156 research outputs found
The relevance of the street: An urban integration proposal
No full textFollowing an analysis of the public spaces and their performative depth, the urban figure of the street emerges as an important urban figure in the city of Skopje. Although, the street, as a figure, has undergone through different interpretations throughout time: In the city’s Old Bazaar, the street becomes a place for meeting and the most vibrant public space in the city; in the pre-earthquake city, patent in its center, the street become a place of display an thus, exclusive, and following the 1963 earthquake the modern city completely detached from its streets. In her thesis ‘The street as a project’ (2014), Maria Giudici defines the street as ‘not a mere functional element, but rather the stage where the public sphere mediates the conflict between private interests (…) The street becomes a place of negotiation, but also a tool for the construction of subjectivity handled through the way in which the space is organized and choreographed’. With this understanding of the value of the streets to the construction of public places (rather than public spaces), an urban integration of the isolated Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Campus is proposed. The integration of the isolated university campus would help to break its univocal nature and help to the construction of a stronger and broader academic and social community that would lead to new ways of knowledge making.Methods and Analysis Graduation studioArchitecture, Urbanism and Building Science
Evaluation of various trough the thickness andcurvature approximations for free vibrationalanalysis of cylindrical and spherical shells
No full textA set of nine principles for distributed-design information storing
No full textThe issues of distributed working are many, with problems relating to information access and information acquisition the most common (Crabtree et al., 1997). Keeping track of project and team information is becoming more complex as design is increasingly being carried out collaboratively by geographically dispersed design teams across different time zones. The literature notes that little prescription or guidance exists on information management for designers (Culley et al., 1999) and Hicks (2007) highlights a relative lack of overall principles for improving information management. Additionally, evidence from earlier studies by the author into ‘How information is stored in distributed design project work’ reinforces the need for guidance, particularly in a distributed context (Grierson, 2008). Distributed information collections were found to be unorganised, contained unclear information and lacked context. Storing and sharing of distributed information was often time consuming and the tools awkward to use. This can lead to poor project progress and can impact directly on the quality and success of project outcomes (Grierson et al., 2004, 2006). This paper seeks to address these issues by presenting the development, implementation and evaluation of a set of Principles and a Framework to support distributed design information storing in the context of a Global Design class. Through both quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods the Principles were found to help in a number of ways – with the easy access of information; the structuring and organising of information; the creation of an information strategy; the making of information clear and concise; the supporting of documentation during project work; and the strengthening of team work; all helping teams to work towards project outcomes
Serum ferritin levels and endocrinopathy in medically treated patients with β thalassemia major
