53 research outputs found
CORRELATION STUDIES AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS FOR SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN ETHIOPIAN CORIANDER ACCESSIONS
No full textCoriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual spice herb that
belongs to the family Umbelliferae. Even though Ethiopia is a centre of
primary diversity for the crop, the current knowledge about its
biology, variety development and agronomy is neither complete nor
conclusive under Ethiopian conditions. To contribute to filling some of
the existing gaps, a field experiment was conducted during the main
rainy season of 2007-2008 at Wondo Genet and Kokate, southern Ethiopia.
Data for 15 agronomic and quality traits were measured and
statistically tested. More of the traits were found having high
correlation coefficients at genotypic level than the phenotypic level,
demonstrating intrinsic associations among the traits. Seeds plant-1
and thousand seeds weight were associated significantly and positively
with seed yield plant-1 at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Essential
oil and fatty oil contents were negatively associated with most of the
trait studied. Path analysis revealed that days to end 50% flowering,
longest basal leaf length, plant height, days to 50% maturity and seeds
umbellet-1 exerted positive direct effect on seed yield plant-1,
indicating that selection using these traits would be effective in
improving seed yield in coriander.Le Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) est une herbe
d’épice annuelle qui appartient à la famille
Umbelliferae. Même si l’Ethiope est un centre de sa
diversité primaire, la connaissance actuelle de sa biologie, son
développement variétal et son agronomie ne sont jamais
exhaustif ni conclusive en conditions ethiopiennes. Pour contribuer
à combler cette brèche, un essai en champ était
effectué durant la principale saison de pluie 2007-2008 à
Wondo Genet et Kokate, Sud Ethiopie. Les données de 15 traits
agronomiques et traits de qualité étaient mesurées et
statistiquement testées. Laplupart des traits ont manifesté
des coefficients de corrélation élevée au niveau
génotypique qu’ au niveau phénotypique, témoignant
des associations intrinsèques parmi les traits. Le nombre de
grains par plante et le poids de mille grains étaient
significativement associés et positivement avec le rendement en
grains par plante aux niveaux phénotypiques et génotypiques.
Les teneurs en huile essentielle et matière grasse étaient
négativement associées à laplupart des traits
étudiés. L’analyse du passage a révélé
que les jours à 50% de la floraison, la plus longue base de la
longueur des fueilles, la hauteur de plants, les jours à 50% de la
maturité et le nombre de grains par umbellet ont excercé un
effet positif direct sur le rendement en grains par plant, indicant que
cette sélection par l’utilisation de ces traits pourrait
être efficace en amelioration du rendement en grains coriander
VARIABILITY IN ETHIOPIAN CORIANDER ACCESSIONS FOR AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY TRAITS
No full textCoriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual spice herb that belongs to the family of Umbelliferae/Apiaceae. Although Ethiopia is known as a primary diversity for coriander, the knowledge on nature and extent of variation of the indigenous germplasm is limited. Hence, to address the nature and extent of variability on agronomic and chemical traits, test trial was conducted at Kokate and Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia, using 49 accessions arranged in randomised complete block design in two replications during the main season of 2007/08. Data for 15 agronomic and quality traits were measured and statistically tested. In the combined analysis of variance over locations, accessions varied significantly in all the traits except for basal leaf number, plant height and fatty oil contents. The interaction between accessions and environment was significant for nine of the 15 traits. A range of seed yield (910-3099 kg ha-1), essential oil (0.25-0.85%) and fatty oil (11.11-16.53%) content was obtained. Overall, highest value of genetic coefficient of variation, broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was obtained for longest basal leaf length, days to start 50 % flowering, umbels number/plant, umbellets number/umbel, seed number/umbellets, seed number/plant, seed yield/ha and essential oil content. Key Words: Coriandrum sativum, essential oil, Ethiopia, fatty oil RÉSUM
Variability in Ethiopian coriander accessions for agronomic and quality traits
No full textCoriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual spice herb that
belongs to the family of Umbelliferae/Apiaceae. Although Ethiopia is
known as a primary diversity for coriander, the knowledge on nature and
extent of variation of the indigenous germplasm is limited. Hence, to
address the nature and extent of variability on agronomic and chemical
traits, test trial was conducted at Kokate and Wondo Genet, Southern
Ethiopia, using 49 accessions arranged in randomised complete block
design in two replications during the main season of 2007/08. Data for
15 agronomic and quality traits were measured and statistically tested.
