10 research outputs found
Recent Trends in Computational Fluid Dynamics
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Recent Trends in Computational Fluid Dynamics
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
CONSUMER AGE INFLUENCE ON FOOD LABEL READING HABIT
No full textThe objective of this paper was to detect the food label reading habit of consumer according to consumer age. To achieve this goal author of this paper has adopted five variables with independent and dependent status. Four variables were independent like reading complete food label, reading manufacturing date, reading expire date and reading ingredients. One variable was dependent like influence on purchase behavior. The data was collected through questionnaire and 350 questions were distributed among customers. Author has received 251 valid questions. The data was divided into two groups. The two groups were designed with respect to age range. In (Group I) the respondent’s age ranges was 20-25 and mean age was 23. Whereas in (Group II) the age was 26-30 and average age was 27. Correlation and regression test were conducted and results has unfolded the fact that there is a difference in both groups for food label reading habits. In Group I three variables significantly influence on purchase behavior of consumer while purchasing food items like reading manufacturing date, reading expire date and reading ingredients. In Group II only two variables like reading ingredients and reading manufacturing date has significant effect on purchase behavior of consumer while purchasing food products. Two variables were common in both groups like reading manufacturing date and reading ingredients. This result has also depicted that consumer normally, irrespective of age group; focus on manufacturing date, which give the freshness of food product, and ingredients to know the nutrients used in processing the food
Collected Papers (on various scientific topics), Volume XII
No full textThis twelfth volume of Collected Papers includes 86 papers comprising 976 pages on Neutrosophics Theory and Applications, published between 2013-2021 in the international journal and book series “Neutrosophic Sets and Systems” by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 112 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 21 countries: Abdel Nasser H. Zaied, Muhammad Akram, Bobin Albert, S. A. Alblowi, S. Anitha, Guennoun Asmae, Assia Bakali, Ayman M. Manie, Abdul Sami Awan, Azeddine Elhassouny, Erick González-Caballero, D. Dafik, Mithun Datta, Arindam Dey, Mamouni Dhar, Christopher Dyer, Nur Ain Ebas, Mohamed Eisa, Ahmed K. Essa, Faruk Karaaslan, João Alcione Sganderla Figueiredo, Jorge Fernando Goyes García, N. Ramila Gandhi, Sudipta Gayen, Gustavo Alvarez Gómez, Sharon Dinarza Álvarez Gómez, Haitham A. El-Ghareeb, Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa, Masooma Raza Hashmi, Ibrahim M. Hezam, German Acurio Hidalgo, Le Hoang Son, R. Jahir Hussain, S. Satham Hussain, Ali Hussein Mahmood Al-Obaidi, Hays Hatem Imran, Nabeela Ishfaq, Saeid Jafari, R. Jansi, V. Jeyanthi, M. Jeyaraman, Sripati Jha, Jun Ye, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Abdullah Kargın, J. Kavikumar, Kawther Fawzi Hamza Alhasan, Huda E. Khalid, Neha Andalleb Khalid, Mohsin Khalid, Madad Khan, D. Koley, Valeri Kroumov, Manoranjan Kumar Singh, Pavan Kumar, Prem Kumar Singh, Ranjan Kumar, Malayalan Lathamaheswari, A.N. Mangayarkkarasi, Carlos Rosero Martínez, Marvelio Alfaro Matos, Mai Mohamed, Nivetha Martin, Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Mohamed Talea, K. Mohana, Muhammad Irfan Ahamad, Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Saqlain, Muhammad Shabir, Muhammad Zeeshan, Anjan Mukherjee, Mumtaz Ali, Deivanayagampillai Nagarajan, Iqra Nawaz, Munazza Naz, Roan Thi Ngan, Necati Olgun, Rodolfo González Ortega, P. Pandiammal, I. Pradeepa, R. Princy, Marcos David Oviedo Rodríguez, Jesús Estupiñán Ricardo, A. Rohini, Sabu Sebastian, Abhijit Saha, Mehmet Șahin, Said Broumi, Saima Anis, A.A. Salama, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Seyed Ahmad Edalatpanah, Sajana Shaik, Soufiane Idbrahim, S. Sowndrarajan, Mohamed Talea, Ruipu Tan, Chalapathi Tekuri, Selçuk Topal, S. P. Tiwari, Vakkas Uluçay, Maikel Leyva Vázquez, Chinnadurai Veerappan, M. Venkatachalam, Luige Vlădăreanu, Ştefan Vlăduţescu, Young Bae Jun, Wadei F. Al-Omeri, Xiao Long Xin.
