128,997 research outputs found
Clinical and biochemical improvements in a patient with MNGIE following enzyme replacement.
No full textMitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of thymidine phosphorylase (TP, EC2.4.2.4) due to mutations in the nuclear gene TYMP. TP deficiency leads to plasma and tissue accumulations of thymidine and deoxyuridine which generate imbalances within the mitochondrial nucleotide pools, ultimately leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.1 MNGIE is characterized clinically by leukoencephalopathy, external ophthalmoplegia, peripheral polyneuropathy, cachexia, and enteric neuromyopathy manifesting as gastrointestinal dysmotility. The condition is relentlessly progressive, with patients usually dying from a combination of nutritional and neuromuscular failure at an average age of 37 years.2 Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers a permanent cure. Clinical and biochemical improvements following AHSCT have been reported but it carries a high mortality risk and is limited by matched donor availability.3 A consensus proposal for standardizing AHSCT recommends treatment of patients without irreversible end-stage disease and with an optimally matched donor; a majority of patients are ineligible and thus there is a critical requirement for an alternative treatment
Distinct promoter elements mediate the co-operative effect of Brn-3a and p53 on the p21 promoter and their antagonism on the Bax promoter
No full textAlthough the promoters of both the Bax and p21 genes are activated by p53, they differ in the effect on this activation of the POU family transcription factor Brn-3a. Thus, Brn-3a inhibits activation of the Bax promoter by p53 but enhances the ability of p53 to activate the p21 promoter. We demonstrate that repression of p53-mediated activation of the Bax promoter involves a complex upstream sequence in which two Brn-3a response elements flank the p53 response element. In contrast, a minimal p21 promoter is activated by Brn-3a and such activation cannot be abolished without abolishing basal promoter activity. Moreover, synergistic activation by Brn-3a and p53 continues to be observed when the p53-binding sites in the p21 promoter are substituted by the Bax p53 site or by the region of the Bax promoter essential for Brn-3a-mediated repression, indicating that the p21 core promoter plays a central role in this response. The significance of these effects is discussed in terms of the different responses of the Bax and p21 promoters and the overlapping but distinct roles of Brn-3a and p53 in neuronal growth arrest and apoptosis
Trim17, novel E3 ubiquitin-ligase, initiates neuronal apoptosis
No full textAccumulating data indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls apoptosis by regulating the level and the function of key regulatory proteins. In this study, we identified Trim17, a member of the TRIM/RBCC protein family, as one of the critical E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in the control of neuronal apoptosis upstream of mitochondria. We show that expression of Trim17 is increased both at the mRNA and protein level in several in vitro models of transcription-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Expression of Trim17 is controlled by the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 pathway in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). Moreover, the Trim17 protein is expressed in vivo, in apoptotic neurons that naturally die during post-natal cerebellar development. Overexpression of active Trim17 in primary CGN was sufficient to induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in survival conditions. This pro-apoptotic effect was abolished in Bax(-/-) neurons and depended on the E3 activity of Trim17 conferred by its RING domain. Furthermore, knock-down of endogenous Trim17 and overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of Trim17 blocked trophic factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis both in CGN and in sympathetic neurons. Collectively, our data are the first to assign a cellular function to Trim17 by showing that its E3 activity is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17, 1928-1941; doi: 10.1038/cdd.2010.73; published online 18 June 201
N-terminal acetylation modulates Bax targeting to mitochondria
No full textThe pro-apoptotic Bax protein is the main effector of mitochondrial permeabilization during apoptosis. Bax is controlled at several levels, including post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and S-palmitoylation. However, little is known about the contribution of other protein modifications to Bax activity. Here, we used heterologous expression of human Bax in yeast to study the involvement of N-terminal acetylation by yNaa20p (yNatB) on Bax function. We found that human Bax is N-terminal (Nt-)acetylated by yNaa2Op and that Nt-acetylation of Bax is essential to maintain Bax in an inactive conformation in the cytosol of yeast and Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) cells. Bax accumulates in the mitochondria of yeast naa20A and Naa25(-/-) MEF cells, but does not promote cytochrome c release, suggesting that an additional step is required for full activation of Bax. Altogether, our results show that Bax N-terminal acetylation by NatB is involved in its mitochondrial targeting
Bax, Bcl-2, and Bax/Bcl-2 as prognostic markers in acute myeloid leukemia: are we ready for Bcl-2-directed therapy?