In the combined analysis of variance over locations, accessions varied
significantly in all the traits except for basal leaf number, plant
height and fatty oil contents. The interaction between accessions and
environment was significant for nine of the 15 traits. A range of seed
yield (910-3099 kg ha-1), essential oil (0.25-0.85%) and fatty oil
(11.11-16.53%) content was obtained. Overall, highest value of genetic
coefficient of variation, broad sense heritability and genetic advance
as percent of mean was obtained for longest basal leaf length, days to
start 50% flowering, umbels number/plant, umbellets number/umbel, seed
number/umbellets, seed number/plant, seed yield/ha and essential oil
content.Bien que l’Éthiopie est connue comme étant une
diversité primaire de coriandre ( Coriandrum sativum L.), la
connaissance de la nature et du niveau de variation de son germoplasm
indigène est limitée. Ainsi, pour étudier sa nature et
son niveau de variabilité sur les paramètres agronomiques et
chimiques, un essai était effectué durant la saison 2007-2008
à Kokate et Wondo Genet au sud de l’ Ethiopie, utilisant 49
accessions disposées en blocs complètement randomisés
avec deux répétitions. Les données de 15 paramètres
agronomiques et de qualité ont été mesurées et
statistiquement testées. En faisant l’analyse combinée
de la variance sur les sites, les accessions ont significativement
varié dans tous les paramètres à l’exception du
nombre de feuilles basales, de la hauteur de plants et de la teneur en
huile grasse. L’interaction entre les accessions et
l’environnement a été significative pour neuf des 15
paramètres. Une gamme de rendement en grains (910-3099 kg ha-1),
en huile essentielle (0.25 à 0.85%) et de la teneur en huile
grasse (11.11 à 16.53%) était obtenue. Dans l’ensemble,
la valeur la plus élevée du coefficient de variation
génétique, l’héritabilité au sens large et un
développement génétique avancé comme poucentage de
la moyenne était obtenue pour la longueur de la feuille basale la
plus longue, les jours précédant 50% de la floraison, le
nombre d’ombelles par plant, le nombre d’ombellets par
ombelle, le nombre de grains par ombellets, le nombre de grains par
plant, le rendement en grains par hectare et la teneur en huile
esentielle
Performance of African marigold (Tagetes errecta) cultivars for vegetative, flower and chemical traits at different locations of Ethiopia
No full textDespite the African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is one of the most commercially exploited flower and medicinal crops in the world and have received great attention in scientific research in the recent past, the plant has never been tested under Ethiopian condition for its agronomic and chemical traits. Thus, the present study was conducted with the main objective to evaluate the growth, yield and quality attributes of three introduced African marigold cultivars. The experiments were conducted at six locations in Ethiopia using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on vegetative growth, flower characteristics, inflorescence yield, and xanthophyll content were collected and statistically tested. Significant variation (P < 0.01) was observed among cultivars across the tested locations for all the studied parameters. Overall higher values of plant height (65.48 cm), branch number plant-1 (89.09), inflorescence number plant-1 (76.89), inflorescence weight (25.48 g), inflorescence yield plant-1 (560.77 g) and inflorescence yield ha-1 (18 t) were obtained in AVT001 cultivar and flower xanthophyll content (27.6 mg g-1) in AVT540 cultivar; while lowest values were rerecorded for all characters in Hewoyde cultivar. Inflorescence yield ha-1 was found positively and significantly correlated with all parameters except xanthophyll content. Xanthophyll content was found positively and significantly correlated with flower weight. As the cultivars AVT001 and AVT540 are adapted very well and gave comparable and/or higher yields with the other marigold growing countries, the two cultivars can be recommended for commercial cultivation of their inflorescence and extracted pigments in Ethiopia
CORRELATION STUDIES AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS FOR SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN ETHIOPIAN CORIANDER ACCESSIONS
No full textCoriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual spice herb that
belongs to the family Umbelliferae. Even though Ethiopia is a centre of
primary diversity for the crop, the current knowledge about its
biology, variety development and agronomy is neither complete nor
conclusive under Ethiopian conditions. To contribute to filling some of
the existing gaps, a field experiment was conducted during the main
rainy season of 2007-2008 at Wondo Genet and Kokate, southern Ethiopia.
