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    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    I Catechismi costituzionali del 1820: strumenti di propaganda e di diffusione della Costituzione spagnola nel Regno delle Due Sicilie

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    The analysis of four surviving examples of Constitutional Catechisms of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies printed in 1820 is an important moment of consideration matured in those years on issues related to the reformulation of the relationship between rulers and ruled and the establishment of consensus to the constitutional regime. In particular, it is possible, to recognize two distinct phases: one preceding the granting of the Constitution of Cadiz and the other, instead, immediately following it. We can see, in fact, how the first two catechisms, printed shortly before the publication of the Spanish Constitution, are distinguished for the attention paid to the figure of the sovereign, guarantor of religion. On the contrary, the other two catechisms, in a sharply polemical dialogue, were also the voice of reformist and enlightened tendencies. They represented a liberal society, which emphasized the importance of work and of property and where the references to religion disappeared to give way to issues such as freedom of worship and of the press. This seems appropriate in order to throw light on a historical subject of great value for the study of the attempts made by the intellectuals of the time, that, besides explaining and educating the population about the precepts of the Constitution of Cadiz, had in view the task of making changes to “adapt” it to the new demands of the Kingdom.L’analisi di quattro esemplari superstiti dei catechismi costituzionali del Regno delle Due Sicilie pubblicati nel 1820 rappresenta un momento importante della riflessione maturata in quegli anni sulle tematiche relative alla riformulazione dei rapporti fra governanti e governati e sulla creazione del consenso al regime costituzionale. In particolare, è possibile, ravvisare due momenti distinti: quello che ha preceduto la concessione della carta costituzionale gaditana e quello, invece, a questo immediatamente successivo. Vediamo, infatti, come i primi due Catechismi, editi poco prima della pubblicazione della costituzione spagnola, si contraddistinguessero proprio per l’attenzione particolare riposta nella figura del sovrano, garante della religione. Di contro, gli altri due Catechismi, in un dialogo aspramente polemico, si facevano portavoce d’istanze riformistiche ed illuminate. Rappresentavano una società liberale, in cui si ribadiva l’importanza del lavoro e della proprietà e in cui scomparivano i riferimenti alla religione per lasciare posto a temi quali la libertà di culto e di stampa. Ciò sembra utile allo scopo di far luce su uno spaccato storico d’indubbio valore per lo studio dei tentativi compiuti dagli intellettuali del tempo che, oltre che spiegare ed istruire la popolazione sui precetti della carta costituzionale gaditana, si proponevano il compito di avanzare delle modifiche per “adattarla” alle nuove esigenze del Regno
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