25,645 research outputs found
Diversity of yeasts involved in the fermentation of tchoukoutou, an opaque sorghum beer from Benin
No full textOpaque sorghum beers are traditional alcoholic beverages in several African countries. Known as tchoukoutou in Benin, the beer is often obtained from an uncontrolled fermentation. It is consumed in an actively fermenting state and has a sour taste. The present study characterized and identified the yeasts involved in the fermentation process of this type of beer using the phenotypical approach. Of 12 beers from 4 different locations, the mean values of the pH, titratable acidity, dry matter content and refractive index were respectively 3.67, 0.70 (% as lactic acid) 18.08% and 7.00. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were the predominant microorganisms involved in the fermentation of tchoukoutou. Their counts were respectively 9.1 log cfu/ml and 9.1 logcfu/g. Enterobacteriaceae were not detectable in the beer. Based on the phenotypic characters and the assimilation profiles of 40 isolated yeasts, four genera with seven species of yeasts were identified. The yeast species predominant in the Benin opaque sorghum beer tchoukoutou was Saccharomyces cerevisa
Međunarodno tržište piva – stanje i tendencije
No full textThe paper analyses international beer market. The aim of the paper is to de¬te¬rmine the trends and changes in the international trade and to emphasise the largest ex¬po¬rters and importers of beer in the world. The source of the data is the database of the In-ternational Trade Centre (ITC) for the period 2010-2014. The average world export of beer in the studied period was 14 million tons (14 billion litres), growing at the rate of 5.4% per annum. The largest exporter is Mexico with 2.3 million tons and a share of 16% in the world export of beer. Large exporters are also Holland, Germany, Belgium and France, which provide half of the world export. The largest importer is the USA wi¬th 3.3 million tons and a share of 25% in the world import. Large importers are also Gre¬at Britain, Germany, France and Italy, which make up almost half (47%) of the wo-rld import of beer. The prospect of further global growth of the beer market lies in the fa¬ct that there is continual increase of demand primarily generated on the market of the USA and prospective markets such as China, India and Russia.u radu se analizira međunarodno tržište piva. Determi¬ni¬¬¬¬¬¬sani su trendovi i pro¬me¬ne u me¬đu¬na¬¬rodnom prometu, apostrofirani su najveći iz¬vo¬znici i uvoznici pi¬va u svetu. Iz¬-vore po¬dataka pre¬dsta¬vlja baza Međunarodnog trgovinskog centra (In¬ternational Tra¬de Ce¬ntar-ITC) u vre¬me¬¬nskom pe¬ri¬odu 2010-2014. go¬di¬¬na. Pro¬sečan sve¬tski izvoz pi¬va u is¬tra¬živanom vremenskom periodu iznosio je 14 miliona to¬na (14 milijardi litara), sa te¬¬n¬dencijom rasta po stopi od 5,4% godišnje. Najveći iz¬vo¬znik je Meksiko sa 2,3 mi¬¬li-o¬na tona i uče¬šćem od 16% u svetskom izvozu. Veliki iz¬voznici su i Holandija, Ne¬ma-čka, Belgija i Fra¬¬ncu¬ska koje daju polovinu svetskog iz¬¬vo¬za piva. Najveći uvo¬znik je SAD sa 3,3 miliona tona i učešćem od 25% u svetskom uvo¬¬¬zu. Veliki uvo¬zni¬¬ci su i Ve-li¬¬ka Bri¬ta¬ni¬ja, Nemačka, Francuska i Italija, ko¬je ap¬so¬rbu¬ju skoro polovinu (47%) sve-tskog uvo¬za piva. Perspektiva da¬ljnjeg globalnog rasta tržišta le¬ži u činjenici ko¬n¬sta¬n-tnog povećanja tražnje primarno ge¬nerisanog na tržištu SAD i pe¬rspe¬ktivnim tržištima kao što su Ki¬na, Indija i Rusija
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Beer, barkada, at pagbubukas-loob: Isang pagsusuri sa ugnayan ng tatlong baryabol at mga prosesong nagaganap sa inuman