Data for 15 agronomic and quality traits were measured and
statistically tested. More of the traits were found having high
correlation coefficients at genotypic level than the phenotypic level,
demonstrating intrinsic associations among the traits. Seeds plant-1
and thousand seeds weight were associated significantly and positively
with seed yield plant-1 at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Essential
oil and fatty oil contents were negatively associated with most of the
trait studied. Path analysis revealed that days to end 50% flowering,
longest basal leaf length, plant height, days to 50% maturity and seeds
umbellet-1 exerted positive direct effect on seed yield plant-1,
indicating that selection using these traits would be effective in
improving seed yield in coriander.Le Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) est une herbe
d’épice annuelle qui appartient à la famille
Umbelliferae. Même si l’Ethiope est un centre de sa
diversité primaire, la connaissance actuelle de sa biologie, son
développement variétal et son agronomie ne sont jamais
exhaustif ni conclusive en conditions ethiopiennes. Pour contribuer
à combler cette brèche, un essai en champ était
effectué durant la principale saison de pluie 2007-2008 à
Wondo Genet et Kokate, Sud Ethiopie. Les données de 15 traits
agronomiques et traits de qualité étaient mesurées et
statistiquement testées. Laplupart des traits ont manifesté
des coefficients de corrélation élevée au niveau
génotypique qu’ au niveau phénotypique, témoignant
des associations intrinsèques parmi les traits. Le nombre de
grains par plante et le poids de mille grains étaient
significativement associés et positivement avec le rendement en
grains par plante aux niveaux phénotypiques et génotypiques.
Les teneurs en huile essentielle et matière grasse étaient
négativement associées à laplupart des traits
étudiés. L’analyse du passage a révélé
que les jours à 50% de la floraison, la plus longue base de la
longueur des fueilles, la hauteur de plants, les jours à 50% de la
maturité et le nombre de grains par umbellet ont excercé un
effet positif direct sur le rendement en grains par plant, indicant que
cette sélection par l’utilisation de ces traits pourrait
être efficace en amelioration du rendement en grains coriander
Genetic divergence in Ethiopian coriander accessions and its implication in breeding of desired plant types
No full textThe genetic divergence among 49 Ethiopian coriander ( Coriandrum
sativum L.) accessions was assessed using employing Mahalanobi's
distance (D2) analysis based on 15 characters. The accessions were
grouped in to eight clusters. Cluster II and III were the largest each
with 12 accessions, followed by clusters I and V each consisting of
seven accessions. The highest inter-cluster distance (480.5) was
observed between clusters I and VIII, followed by clusters V and VIII
(462.2), and then clusters II and VIII (336.1). Hence, crossing between
accessions included in these clusters may give high heterotic response,
and thereby better sergeants. Maximum contribution toward total genetic
divergence was possessed by thousand seed weight (15.67%), followed by
basal leaf number (13.48%), plant height (10.29%), seeds umbellet-1
(9.81%) and umbel number plant-1 (7.84%). Based on means of all
characters, accessions in clusters III, VII and VIII could be regarded
as useful sources of genes for yield and its components, and the
accessions from these clusters, therefore, could be used in improvement
programmes to develop desirable types in coriander.La divergence génétique parmi 49 accessions de coriandre
éthiopienne ( Coriandrum sativum L.) était
évaluée utlisant l'analyse de la distance de Mahalanobi (D2)
basée sur 15 caractères. Les accessions étaient
groupées en huit clusters. Les clusters II et III étaient les