No full textBibi Kulsoom,1 Tahir Sultan Shamsi,1 Nasir Ali Afsar,2,3 Zahida Memon,4 Nikhat Ahmed,4 Syed Nazrul Hasnain5 1National Institute of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan; 2Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; 3College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan; 5Dow International Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan Purpose: Many anticancer drugs induce apoptosis in malignant cells, and resistance to apoptosis could lead to suboptimal or no therapeutic benefit. Two cytoplasmic proteins, B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax) and Bcl-2, act as a promoter and an inhibitor of apoptosis, respectively. Both Bax and Bcl-2 as well as their ratio have been regarded as prognostic markers in various cancers. However, conflicting results have been reported. A clear understanding of apoptosis has also become crucial due to reports about anti-Bcl-2 chemotherapy. We explored the relationship of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression and their ratio with the therapeutic response in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients.Patients and methods: Bone marrow and/or blood samples from 90 AML patients treated with cytarabine and daunorubicin were included. Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was determined through real-time polymerase chain reaction by using ΔΔCt method of relative expression.Results: Bax and Bcl-2 expression among marrow and blood samples correlated with each other (rs=0.5, p<0.01). Although bone marrow expression of Bax and Bcl-2 tended to remain higher among responders (median 1.01 and 0.29, respectively) as compared to non-responders (median 0.66 and 0.24, respectively), the difference failed to reach statistical significance (U=784.5 and 733; p=0.68 and 0.28, respectively). Conversely, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was higher among poor responders (median 3.07 vs 1.78), though again failed to reach statistical significance (U=698.5, p=0.07).Conclusion: Expression of Bax and Bcl-2 does not differ significantly among AML patients treated with cytarabine and daunorubicin in terms of remission, relapse, resistance, overall survival, and disease-free survival, thus questioning the utility of emerging anti-Bcl-2 therapy. Keywords: anthracyclines, cytarabine, Bcl-2, Bax Bcl-2 ratio, anti Bcl-2 therapy, BH3 mimetic inhibitor
Estudo do efeito neuroprotetor da mirtazapina e imipramina e sua relação com a expressão gênica de proteínas apoptóticas
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências.Neste estudo foram investigados a ação neuroprotetora dos antidepressivos mirtazapina e imipramina e os efeitos destes compostos sobre a expressão gênica de proteínas anti- e pró-apoptóticas em células de neuroblastoma humano (SH-5YSY). Mirtazapina e imipramina mostraram baixa citotoxicidade sobre neuroblastoma humano e nas concentrações de 1-10 ?M aumentaram a viabilidade celular. As células de neuroblastoma humano foram pré-tratadas com mirtazapina e imipramina e depois incubadas na presença de tapsigargina ou peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). O pré-tratamento com mirtazapina e imipramina protegeu as células de neuroblastoma da citotoxicidade induzida pelo peróxido de hidrogênio. As células foram incubadas com mirtazapina e imipramina e a expressão gênica (RNAm) das proteínas envolvidas na sobrevivência (Bcl-2) e na morte celular (Bax, Bad e p53) foram determinadas por transcrição reversa e reação em cadeia da polimerase quantititiva (qRT-PCR). A mirtazapina reduziu e a imipramina não afetou a expressão gênica da proteína Bcl-2. A expressão gênica das proteínas Bax e p53 foi bastante reduzida pela mirtazapina e imipramina. A mirtazapina e a imipramina (2 ?M) aumentaram a razão Bcl-2/Bax e Blc-2/p53, indicando um efeito positivo na sobrevivência celular. Os resultados sugerem que o efeito neuroprotetor da mirtazapina e da imipramina envolve a redução da expressão gênica das proteínas pró-apoptóticas Bax e p53.In this study we investigated the neuroprotective effect of mirtazapine and imipramine and how these compounds affect the gene expression of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins in human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y. Mirtazapine and imipramine showed low cytotoxicity on neuroblastoma cells and at concentrations of 1-10 ìM they increased the cell viability. Human neuroblastoma cells were pre-treated with mirtazapine and imipramine and then incubated with thapsigargin or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The pre-treatment with mirtazapine and imipramine protected the cells against H2O2-induced cell death. Cells were incubated with mirtazapine and imipramine and gene expression (mRNA) was determined for anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad and p53) through qRT-PCR. Mirtazapine reduced and imipramine did not affect the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The expression of Bax and p53 were strongly reduced by mirtazapine and imipramine. Both antidepressants increased the expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-2/p53. These data suggest that the neuroprotective effect of mirtazapine and imipramine might be due the downregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax and p53 expression
The N-terminal conformation of Bax regulates cell commitment to apoptosis