No full textThe association between iron overload indices and pathology of the heart and liver in transfusion-dependent patients with β thalassemia major (TM) has been extensively studied. Nonetheless, data on endocrine disease remains limited. This was a cross-sectional study of 382 TM patients treated with regular transfusions and desferrioxamine at the Thalassemia Center in Dubai, UAE. Retrieved data included demographics, splenectomy status, steady-state serum ferritin levels, and the presence of endocrinopathies (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and hypogonadism). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine which variables were independently associated with the occurrence of each endocrinopathy. The mean age of patients was 15.4 ± 7.6 years, with an equal sex distribution. The mean serum ferritin level was 2597.2 ± 1976.8 μg-l. The frequencies of specific endocrinopathies were diabetes mellitus (10.5percent), hypothyroidism (6.3percent), hypoparathyroidism (10.5percent), and hypogonadism (25.9percent). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients with a serum ferritin level 2,500 μg-l, but not 1,000-2,500 μg-l, were 3.53 times (95percent CI 1.09-11.40) more likely to have diabetes mellitus, 3.25 times (95percent CI 1.07-10.90) more likely to have hypothyroidism, 3.27 times (95percent CI 1.27-8.39) more likely to have hypoparathyroidism, and 2.75 times (95percent CI 1.38-5.49) more likely to have hypogonadism compared to patients with a serum ferritin level ≤1,000 μg-l. However, splenectomized patients with serum ferritin levels ≤2,500 μg-l had comparably high rates of all endocrinopathies as patients with serum ferritin levels 2,500 μg-l. Endocrinopathy is common in TM patients treated with desferrioxamine therapy, especially in patients with serum ferritin levels 2,500 μg-l or those splenectomized. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.Aessopos A, 2005, ANN HEMATOL, V84, P353, DOI 10.1007-s00277-004-1002-4; Anderson LJ, 2001, EUR HEART J, V22, P2171, DOI 10.1053-euhj.2001.2822; Atichartakarn V, 2003, INT J HEMATOL, V78, P139, DOI 10.1007-BF02983382; Au WY, 2008, HAEMATOL-HEMATOL J, V93, P116, DOI 10.3324-haematol.11768; Aydinok Y, 2011, J PEDIAT HEMATOL ONC, V33, P374, DOI 10.1097-MPH.0b013e31820c34ef; Baskin H Jack, 2002, Endocr Pract, V8, P457; Borgna-Pignatti C, 1998, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V850, P227, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.1998.tb10479.x; Borgna-Pignatti C, 2004, HAEMATOLOGICA, V89, P1187; Brittenham GM, 2011, NEW ENGL J MED, V364, P146, DOI 10.1056-NEJMct1004810; Cappellini MD, 2010, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1202, P231, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.2010.05548.x; Carpenter JP, 2011, CIRCULATION, V123, P1519, DOI 10.1161-CIRCULATIONAHA.110.007641; Cohen AR, 2008, BLOOD, V111, P583, DOI 10.1182-blood-2007-08-109306; Crary SE, 2009, BLOOD, V114, P2861, DOI 10.1182-blood-2009-04-210112; Cunningham MJ, 2004, BLOOD, V104, P34, DOI 10.1182-blood-2003-09-3167; Davis BA, 2004, BLOOD, V104, P263, DOI 10.1182-blood-2003-08-2841; de Assis RA, 2011, EUR J RADIOL; Delea TE, 2007, TRANSFUSION, V47, P1919, DOI 10.1111-j.1537-2995.2007.01416.x; Eldor A, 2002, BLOOD, V99, P36, DOI 10.1182-blood.V99.1.36; Farmaki K, 2010, BRIT J HAEMATOL, V148, P466, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2141.2009.07970.x; Farmaki K, 2011, BLOOD CELL MOL DIS, V47, P33, DOI 10.1016-j.bcmd.2011.03.007; Gabutti V, 1996, ACTA HAEMATOL-BASEL, V95, P26; Galanello R, 2010, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1202, P79, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.2010.05591.x; Gamberini Maria Rita, 2008, Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, V6 Suppl 1, P158; Hershko C, 2010, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1202, P1, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.2010.05544.x; Jaruratanasirikul S, 2008, EUR J PEDIATR, V167, P873, DOI 10.1007-s00431-007-0602-0; Jensen CE, 1997, EUR J HAEMATOL, V59, P76; Kirk P, 2010, J MAGN RESON IMAGING, V32, P315, DOI 10.1002-jmri.22245; Modell B, 2008, J CARDIOVASC MAGN R, V10, DOI 10.1186-1532-429X-10-42; Musallam K, 2008, PEDIATRICS, V121, pE1426, DOI 