Reestimación comparativa de la degradación ambiental y la densidad de población en China: evidencia del enfoque de cambio de régimen de Maki
No full textNumerous studies have estimated the linkage of economic growth and
environmental degradation in the framework of EKC theory with typical CO2
emissions proxy. However, the complexity of environmental degradation (ED)
is better measured by ecological footprint (ECF) in any geographical territory.
Against this background, the present study is an effort to contribute to the
existing literature by re-investigating the EKC hypothesis with ecological
footprint and CO2 emissions proxy in the largest population of the world.
Moreover, the role of population density is also considered with maximum data
available from 1961 to 2016 for China. To estimate the said linkage, we apply first, second, and third-generation econometric approaches i. e. Augmented
Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Zaviot Andrew’s unit root test with structural
breaks, and Carrion-i-Silvestre’s general least-squares based test with several
structural breaks. Likewise, the co-integration relationship is examined by
applying Maki’s co-integration econometric approach with multiple structural
breaks. Furthermore, the autoregressive distributive lag model is applied to
investigate the long-run and short-run relationships by incorporating year
dummies highlighted by MBk. The results report the U-shaped EKC for China,
which means economic growth is helping to clean the environment while the
population density (PD) is found to be a cause of increasing ED. Findings have
robust policy implications for ChinaNumerosos estudios han estimado la relación entre el crecimiento económico
y la degradación ambiental en el marco de la teoría de EKC con el proxy típico
de las emisiones de CO2. Sin embargo, la complejidad de la degradación
ambiental (DE) se mide mejor por la huella ecológica (ECF) en cualquier territorio
geográfico. En este contexto, el presente estudio es un esfuerzo por contribuir
a la literatura existente al volver a investigar la hipótesis de EKC con la huella
ecológica y el proxy de las emisiones de CO2 en la población más grande del
mundo. Además, el papel de la densidad de población también se considera
con los datos máximos disponibles de 1961 a 2016 para China. Para estimar
dicha vinculación, aplicamos enfoques econométricos de primera, segunda y
tercera generación i. mi. Prueba de raíz unitaria de Dickey-Fuller aumentada,
prueba de raíz unitaria de Zaviot Andrew con rupturas estructurales y prueba
general basada en mínimos cuadrados de Carrion-i-Silvestre con varias rupturas
estructurales. Asimismo, la relación de cointegración se examina aplicando
el enfoque econométrico de cointegración de Maki con múltiples rupturas
estructurales. Además, el modelo de rezago distributivo autorregresivo se aplica
para investigar las relaciones a largo y corto plazo mediante la incorporación
de variables ficticias anuales destacadas por MBk. Los resultados informan el
EKC en forma de U para China, lo que significa que el crecimiento económico
está ayudando a limpiar el medio ambiente, mientras que se encuentra que la
densidad de población (PD) es una causa de aumento de la DE. Los hallazgos
tienen importantes implicaciones políticas para Chin
Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of selected fruits and vegetables
No full textThis work was conceptualized with the goal to investigate different fruits and vegetables for their comparative investigation of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. The total phenolic content of 9 fruits and 12 vegetables used in the current study was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau assay. In addition, total flavonoid content was identified through catechin and aluminum colorimetric analysis. The ratio among the phenolic and flavonoid contents of fruits and vegetables extracts were also analyzed. Our results showed that methanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus had higher contents of phenolics and flavonoids (215±1.24 mg GAE/100 g and 73±0.81 mg CE/100 g) than other fruits. Moreover, maturity process of fruits from unripened to fully ripened stage showed significant increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Fruits under study had shown flavonoids/phenolics ratio of 0.32, which indicates that these fruits contained about 32% of flavonoid contents. Among vegetables, the greatest value of phenolic contents was observed in Capsicum annuum (213±1.24 mg GAE/100 g), and total flavonoid content in Raphanus sativus (45±1.24 mg CE/100 g). Vegetables showed lower ratios of flavonoids/phenolics (0.11-0.2) indicating lesser total flavonoid content (11-20%) as compared with fruits. The obtained results indicate that fruits and vegetables could be attributed to a potential source of natural phenolics and flavonoids in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of these selected fruits and vegetables should also be determined in order to explore their beneficial effects against the prevention and management of disorders caused by oxidative stress
The burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors by state in the USA, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides a comprehensive assessment of health and risk factor trends at global, regional, national, and subnational levels. This study aims to examine the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the USA and highlight the disparities in health outcomes across different states. Methods: GBD 2021 analysed trends in mortality, morbidity, and disability for 371 diseases and injuries and 88 risk factors in the USA between 1990 and 2021. We used several metrics to report sources of health and health loss related to specific diseases, injuries, and risk factors. GBD 2021 methods accounted for differences in data sources and biases. The analysis of levels and trends for causes and risk factors within the same computational framework enabled comparisons across states, years, age groups, and sex. GBD 2021 estimated years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost to premature mortality and YLDs) for 371 diseases and injuries, years of life lost (YLLs) and mortality for 288 causes of death, and life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We provided estimates for 88 risk factors in relation to 155 health outcomes for 631 risk–outcome pairs and produced risk-specific estimates of summary exposure value, relative health risk, population attributable fraction, and risk-attributable burden measured in DALYs and deaths. Estimates were produced by sex (male and female), age (25 age groups from birth to ≥95 years), and year (annually between 1990 and 2021). 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws (ie, 500 random samples from the estimate's distribution). Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Findings: We found disparities in health outcomes and risk factors across US states. Our analysis of GBD 2021 highlighted the relative decline in life expectancy and HALE compared with other countries, as well as the impact of COVID-19 during the first 2 years of the pandemic. We found a decline in the USA's ranking of life expectancy from 1990 to 2021: in 1990, the USA ranked 35th of 204 countries and territories for males and 19th for females, but dropped to 46th for males and 47th for females in 2021. When comparing life expectancy in the best-performing and worst-performing US states against all 203 other countries and territories (excluding the USA as a whole), Hawaii (the best-ranked state in 1990 and 2021) dropped from sixth-highest life expectancy in the world for males and fourth for females in 1990 to 28th for males and 22nd for females in 2021. The worst-ranked state in 2021 ranked 107th for males (Mississippi) and 99th for females (West Virginia). 14 US states lost life expectancy over the study period, with West Virginia experiencing the greatest loss (2·7 years between 1990 and 2021). HALE ranking declines were even greater; in 1990, the USA was ranked 42nd for males and 32nd for females but dropped to 69th for males and 76th for females in 2021. When comparing HALE in the best-performing and worst-performing US states against all 203 other countries and territories, Hawaii ranked 14th highest HALE for males and fifth for females in 1990, dropping to 39th for males and 34th for females in 2021. In 2021, West Virginia—the lowest-ranked state that year—ranked 141st for males and 137th for females. Nationally, age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1990 and 2021 for many leading causes of death, most notably for ischaemic heart disease (56·1% [95% UI 55·1–57·2] decline), lung cancer (41·9% [39·7–44·6]), and breast cancer (40·9% [38·7–43·7]). Over the same period, age-standardised mortality rates increased for other causes, particularly drug use disorders (878·0% [770·1–1015·5]), chronic kidney disease (158·3% [149·6–167·9]), and falls (89·7% [79·8–95·8]). We found substantial variation in mortality rates between states, with Hawaii having the lowest age-standardised mortality