at an advanced stage of the legal process, the question of whether to convict or acquit a POI (i.e. the verdict) needs to be made in the presence of incomplete knowledge about whether or not the POI truly is the offender. There are analogies between the above questions, in terms of their logical underpinnings, that can be studied, analysed and described using formal methods, such as decision theory, which will be the main aim of this chapter.
Around the middle of the past century, discussions intensified and several fields of study emerged on decision-making concerning, for example, contexts where decisions have monetary consequences. These developments gravitated around questions such as how decisions should be made in order to be considered rational (Pratt et al., 1964). Though an important area, economics was not the only branch with strong interests in decision-making and decision analysis. Entire fields of study developed and interacted with each other in various ways, including psychology, mathematics and statistics, the law and philosophy of science, among others.
This chapter will primarily rely on statistical decision theory1 as developed by Leonard Savage (1954) and in subsequent treatises (e.g., Lindley, 1985; Luce and Raiffa, 1958; Raiffa, 1968) as the framework for studying the formal structure of decision problems arising in forensic science and the law. Before proceeding with this presentation, an important preliminary needs to be considered. It deals with the question of how to understand decision analysis and the notion of theory of decision. To this point, the field of judgment and deci- sion making, a branch of applied psychology, has contributed considerably by crystallizing three main perspectives and approaches, known as the descriptive, the normative and the prescriptive view (Baron, 2008; French et al., 2009). For a review of the history of these terms, see Baron (2006). Broadly speaking, the descriptive approach focuses on peoples’ observable decision behaviour and extends to the development of psychological theories in- tended to explain how individuals make decisions. Such research is valuable in that it allows one to better understand the conditions under which decision behaviour departs towards incoherence or, worse, logical error. However, revealing such departures requires reference points against which observable decision behaviour can be compared. The provision of such reference points, also called normative standards, is the object of study of the normative approach. Decision theory and decision criteria (or, norms) derived from it, fall into this category of study. It is mainly pursued by mathematicians, statisticians and philosophers of science. The third perspective, the prescriptive approach, addresses the question of what recommendations ought to be derived from normative insights in order to improve practical decision making. For example, some strict normativists, such as Lindley (1985), consider that the normative concept of probability – that is, a standard for reasoning under uncertainty – and decision theory as its extension, are also prescriptive in the sense that they provide direct prescriptions on how to arrange one’s reasoning and acting. Properly distinguishing the different intentions and goals of these kinds of decision science research is important for an informed discourse about notions of decision and decision analysis in forensic science applications (Biedermann et al., 2014).
This chapter is structured as follows. Section 5.2 outlines standard elements of statistical decision theory that will be exemplified in Section 5.3 for decision problems arising in the law in general (Section 5.3.1) and forensic science in particular (Section 5.3.2). This exposition will include examples such as decisions following forensic inference of source (i.e., identification/individualization; Section 5.3.2.1). Discussion and conclusions will be presented in Section 5.4. Further readings on applications of decision theory in forensic science and treatments of decision theory in general are given in Section 5.5
VÁLOGATOTT AFRIKAI TANULMÁNYOK BIEDERMANN ZSUZSÁNNA EMLÉKÉRE
No full textMohamed Salih a következő művet mutatta be:
SELECTED AFRICAN STUDIES IN MEMORY OF ZSUZSÁNNA BIEDERMANN. EDITED BY JUDIT KISS AND ISTVÁN TARRÓSY. NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE: CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS PUBLISHING, XIII + 345 PP, 2024.Mohamed Salih presented the following work:
SELECTED AFRICAN STUDIES IN MEMORY OF ZSUZSÁNNA BIEDERMANN. EDITED BY JUDIT KISS AND ISTVÁN TARRÓSY. NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE: CAMBRIDGE SCHOLARS PUBLISHING, XIII + 345 PP, 2024
Henri Busson, La Religion des Classiques (1660-1685) , Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1948
No full textBiedermann A. Henri Busson, La Religion des Classiques (1660-1685) , Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1948. In: Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 28-29e année n°3,1948. pp. 255-257
020. “Camouflaged! How the Erstwhile Merchant Fleet Looks in War Paint,” by Louis Biedermann, 1918.