plus larges avec 12 accessions chacun, suivi des clusters I et V avec
sept accessions chacun. La distance la plus élevée entre les
clusters (480.5) était observée entre les clusters I et VIII,
suivi par les clusters V et VIII (462.2) et enfin les clusters II et
VIII (336.1). Ainsi, le croisement entre accessions de ces clusters
pourrait offrir une réponse hétérotique élevée
et par là de meilleurs ségrégants. Une contribution
maximale sur la divergence génétique totale était due au
poids de mille grains (15.67%), suivi par le nombre de feuilles basales
(13.48%), la hauteur de plants (10.29%), grains par inflorescence
(9.81%) et le nombre d'inflorescences par plant (7.84%). Basé sur
les moyennes de tous les caractères, les accessions des clusters
III, IV et VIII pourraient être considérées comme de
sources importantes de gènes pour le rendement et ses composantes,
et les accessions de ces clusters, pourraient parconséquent
être utilisées dans de programmes d'amélioration pour
développer de types désirables dans le coriander
GENETIC DIVERGENCE IN ETHIOPIAN CORIANDER ACCESSIONS AND ITS IMPLICATION IN BREEDING OF DESIRED PLANT TYPES
No full textThe genetic divergence among 49 Ethiopian coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) accessions was assessed using employing Mahalanobi’s distance (D2) analysis based on 15 characters. The accessions were grouped in to eight clusters. Cluster II and III were the largest each with 12 accessions, followed by clusters I and V each consisting of seven accessions. The highest inter-cluster distance (480.5) was observed between clusters I and VIII, followed by clusters V and VIII (462.2), and then clusters II and VIII (336.1). Hence, crossing between accessions included in these clusters may give high heterotic response, and thereby better sergeants. Maximum contribution toward total genetic divergence was possessed by thousand seed weight (15.67%), followed by basal leaf number (13.48%), plant height (10.29%), seeds umbellet-1 (9.81%) and umbel number plant-1 (7.84%). Based on means of all characters, accessions in clusters III, VII and VIII could be regarded as useful sources of genes for yield and its components, and the accessions from these clusters, therefore, could be used in improvement programmes to develop desirable types in coriander. Key Words: Coriandrum sativum, cluster, quantitative characters RÉSUMÉ La divergence génétique parmi 49 accessions de coriandre éthiopienne (Coriandrum sativum L.) était évalué
Comparative analysis of informed consent for spine surgery in patients in Ethiopia and Poland and the importance of verbal contact with patients based on the medical mission "Polish Medical Team Helping Hand"
No full textSiedlecki Zygmunt, Sahlu Abat, Sileshy Adu, Mendere Surafel Mekonnen, Dilnesaw Amanuel Firew, Bizuneh Yemisirach, Grzyb Sebastian, Tegene Bizuayehu Mengesha, Tirsit Abenezer, Śniegocki Maciej. Comparative analysis of informed consent for spine surgery in patients in Ethiopia and Poland and the importance of verbal contact with patients based on the medical mission "Polish Medical Team Helping Hand". Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(2):249-254. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.02.026
https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2022.12.02.026
https://zenodo.org/record/6410212
The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343.
Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences).
Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159.
Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe:Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu).
© The Authors 2022;
This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Received: 22.03.2022. Revised: 25.03.2022. Accepted: 03.04.2022.