No full textThe Bcl-2 protein Bax normally resides in the cytosol, but during apoptosis it translocates to mitochondria where it is responsible for releasing apoptogenic factors. Using anoikis as a model, we have shown that Bax translocation does not commit cells to apoptosis, and they can be rescued by reattachment to extracellular matrix within a specific time. Bax undergoes an N-terminal conformational change during apoptosis that has been suggested to regulate conversion from its benign, cytosolic form to the active, membrane bound pore. We now show that the Bax N-terminus regulates commitment and mitochondrial permeabilisation, but not the translocation to mitochondria. We identify Proline 13 within the N-terminus of Bax as critical for this regulation. The subcellular distribution of Proline 13 mutant Bax was identical to wild-type Bax in both healthy and apoptotic cells. However, Proline 13 mutant Bax induced rapid progression to commitment, mitochondrial permeabilisation and death. Our data identify changes in Bax controlling commitment to apoptosis that are mechanistically distinct from those controlling its subcellular localisation. Together, they indicate that multiple regulatory steps are required to activate the proapoptotic function of Bax
Bax targeting to mitochondria occurs via both tail anchor-dependent and -independent mechanisms
No full textBax is a member of the Bcl-2 family that, together with Bak, is required for permeabilisation of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Bax differs from Bak in that it is predominantly cytosolic in healthy cells and only associates with the OMM after an apoptotic signal. How Bax is targeted to the OMM is still a matter of debate, with both a C-terminal tail anchor and an N-terminal pre-sequence being implicated. We now show definitively that Bax does not contain an N-terminal import sequence, but does have a C-terminal anchor. The isolated N terminus of Bax cannot target a heterologous protein to the OMM, whereas the C terminus can. Furthermore, if the C terminus is blocked, Bax fails to target to mitochondria upon receipt of an apoptotic stimulus. Zebra fish Bax, which shows a high degree of amino-acid homology with mammalian Bax within the C terminus, but not in the N terminus, can rescue the defective cell-death phenotype of Bax/Bak-deficient cells. Interestingly, we find that Bax mutants, which themselves cannot target mitochondria or induce apoptosis, are recruited to clusters of activated wild-type Bax on the OMM of apoptotic cells. This appears to be an amplification of Bax activation during cell death that is independent of the normal tail anchor-mediated targeting
LIFEGUARD proteins support plant colonization by biotrophic powdery mildew fungi
No full textPathogenic microbes manipulate eukaryotic cells during invasion and target plant proteins to achieve host susceptibility. BAX INHIBITOR-1 (BI-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident cell death suppressor in plants and animals and is required for full susceptibility of barley to the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. LIFEGUARD (LFG) proteins resemble BI-1 proteins in terms of predicted membrane topology and cell-death-inhibiting function in metazoans, but display clear sequence-specific distinctions. This work shows that barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes harbour five LFG genes, HvLFGa–HvLFGe and AtLFG1–AtLFG5, whose functions are largely uncharacterized. As observed for HvBI-1, single-cell overexpression of HvLFGa supports penetration success of B. graminis f.sp. hordei into barley epidermal cells, while transient-induced gene silencing restricts it. In penetrated barley epidermal cells, a green fluorescent protein-tagged HvLFGa protein accumulates at the site of fungal entry, around fungal haustoria and in endosomal or vacuolar membranes. The data further suggest a role of LFG proteins in plant–powdery mildew interactions in both monocot and dicot plants, because stable overexpression or knockdown of AtLFG1 or AtLFG2 also support or delay development of the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum on the respective Arabidopsis mutants. Together, this work has identified new modulators of plant–powdery mildew interactions, and the data further support functional similarities between BI-1 and LFG proteins beyond cell death regulation
Bax clustering under apoptotic stress.
No full text<p>A) Bax clustering- MCF-7 cells stably expressing GFP-Bax were incubated 6 hours at 37°C with the different conditions and nuclei were stained with Hoechst (100 ng/mL). Here is shown a representative example of basal levels of Bax activation (BSS) and an example of Bax activation under camptothecin (2 µM). B) Active Bax translocates to the mitochondria- MCF-7 cells stably expressing GFP-Bax were transiently transfected with mito-mCherry and incubated 6 hours (37°C) with camptothecin (2 µM) (Hoechst for nuclei). The 3D rendering (ImageJ) image shows GFP-Bax (green) translocated to mitochondria (in red). C) Bax clustering- Representative microscope region for each pro-apoptotic condition is shown. D) Bax levels- Cells with GFP-Bax clusters were scored as “positive” for Bax activation. D) Cells “positive” for activated Bax were scored and plotted as shown. Values are presented as mean percentage ± s.e.m. (N = 5, approx. 500 cells/condition; *, P≤0.05, * *, P≤0.01, t-test). Images were acquired with a DVRT scope and a 40× Objective.</p
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