No full textAlt Text: Large number of ships located in harbor. Ships have designs painting on them.
Transcription: Oh, what a tangled web we weave. When first we practice to deceive --especially when the web is woven of shuttling ships, and the destined victim of the deception is some U bost skipper squinting through a hastily protruded periscope and vainly trying to get the range of a moving target from which most of the horizontal and vertical bearing points have been climinated, while whorls, saw-teeth and triangles of black, white, gray, blue, green and pink blend dizzily into the shifting wave outlines of the seascape. We are well past the practice stage, though, and there are days when the results of ship camouflage turn New York Harbor, for instance, into a floating nightmare. For the benefit of the hundreds of thousands of other readers who never see the water-front, Mr. Biedermann has indicated here the general effect of the motley rout, though purposely avoiding any approach to a portrait of any actual ship.https://scholarworks.uni.edu/camouflage_cartoons/1019/thumbnail.jp
Hugo F. Biedermann papers, MSS.0155
No full textAbstract: The collection includes copies of patents granted Biedermann, as well as contracts and some scattered miscellaneous papers. The bulk of the collection consists of photographs of projects worked on by the firm of Skinner and Biedermann, including the Anniston Army Depot and many buildings on the University of Alabama campus, including the Engineering building, Lloyd Hall, Denny Chimes, Denny Stadium, Doster Hall, Graves Hall, and others.Scope and Content Note: The collection includes copies of patents granted Biedermann, as well as contracts and some scattered miscellaneous papers. The bulk of the collection consists of photographs of projects worked on by Skinner and Biedermann, including the Anniston Army Depot and many buildings on the University of Alabama campus, such as the engineering building, Lloyd Hall, Denny Chimes, Denny Stadium, Doster Hall, Graves Hall, and others, as well as several houses in Tuscaloosa.Biographical/Historical Note: Before coming to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Hugo F. Bidermann worked in the lumber industry in Wisconsin and Minnesota. He came to Tuscaloosa to build a sawmill for the Kaul Lumber Company. Largely self-educated, he subsequently operated a handle company and, for a time, was a silent partner with S. W. Skinner, general contractor, before forming the partnership of Skinner and Biedermann, General Contractors, in the late 1930s. According to information found in the papers, the two entered into a partnership contract in 1934 for the building of an addition to the Tuscaloosa Senior High School, and later they were partners with James M. Waddell, which arrangement was dissolved in 1945. The Biedermann-Skinner partnership ended with Skinner's death in 1964
Compound optimal designs for percentile estimation in dose-response models with restricted design intervals
No full textIn dose-response studies, the dose range is often restricted due to ethics concerns over drug toxicity and/or efficacy,
particularly when human subjects are involved. We present locally optimal designs for the estimation of several percentiles simultaneously on restricted as well as unrestricted design intervals. Our results hold true for most of the commonly applied link functions with respect to the model under consideration
Statistical hypothesis testing and common misinterpretations: should we abandon p-value in forensic science applications?
No full textMany people regard the concept of hypothesis testing as fundamental to inferential statistics. Various schools of thought, in particular frequentist and Bayesian, have promoted radically different solutions for taking a decision about the plausibility of competing hypotheses.
Comprehensive philosophical comparisons about their advantages and drawbacks are widely available and continue to span over large debates in the literature. More recently, controversial discussion was initiated by an editorial decision of a scientific journal [1] to refuse any paper submitted for publication containing null hypothesis testing procedures. Since the large majority of papers published in forensic journals propose the evaluation of statistical evidence based on the so called p-values, it is of interest to expose the discussion of this journal’s decision within the forensic science community. This paper aims to provide forensic science researchers with a primer on the main concepts and their implications for making informed methodological choices
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