rate (433·2 per 100 000 [380·6–493·4]) in 2021 and Mississippi having the highest (867·5 per 100 000 [772·6–975·7]). Hawaii had the lowest age-standardised mortality rates throughout the study period, whereas Washington, DC, experienced the most improvement (a 40·7% decline [33·2–47·3]). Only six countries had age-standardised rates of YLDs higher than the USA in 2021: Afghanistan, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, South Africa, and the Central African Republic, largely because the impact of musculoskeletal disorders, mental disorders, and substance use disorders on age-standardised disability rates in the USA is so large. At the state level, eight US states had higher age-standardised YLD rates than any country in the world: West Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arizona. Low back pain was the leading cause of YLDs in the USA in 1990 and 2021, although the age-standardised rate declined by 7·9% (1·8–13·0) from 1990. Depressive disorders (56·0% increase [48·2–64·3]) and drug use disorders (287·6% [247·9–329·8]) were the second-leading and third-leading causes of age-standardised YLDs in 2021. For females, mental health disorders had the highest age-standardised YLD rate, with an increase of 59·8% (50·6–68·5) between 1990 and 2021. Hawaii had the lowest age-standardised rates of YLDs for all sexes combined (12 085·3 per 100 000 [9090·8–15 557·1]), whereas West Virginia had the highest (14 832·9 per 100 000 [11 226·9–18 882·5]). At the national level, the leading GBD Level 2 risk factors for death for all sexes combined in 2021 were high systolic blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, and tobacco use. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardised mortality rates attributable to high systolic blood pressure decreased by 47·8% (43·4–52·5) and for tobacco use by 5·1% (48·3%–54·1%), but rates increased for high fasting plasma glucose by 9·3% (0·4–18·7). The burden attributable to risk factors varied by age and sex. For example, for ages 15–49 years, the leading risk factors for death were drug use, high alcohol use, and dietary risks. By comparison, for ages 50–69 years, tobacco was the leading risk factor for death, followed by dietary risks and high BMI. Interpretation: GBD 2021 provides valuable information for policy makers, health-care professionals, and researchers in the USA at the national and state levels to prioritise interventions, allocate resources effectively, and assess the effects of health policies and programmes. By addressing socioeconomic determinants, risk behaviours, environmental influences, and health disparities among minority populations, the USA can work towards improving health outcomes so that people can live longer and healthier lives. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Diferenças entre idade e sexo na carga global de infecções respiratórias inferiores e fatores de risco, 1990–2019: resultados do Estudo da Carga Global de Doenças de 2019
No full textHistórico: A carga global de infecções respiratórias inferiores (IRLs) e fatores de risco correspondentes em crianças
maiores de 5 anos e adultos não foi estudada de forma tão abrangente quanto em crianças menores de
5 anos. Avaliamos a carga e as tendências de IRLs e fatores de risco em todas as faixas etárias por sexo, para 204 países
e territórios.
Métodos: Nesta análise de dados para o Estudo de Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco (GBD) 2019,
usamos pneumonia ou bronquiolite diagnosticada por médico como nossa definição de caso para IRLs. Incluímos os códigos 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7
e 487–489 da Classificação Internacional de Doenças da 9ª edição e os códigos A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8,
J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4 e U04–U04.9 da Classificação Internacional de Doenças da 10ª edição. Usamos a estratégia de modelagem Cause of Death Ensemble
para analisar 23.109 anos-local de dados de registro vital, 825 anos-local de dados de registro vital de amostra, 1.766 anos-local de
dados de autópsia verbal e 681 anos-local de dados de vigilância de mortalidade. Usamos o DisMod-MR 2.1, uma ferramenta de metarregressão bayesiana, para analisar dados de incidência e prevalência específicos de idade e sexo identificados por meio de revisões sistemáticas da
literatura, dados de pesquisas populacionais e dados de reivindicações e internação. Além disso, estimamos a mortalidade específica de idade e sexo
LRI que é atribuível aos efeitos independentes de 14 fatores de risco.