10.1542-peds.2007-1944; Nathan DM, 2009, DIABETES CARE, V32, P193, DOI 10.2337-dc08-9025; Noetzli LJ, 2009, BLOOD, V114, P4021, DOI 10.1182-blood-2009-06-225615; OLIVIERI NF, 1994, NEW ENGL J MED, V331, P574, DOI 10.1056-NEJM199409013310903; Phrommintikul A, 2006, HEART, V92, P1467, DOI 10.1136-hrt.2005.079970; Piga A, 2010, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1202, P75, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.2010.05586.x; Platis Odysseas, 2004, Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, V2 Suppl 2, P279; Restaino G, 2011, MAGN RESON MED, V65, P764, DOI 10.1002-mrm.22640; Rund D, 2005, NEW ENGL J MED, V353, P1135, DOI 10.1056-NEJMra050436; Shalitin S, 2005, EUR J HAEMATOL, V74, P93, DOI 10.1111-j.1600-0609.2004.00371.x; Shoback D, 2008, NEW ENGL J MED, V359, P391, DOI 10.1056-NEJMcp0803050; Skordis N, 2006, EUR J HAEMATOL, V77, P150, DOI 10.1111-j.1600-0609.2006.00681.x; St Pierre TG, 2005, BLOOD, V105, P855, DOI 10.1182-blood-2004-01-0177; TAHER AT, 2009, HEMOGLOBIN, V33, P46; Tavazzi D, 2001, BRIT J HAEMATOL, V112, P48, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-2141.2001.02482.x; Telfer PT, 2000, BRIT J HAEMATOL, V110, P971, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-2141.2000.02298.x; Thuret I, 2010, HAEMATOL-HEMATOL J, V95, P724, DOI 10.3324-haematol.2009.018051; Wang CH, 2006, HEMOGLOBIN, V30, P257, DOI 10.1080-03630260600642609; Wood JC, 2010, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1202, P123, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.2010.05545.x; Wood JC, 2005, BLOOD, V106, P1460, DOI 10.1182-blood-2004-10-398277
Solid-State Infrared Upconversion in Perylene Diimides Followed by Direct Electron Injection
No full textIn this contribution we demonstrate a solid-state approach to triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion for application in a solar cell device in which absorption of near-infrared light is followed by direct electron injection into an inorganic substrate. We use time-resolved microwave photoconductivity experiments to study the injection of electrons into the electron-accepting substrate (TiO2) in a trilayer device consisting of a triplet sensitizer (fluorinated zinc phthalocyanine), triplet acceptor (methyl subsituted perylenediimide), and smooth polycrystalline TiO2. Absorption of light at 700 nm leads to the almost quantitative generation of triplet excited states by intersystem crossing. This is followed by Dexter energy transfer to the triplet acceptor layer where triplet annihilation occurs and concludes by injection of an electron into TiO2 from the upconverted singlet excited state.ChemE/Opto-electronic MaterialsChemE/O&O groe
Connections and dynamical trajectories in generalised Newton-Cartan gravity. II. An ambient perspective
No full textIndexación: Scopus.We are grateful to Claude Barrabès for useful exchanges about null hypersurfaces. K.M. thanks the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS, Bures-sur-Yvette) for hospitality where part of this work was completed. The work of K.M. is supported by the Chilean Fondecyt Postdoc Project No. 3160325.Connections compatible with degenerate metric structures are known to possess peculiar features: on the one hand, the compatibility conditions involve restrictions on the torsion; on the other hand, torsionfree compatible connections are not unique, the arbitrariness being encoded in a tensor field whose type depends on the metric structure. Nonrelativistic structures typically fall under this scheme, the paradigmatic example being a contravariant degenerate metric whose kernel is spanned by a one-form. Torsionfree compatible (i.e., Galilean) connections are characterised by the gift of a two-form (the force field). Whenever the two-form is closed, the connection is said Newtonian. Such a nonrelativistic spacetime is known to admit an ambient description as the orbit space of a gravitational wave with parallel rays. The leaves of the null foliation are endowed with a nonrelativistic structure dual to the Newtonian one, dubbed Carrollian spacetime. We propose a generalisation of this unifying framework by introducing a new non-Lorentzian ambient metric structure of which we study the geometry. We characterise the space of (torsional) connections preserving such a metric structure which is shown to project to (respectively, embed) the most general class of (torsional) Galilean (respectively, Carrollian) connections. © 2018 Author(s).https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5030328?class=pd