No full textSa pagsasagawa ng pag-aaral, nais malaman ng mga mananaliksik ang ugnayan patungkol sa tatlong baryabol. Ang pag-inom ng beer, barkada at pagbubukas-loob. Nais rin makita ng mga mananaliksik ang mga prosesong nagaganap sa isang inuman, ang mga persepsyon tungkol sa beer at barkada, at ang mga yugtong bumubuo sa pagkamit ng pagbubukas-loob. Ang disenyo ng pag-aaral ay descriptive at may kahalong exploratory. Sa paggawa ng pag-aaral, ang mga mananaliksik ay gumamit ng metodong participant observation at mga probing questions upang makakuha ng datos. Habang ang pag-aaral ay isinasagawa, sila ay gumawa ng indikeytors para malaman kung ang isang yugto ay nakamit na. Kumuha rin ang mga mananaliksik ng dalawang barkada bilang kalahok. Ang isang grupo ay binubuo ng tatlo hanggang limang katao at gumawa ng mga pagtatakda para sa pagkuha ng mga kalahok. Nag-imbita sila ng grupo ng mga estudyante at grupo ng mga propesyonal. Ang bawat grupo ay nakapanayam ng dalawang beses. Sa pamamagitan ng questionnaire guide , tinanong ang mga kalahok tungkol sa mga baryabol. Dito inobserbahan ng mga mananaliksik ang mga sagot at ang mga nagaganap na proseso. Parehong nakamit ng dalawang grupo ang huling yugto na itinakda --- ang pagbubukas-loob. Dito makikita at mapapansin na hindi lamang kasiyahan ang makukuha sa inuman. Ang pagbubukas-loob ay isang pagpapatunay na maraming naitutulong ang beer. Ito ay hindi puros kasamaan at may naidudulot ding kabutihan.
Ang mga lalake ay nagtitipon-tipon upang ilabas ang tunay na pagkatao. Isang ritwal na tumutulong sa mga lalake na magpakatunay at maglabas ng saloobin
Beer filtration
No full textU ovom radu nastojat će se obraditi tema filtracije piva, počevši najprije od osnovnih
karakteristika proizvodnje piva, pa sve do samog procesa filtracije piva. Na postupak filtracije
piva utječu brojni faktori- osobito kvaliteta sirovina i dobro vođen proces filtracije. Postoje
različite metode filtriranja,a trenutno se najviše koristi naplavna filtracija sa kiselgurom te
slojna filtracija. No, zbog različitih štetnih svojstava kiselgura za okolinu i zaposlenike, u
praksu se pokušavaju uvesti određeni alternativni postupci filtracije piva kao što su
membranska filtracija piva, zamjena kiselgura sa nekim drugim filtracijskim sredstvom u
naplavnoj filtraciji, filtracija piva kroz zrnatu ispunu pri kojoj se koristi pijesak i dr. Još jedan
od alternativnih postupaka filtracije je hladno sterilna filtracija koja predstavlja modernu
metodu orijentiranu ka budućnosti.In this work will be aimed the issue of the filtration process of beer, starting with the first of the basic characteristics of the production of beer, all the way to the filtration process of beer. The beer filtration process is influenced by many factors - particularly the quality of raw materials and well-managed process of filtration. There are different methods of filtering, and is currently the most benefit from the flood filtration with kiselgur and layer filtration. However, due to its different properties which are harmful to the environment and employees, the practice is trying to install the alternative procedures for the filtration of beer, such as membrane filtration of beer, a substitute for kiselgur with other filtration means in flood filtration, filtration of beer through a grainy filling with sand etc. Another alternative filtration processes is cold sterile filtration method, which is a modern, futureoriented method
Language Change and SA-OT: The case of sentential negation
No full textSimulated Annealing for Optimality Theory (SA-OT) updates Optimality Theory by adding a model of performance to a theory of linguistic competence. Our aim is to show that SA-OT can contribute to language change simulations. Performance "errors" are considered to be one of the causes of variation and change. We have chosen to model the evolution of sentential negation (SN). The descriptive background adopts Jespersen's Cycle, according to which the evolution of sentential negation follows three main stages (1. pre-verbal, 2. discontinuous, and 3. post-verbal). Therefore, we advance a novel model for SN, based on SA-OT. It reproduces the three pure and the two observed mixed stages, whereas it correctly predicts the lack of an intermediate stage between 3 and 1. The success of the approach corroborates the computational, performance-based approach to the data. Finally, we employ the iterated learning paradigm to reproduce historical changes in a "simulated corpus study". This enterprise turns out to be more difficult than one would naively believe.Appeared open access as: Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Journal (CLIN), vol. 1 (2011), pp. 21-40, and is available at http://www.clinjournal.org/sites/default/files/Lopopolo.pdfA. Lopopolo and Biró, T., “Language Change and SA-OT. The case of sentential negation”, Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands Journal, vol. 1, pp. 21-40, 2011.Peer Reviewe