Descobertas: Globalmente, em 2019, estimamos que houve 257 milhões (intervalo de incerteza de 95% [UI] 240–275) de episódios de incidentes de LRI
em homens e 232 milhões (217–248) em mulheres. No mesmo ano, os LRIs foram responsáveis por 1,30 milhões (95% UI 1,18–1,42) mortes masculinas e 1,20 milhões (1,07–1,33) mortes femininas. As taxas de incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade foram 1,17 vezes (95% UI 1,16–1,18) e 1,31 vezes (95% UI 1,23–1,41) maiores em homens do que em mulheres em 2019. Entre 1990 e 2019, as taxas de incidência e mortalidade de LRI diminuíram em taxas diferentes entre as faixas etárias e um aumento nos episódios de LRI e mortes foi estimado entre todas as faixas etárias adultas, com homens com 70 anos ou mais tendo o maior aumento em episódios de LRI (126,0% [95% UI 121,4–131,1]) e mortes (100,0% [83,4–115,9]). Durante o mesmo período, os episódios de LRI e mortes em crianças menores de 15 anos foram estimados como
diminuídos, e o maior declínio foi observado para mortes por LRI em homens menores de 5 anos (–70,7%
[–77,2 a –61,8]). Os principais fatores de risco para mortalidade por LRI variaram entre faixas etárias e sexo. Mais da metade das
mortes globais por LRI em crianças menores de 5 anos foram atribuídas ao emagrecimento infantil (fração atribuível à população
[PAF] 53,0% [95% UI 37,7–61,8] em homens e 56,4% [40,7–65,1] em mulheres), e mais de um quarto das
mortes por LRI entre aqueles com idades entre 5 e 14 anos foram atribuídas à poluição do ar doméstico (PAF 26,0% [95% UI 16,6–35,5]
para homens e PAF 25,8% [16,3–35,4] para mulheres). PAFs de mortes de homens LRI atribuídas ao tabagismo foram de 20,4%
(95% UI 15,4–25,2) em pessoas de 15 a 49 anos, 30,5% (24,1–36,9) em pessoas de 50 a 69 anos e 21,9% (16,8–27,3)
em pessoas com 70 anos ou mais. PAFs de mortes de mulheres LRI atribuídas à poluição do ar doméstico foram de 21,1%
(95% UI 14,5–27,9) em pessoas de 15 a 49 anos e 18,2% (12,5–24,5) em pessoas de 50 a 69 anos. Para mulheres com
70 anos ou mais, o principal fator de risco, material particulado ambiental, foi responsável por 11,7% (95% UI 8,2–15,8)
das mortes por LRI.
Interpretação: Os padrões e o progresso na redução da carga de LRIs e os principais fatores de risco para mortalidade variaram
entre as faixas etárias e os sexos. O progresso observado em crianças menores de 5 anos foi claramente resultado de
intervenções direcionadas, como vacinação e redução da exposição a fatores de risco. Intervenções semelhantes para outras faixas etárias
poderiam contribuir para a realização de várias metas dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, incluindo a promoção
do bem-estar em todas as idades e a redução das desigualdades em saúde. Intervenções, incluindo o enfrentamento de fatores de risco como
emagrecimento infantil, tabagismo, poluição por material particulado ambiental e poluição do ar doméstico, evitariam mortes e
reduziriam as disparidades em saúdeBackground: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children
older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than
5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries
and territories.
Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we
used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International
Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7,
and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8,
J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy
to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of
verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian metaregression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the
literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific
LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors.
Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI
incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million
(95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and
mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in
females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age
groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged
70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0%
[83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to
have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7%
[–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of
global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction
[PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI
deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5]
for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4%
(95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3)
in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1%
(95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged
70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8)
of LRI deaths.
Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied
across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted
interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups
could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting
wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child
wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and
reduce health disparitie
Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textAge–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 201
Computationele anatomie strategieën voor karakterisering van hersenpatronen geassocieerd met de ziekte van Alzheimer
No full textilustraciones, fotografías, graficasLa enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es una de las fallas sistemáticas del sistema nervioso más complejas que se conocen. Los síntomas clínicos de esta enfermedad neurodegenerativa son alteraciones de la cognición y el comportamiento que pueden conducir a la aparición de un síndrome de demencia. Los mecanismos de la enfermedad que conducen a la neurodegeneración y al deterioro cognitivo en la EA aún no se conocen bien, lo que dificulta la predicción de la evolución clínica de los pacientes en las primeras fases de la EA. Actualmente, ningún biomarcador o examen es suficiente para diagnosticar la EA y los instrumentos estándar existentes no son lo suficientemente sensibles para detectar cambios sutiles, predecir el curso clínico o reconocer presentaciones atípicas de EA. Esta tesis presenta dos estrategias de anatomía computacional destinadas a identificar y cuantificar los patrones de neurodegeneración asociados a diferentes etapas clínicas a lo largo del continuo de la EA utilizando dos modalidades diferentes de imágenes de resonancia magnética. Una tercera contribución consiste en una estrategia guiada por datos para desarrollar un conjunto de puntajes específicas por dominio que resultan útiles para estimar el riesgo y predecir la progresión del deterioro cognitivo leve a la demencia. La evaluación de estas estrategias con métodos de aprendizaje automático y de inferencia estadística demuestra el potencial de las herramientas cuantitativas propuestas para ayudar al manejo y el seguimiento clínico de los pacientes y podría utilizarse para mejorar la evaluación de posibles intervenciones que puedan modificar el curso de la enfermedad. (Texto tomado de la fuente)Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most complex systematic malfunctions of the nervous system that are known. The clinical symptoms of this neurodegenerative disease are alterations in cognition and behaviour that can lead to the onset of a dementia syndrome. Disease mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in sporadic AD are not well understood yet, making it difficult to predict the clinical progression of patients at the early stages of the AD continuum. Currently, no single biomarker or exam is sufficient to diagnose AD and existing standard instruments are not sensitive enough to detect subtle changes, predict the clinical course, and recognize heterogeneous forms of AD. This thesis presents two computational anatomy strategies aiming to identify and quantify neurodegeneration patterns associated with different clinical stages along the AD continuum using two different modalities of magnetic resonance imaging. A third contribution consists of a data-driven strategy to develop a set of domain-specific scores that result useful to estimate the risk of and predict the progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Evaluation of these strategies with machine-learning and statistical inference methods demonstrate the potential of the proposed quantitative tools to help patients' clinical management and monitoring and could be used to improve the evaluation of potential disease-modifying interventions.De ziekte van Alzheimer (AD) is een van de meest complexe systemische storingen van het zenuwstelsel die bekend zijn. De klinische symptomen van deze neurodegeneratieve ziekte zijn veranderingen in cognitie en gedrag die kunnen leiden tot het ontstaan van een dementiesyndroom. De ziektemechanismen die leiden tot neurodegeneratie en cognitieve stoornissen bij sporadische AD zijn nog niet goed begrepen, waardoor het moeilijk is om de klinische progressie van patiënten in de vroege stadia van het AD continuüm te voorspellen. Momenteel is geen enkele biomarker of onderzoek voldoende om de diagnose AD te stellen en de bestaande standaardinstrumenten zijn niet gevoelig genoeg om subtiele veranderingen te detecteren, het klinische verloop te voorspellen en heterogene vormen van AD te herkennen. Dit proefschrift presenteert twee computationele anatomiestrategieën die gericht zijn op het identificeren en kwantificeren van neurodegeneratiepatronen geassocieerd met verschillende klinische stadia in het AD continuüm, gebruikmakend van twee verschillende modaliteiten van magnetische resonantie beeldvorming. Een derde bijdrage bestaat uit een data-gestuurde strategie om een reeks van domeinspecifieke scores te ontwikkelen die bruikbaar zijn om het risico in te schatten op en de progressie te voorspellen van milde cognitieve stoornissen naar dementie. Evaluatie van deze strategieën met machine-learning en statistische inferentie methoden tonen het potentieel aan van de voorgestelde kwantitatieve instrumenten om het klinisch management en de monitoring van patiënten te helpen en zouden gebruikt kunnen worden om de evaluatie van potentiële ziekte-modificerende interventies te verbeteren.DoctoradoDoctor en Ingenierí
