22 research outputs found

    R-Norm Entropy and R-Norm Divergence in Fuzzy Probability Spaces

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    In the presented article, we define the R-norm entropy and the conditional R-norm entropy of partitions of a given fuzzy probability space and study the properties of the suggested entropy measures. In addition, we introduce the concept of R-norm divergence of fuzzy P-measures and we derive fundamental properties of this quantity. Specifically, it is shown that the Shannon entropy and the conditional Shannon entropy of fuzzy partitions can be derived from the R-norm entropy and conditional R-norm entropy of fuzzy partitions, respectively, as the limiting cases for R going to 1; the Kullback–Leibler divergence of fuzzy P-measures may be inferred from the R-norm divergence of fuzzy P-measures as the limiting case for R going to 1. We also provide numerical examples that illustrate the results

    Logical Divergence, Logical Entropy, and Logical Mutual Information in Product MV-Algebras

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    In the paper we propose, using the logical entropy function, a new kind of entropy in product MV-algebras, namely the logical entropy and its conditional version. Fundamental characteristics of these quantities have been shown and subsequently, the results regarding the logical entropy have been used to define the logical mutual information of experiments in the studied case. In addition, we define the logical cross entropy and logical divergence for the examined situation and prove basic properties of the suggested quantities. To illustrate the results, we provide several numerical examples

    Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

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    An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

    Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

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    An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

    Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

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    An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

    Department of Error: Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2020) 395(10239) (1779–1801), (S0140673620301148), (10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30114-8))

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    Reiner RC Jr, Hay SI. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395: 1779–801—In this Article, the author byline has been amended to Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators. This correction has been made to the online version as of June 4, 2020, and the printed version is correct

    Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

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    Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

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    Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations. © 2019, The Author(s).AuthorOverflow(557

    Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

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    The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99 of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1�4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5�8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 � 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80 coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children. © 2020, The Author(s)

    Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

    No full text
    An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
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