Preparation of traditional beer
No full textPhotograph of group of people with Dr McConnachie stirring traditional beer outdoors.Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/
Guests and Family drink traditional beer
No full textPhotograph of Traditional beer passsed around for guests and family to drink.Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/
Croatian consumers' preference for craft beer
No full textCilj rada je utvrđivanje preferencija hrvatskih potrošača prema craft pivu, ponašanje potrošača pri kupnji i potrošnji craft piva, upoznatost potrošača sa craft pivima te važnost pojedinih obilježja prilikom odabira i konzumacije craft piva. Craft pivarstvo je u Hrvatskoj prisutno od 2013. godine, no još uvijek nema poseban zakonski okvir. Udio craft piva iznosi oko 2 % u odnosu na ukupnu proizvodnju. Potrošači craft piva preferiraju domaće pivo u odnosu na strano. Okus i pakiranje smatraju najvažnijim obilježjima prilikom odabira craft piva, a spremni su platiti višu cijenu za craft pivo u odnosu na industrijsko. Smatraju da je prisutan nedostatak informacija, ali dodatne informacije ne jamče veću konzumaciju. Unatoč izazovima, hrvatsko tržište craft piva ima potencijala za daljnji razvoj kroz inovacije, prilagodbu marketinških strategija potrošačima te povećanu dostupnost.The aim of this thesis is to determine the preferences of Croatian consumers for craft beer, their behaviour when buying and consuming craft beer, their awareness of craft beer and the importance of certain characteristics in the selection and consumption of craft beer. Craft beer has existed in Croatia since 2013, but there is still no specific legal framework for it. Craft beer accounts for about 2% of total beer production. Craft beer consumers favour domestic products over foreign ones. They consider flavour and packaging to be the most important characteristics when choosing craft beer and are willing to pay a higher price for craft beer than for industrial beer. Although they perceive a lack of information, additional information does not guarantee increased consumption. Despite the challenges, the Croatian craft beer market has potential for further development through innovation, adaptation of marketing strategies to consumer needs and greater availability
Multi-material additive manufacturing of electronics components: A bibliometric analysis
No full textThe study presents a bibliometric analysis of studies conducted on multi-materials printing of electronic com-ponents via additive manufacturing technologies. Using the R package and the associated biblioshiny, the study analyzed publications from Web of Science and Scopus. The study analyzed 405 research articles after removing 104 duplicates. The study applied performance analysis, keyword analysis, and network analysis. The perfor-mance analysis showed that the publications on multi-materials additive manufacturing are multi-disciplinary. Whilst the publications span almost three decades, most contributions started after 2015. The United States of America is the country with the highest production. The keyword analysis showed a changed focus before and after 2015. The trending topics show that the most recent trend is in the 'aerospace industry'. Finally, the thematic analysis shows that the emerging themes in the area are interfaces, moisture, diffusion, microstructure, mechanical properties, and powder metallurgy. These emerging themes are discussed as they are conceived as the future directions of multi-materials printing of electronic components and devices. The current trend of research focuses on understanding and improving the interfacial bonding between the various multi-material interfaces. Overcoming the weak interfacial bonding issues would improve the mechanical properties of multi-materials electronic components
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