Comparative analysis of informed consent for spine surgery in patients in Ethiopia and Poland and the importance of verbal contact with patients based on the medical mission "Polish Medical Team Helping Hand"
Zygmunt Siedlecki1, Abat Sahlu2,3, Adu Sileshy3, Surafel Mekonnen Mendere2,3, Amanuel Firew Dilnesaw2,3, Yemisirach Bizuneh2, Sebastian Grzyb4, Bizuayehu Mengesha Tegene4, Abenezer Tirsit2, Maciej Śniegocki1
1. Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
2. Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Neurosurgery Division, Black Lion Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3. Department of Neurosurgery, Armed Forces Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
4. Polish Medical Team Helping Hand - cross-center social initiative
Corresponding address:
Dr. med. Zygmunt Siedlecki Department of Neurosurgery, Neurotraumatology and Pediatric Neurosurgery,
the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,
ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 9
85-094 Bydgoszcz
tel.: + 48 606 302680
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The authors present a comparative analysis of the issue of legal consents for surgical procedures between Ethiopia and Poland. The analysis is based on the procedures performed as part of the Polish medical mission "Polish Medical Team Helping Hand". As part of this project, the authors performed ten surgical procedures for percutaneous spine stabilization in soldiers injured during the war with gunshots of the spine and after falling from a height. All soldiers signed informed written consent to the procedure. However, the authors noticed a significant role of additional oral/ verbal (not written) information in discussing the details of the procedure, which in Polish hospitals must be in writing for formal and legal reasons. The authors conclude that while the written consent for surgical treatment is key and necessary both in Poland and in Ethiopia, in the case of medical procedures performed in Ethiopia, oral communication between the doctor and patients and oral explanations are more binding even regardless of the language barrier.
Keywords: informed consent, spine surgery, Ethiopian neurosurger
Ethiopia’s Human Rights Report to Universal Periodic Review (UPR): A critical overview of its preparation
No full textState reporting is one of the mechanisms established for supervising the implementation of human rights treaties in member states. This mechanism utilizes both Treaty-based and Non-treaty-based supervisory mechanisms: like the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). Universal Periodic Review involves a periodic review of the human right record of the UN member states. This mechanism is a unique process, which brings a new forum for UN members to work together on human rights issues. However, how effective this mechanism is in addressing the human rights issues of respective countries is a point of contention. Ethiopia as a member of the UN participated in this mechanism since its first report in 2009. Ethiopia has also presented its second and third cycle UPR report. In this article, the writer tries to explain the stages that Ethiopia goes through in the preparation of the UPR report. Attempt is also made to look into the setback observed in the process of preparing the second cycle UPR report of Ethiopia. The author observes that the report is prepared without meaningful participation of all relevant stakeholders
Analysis of best practices and used methods in research articles of culturally competent care : applied systematic literature review
No full textBackground: The ever-increasing multicultural population in the world creates a significant challenge to nurses providing individualized and holistic care to their patients. Finland is one of the countries that are facing these challenges. In between 1973 and 2003, 22 250 refugees immigrated to Finland and they started facing problems related to cultural differences. The social and health care system then needs to develop cultural competence care in immigration population. This final project is a part of Local and Global Development in Health Care, which is a joint project between social and health care. Purpose: The purpose of this final project is to describe the best practices and used research methods in culturally competent care. Method: Using an applied systematic literature review, the author appraise the methodological rigor of studies published in English from 2000-2009. These include: qualitative and quantitative study, full article for review, and targeted studies to describe the best practices and used research methods in culturally competent care. The most common reasons for exclusion were that the finding was not relevant to the study questions. The conceptual framework for this study is based on the Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor model for developing cultural competence. Results: This study describes the best practices and used research methods in culturally competent care. This review confirms that there was uniformity of used methods in the articles. These are: interviews and questioners, and surveys from recorded or available data. These methods help to explore the minority’s experience of culturally competent care in health care. This best practices analysis describe that racial and ethnic minority respondents were more likely to perceive bias and lack of culturally competent care when seeking treatment in the health care system overall than whites. Perceptions of racism and mistrust of whites had a significant negative effect on trust and satisfaction from received care. Patients’ preferences for a same race or same ethnicity physician were also associated as a preferable encounter in patient-physician relationships.
