1,721,074 research outputs found
Neurophénoménologie du signe linguistique : Apport du modèle Phénoménologique Morphodynamique et Structuraliste (PMS) à la compréhension des mécanismes neuraux sous-tendant la donation de sens
No full textNeurophenomenology of the Linguistic Sign : Contribution of the Phenomenological Morphodynamics and Structuralist (PMS) Model to Understanding the Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Constitution of Meaning.
This paper describes a research program in neurosemiotics. The main idea is to propose the N400 component of the Event-Related Potential (ERP) as an «empirical referee » between two paradigms aiming at understanding meaning constitution. The first one is the classic functionnalist paradigm of cognitive sciences that describes computations for lexical access. The second one gathers Saussure structuralism, Husserlian phenomenology and Thom and Petitot morphodynamics (phenomenology, morphodynamics and structuralism, PMS paradigm). PMS assumes the co-presence of signified and signifier (Saussure), and the various modalisations of verbal consciousness (Husserl) together within a dynamics model involving meaning attractors without lexical access. The N400 component is proposed to empirically challenge the PMS paradigm that can help solve some empirical abnormalities that cannot be explained by the cognitive paradigm of lexical access.Cet article décrit un programme de recherche en neurosémiotique. L’idée principale consiste à proposer la composante N400 du potentiel évoqué comme «arbitre empirique » entre deux paradigmes de donation de sens : le paradigme fonctionnaliste des sciences cognitives, décrivant la séquence d’accès au lexique, et un paradigme réunissant le structuralisme saussurien, la phénoménologie husserlienne et la morphodynamique de Thom et Petitot (paradigme morphodynamique et structuraliste, PMS). Le paradigme PMS assume la consubstantialité du signifiant et du signifié (Saussure), ainsi que les diverses modalisations de la conscience verbale, dans un modèle dynamique, sans séquence d’accès lexical, mais en faisant intervenir des attracteurs relatifs au sens. La composante N400 est alors proposée pour mettre à l''épreuve de manière empirique (neuroscientifique) le paradigme PMS, celui-ci étant de nature à résoudre certaines anomalies empiriques que ne peut expliquer le paradigme cognitif d’accès au lexique.Vion-Dury Jean, Besson Mireille, Cermolacce Michel, Schön Daniele, Piotrowski David. Neurophénoménologie du signe linguistique : Apport du modèle Phénoménologique Morphodynamique et Structuraliste (PMS) à la compréhension des mécanismes neuraux sous-tendant la donation de sens. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°64, 2015/2. Sciences de la cognition : réflexions prospectives. pp. 123-157
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Musical practice and transfer effects : from perception to cognition
No full textLa pratique musicale exerce une influence positive sur le cerveau à différents niveaux. Il a notamment été montré que les musiciens apprennent mieux le sens de nouveaux mots dans une langue étrangère que les non-musiciens. Dans la première partie de mon travail de thèse, j’ai testé l’hypothèse en cascade : une meilleure perception auditive améliorerait l’apprentissage de nouveaux mots en permettant de catégoriser plus efficacement les sons du langage et ainsi de leur associer plus facilement un sens. J’ai utilisé une approche longitudinale, en entraînant des adultes non-musiciens sur une tâche psychoacoustique de discrimination de hauteur (ou d’intensité pour le groupe de contrôle) de sons non-langagiers. Après seulement trois heures d’entraînement psychoacoustique, les participants entraînés en hauteur catégorisaient plus vite les mots selon leur hauteur, et apprenaient mieux leur sens (pourcentages d’erreurs plus bas et composantes N400 plus amples) que le groupe de contrôle. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse j’ai évalué, en utilisant une approche longitudinale, les effets de 18 mois d’apprentissage musical en milieu scolaire (programme Démos), sur les fonctions cognitives d’enfants issus de milieux socio-économiques très modestes. Après 18 mois d’apprentissage musical, les scores de musicalité, d’intelligence générale, ainsi que les capacités attentionnelles et de lecture étaient améliorées, comparés à avant l’apprentissage musical. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de développer de tels programmes, en particulier dans les quartiers modestes.Musical practice positively influences brain functioning at various levels. Recently, musical expertise has also been shown to influence high-level speech abilities such as novel word learning. In the first study of this thesis work, we tested the cascading hypothesis, following which increased perceptual abilities in musicians drive the influence of music training on higher language processes. Specifically, we suggested that better auditory perception improves categorization of non-native speech sounds and facilitates association to a meaning. To test this hypothesis, we used a longitudinal approach with psychoacoustic procedures to train two groups of adult non-musicians for several days, either on pitch discrimination or on intensity discrimination (control group), using non-linguistic sounds. After a short psychoacoustic training (total = 3 hours), participants trained on pitch were faster to categorize words varying on pitch and were more efficient in learning the meaning of these novel words (lower error rates and larger N400 components) than participants trained on intensity.The second study thesis work aimed at evaluating, by using a longitudinal approach, the impact of 18 month of music training in school-setting (Démos program), on several aspects of the cognitive development of children from low socio-economic backgrounds. Results showed that Démos music training improved musicality and general intelligence scores, as well as concentration abilities and reading precision. These findings strongly encourage the broader implementation of such programs in disadvantaged school-settings
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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