Conclusion: This review confirms that there is uniformity in the data collecting methods such as focus group and telephone interviews, questioners and records or available method. These methods help to identify the minority’s challenges in their health and illness needs. According to this review the minority patient were experiencing different challenges and bias. Some of the challenges were language barriers, language and racial discriminations, and communication problems. These kinds of problems lead the minority patients to dissatisfaction of their care and poor communication. Developing trans-cultural nursing practice is a key factor to minimize cultural challenges and to provide quality patient care.Tavoite: Tämän lopullisen projektin tarkoituksena on kuvata hankkeen hyviä käytäntöjä ja tutkimusmenetelmiä jotka käyttävät kulttuuri toimivaltaista hoitoa.
Menetelmä: käyttäen järjestelmällinen ja soveltavaa kirjallisuuden arviointi menetelmä tutkimuksen laatija arvioi metodologian täsmällisyys vuosina 2000-2009 englanniksi julkaistujen tutkimuksien kirjallisuuden käyttäen. Näitä ovat: ne laadulliset ja määrälliset tutkimukset, kokonais artikkelit ja julkaisut, kohdennettuja tutkimuksia, ja hyviä käytäntöjä jossa käyttety kulttuuri toimivaltaisten hoidossa. Yleisin syy tutkimuksen pois jätto oli jos tutkimus ei ollut asianmukainen. Käsitteelliset puitteet tässä tutkimuksessa perustuu Papadopoulosin, tilki Taylorin kehittämä kulttuurisen mallin.
Tulokset: Tämä tutkimus kuvaa hyviä käytäntöjä ja käytetyjää menetelmiä kulttuuri toimivaltaisten hoidossa. Tämä tarkistus vahvistaa sen että käytettyn menetelmat ovat yhdenmukaisia. Nämä ovat: haastattelut ja kysyjät, tutkimukset, ja arkistot tai käytettävissä olevija tietoija. Nämä menetelmät auttaa tutkimaan vähemmistöjen kokemusta kulttuurisesti toimivaltaisten hoidossa. Tämä analyysi kuvaa että eri rotuun ja etniseen alkuperään vähemmistöjen vastaajien yleisesti ilmoittama puutelista kohtelua ja bias terveydenhuoltojärjestelmasta kun silloin pyritään kulttuuri toimivaltaista hoitoa, kuin valkoiset joiden parhaiden käytäntöjen todennäköisemmin mieltävät. Näkemykset rasismin ja epäluulo valkoisiin tuo merkittävää kielteistä vaikutusta luottamuksen ja tyytyväisyyta saadusta huoltoa vastaan. Potilas-lääkäri suhteissa potilaiden suosio saman rodun tai etnisen alkuperän lääkäri oli myös assosioitu tahan näkemykseen.
Päätelmä. Tämä arvio vahvistaa, menetelmien yhdenmukaisuuta tietojen kerämisestä keskittyä ryhmästa, kuten hastatteluja puhelimitse, kysyjät ja muita käytettävissä olevia menetelmä. Nämä menetelmät auttaa tunnistaa ja määrittää vähemmistöjen haasteisiin, niiden terveyteen ja sairauden tarpeisiin. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan vähemmistö potilat olivat kokeneet eri haasteisiin ja bias. Joitakin nama haasteita olivat kieli esteet, kieli ja rotuun syrjintää, ja tiedonanto ongelmia.
Tällaisia ongelmia johtaa vähemmistön potilaiden hoidon tyytymättömyyttä ja niiden köyhien tiedonanto. Sairaanhoitohenkilöstön käytännön kehittäminen transcultural muotoon on ratkaisevan tärkeää minimoimaan kulttuurisiin haasteisiin ja tarjota laadukkaita hoitoa potilaille.This thesis is in both digital and printed forma
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