Cultural activism and the politics of place-making
No full textIn this paper, we explore the relationship between creative practice, activism, and urban place-making by considering the role they play in the construction of meaning in urban spaces. Through an analysis of two activist groups based in Stokes Croft, Bristol (UK), we argue that cultural activism provides new political prospects within the wider context of global capitalism through the cultivation of a shared aesthetics of protest. By cultivating aspects of shared history and a mutual enthusiasm for creative practice as a form of resistance, Stokes Croft has emerged as a ‘space of nurturance’ for creative sensibilities. However, we note how Stokes Croft as an autonomous space remains open-ended and multiple for activists interested in promoting different visions of social justice
Iron chelation therapy for transfusional iron overload: A swift evolution
No full textChronic transfusional iron overload leads to significant morbidity and mortality. While deferoxamine (DFO) is an effective iron chelator with over four decades of experience, it requires tedious subcutaneous infusions that reflect negatively on patient compliance. The novel oral iron chelators deferiprone (L1) and deferasirox (DFRA) opened new horizons for the management of transfusional siderosis. A large body of evidence is now available regarding their efficacy and safety in various populations and settings. Nevertheless, experience with both drugs witnessed some drawbacks, and the search for an ideal and cost-effective iron chelator continues. © 2011 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.Anderson LJ, 2002, LANCET, V360, P516, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(02)09740-4; Borgna-Pignatti C, 2004, HAEMATOLOGICA, V89, P1187; Borgna-Pignatti C, 2006, BLOOD, V107, P3733, DOI 10.1182-blood-2005-07-2933; Brittenham GM, 2011, NEW ENGL J MED, V364, P146, DOI 10.1056-NEJMct1004810; Cappellini Maria D, 2009, Hemoglobin, V33 Suppl 1, pS58, DOI 10.3109-03630260903346924; Cappellini MD, 2007, CLIN THER, V29, P909, DOI 10.1016-j.clinthera.2007.05.007; Cappellini MD, 2010, HAEMATOL-HEMATOL J, V95, P557, DOI 10.3324-haematol.2009.014696; Cappellini MD, 2011, BLOOD, V118, P884, DOI 10.1182-blood-2010-11-316646; Cappellini MD, 2009, ACTA HAEMATOL-BASEL, V122, P165, DOI 10.1159-000243801; Cappellini MD, 2008, EXPERT OPIN PHARMACO, V9, P2391, DOI [10.1517-14656566.9.13.2391 , 10.1517-14656560802335333]; Cappellini MD, 2006, BLOOD, V107, P3455, DOI 10.1182-blood-2005-08-3430; Delea TE, 2007, TRANSFUSION, V47, P1919, DOI 10.1111-j.1537-2995.2007.01416.x; Gabutti V, 1996, ACTA HAEMATOL-BASEL, V95, P26; Galanello R, 2010, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1202, P79, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.2010.05591.x; KONTOGHIORGHES GJ, 1987, LANCET, V1, P1294; Lai ME, 2010, BLOOD CELL MOL DIS, V45, P136, DOI 10.1016-j.bcmd.2010.05.005; Maggio A, 2009, BLOOD CELL MOL DIS, V42, P247, DOI 10.1016-j.bcmd.2009.01.002; Modell B, 2008, J CARDIOVASC MAGN R, V10, DOI 10.1186-1532-429X-10-42; Musallam K, 2008, PEDIATRICS, V121, pE1426, DOI 10.1542-peds.2007-1944; Musallam Khaled M, 2011, Haematologica, V96, pe5, DOI 10.3324-haematol.2010.036061; OLIVIERI NF, 1994, NEW ENGL J MED, V331, P574, DOI 10.1056-NEJM199409013310903; Pennell DJ, 2006, BLOOD, V107, P3738, DOI 10.1182-blood-2005-07-2948; Pennell DJ, 2010, BLOOD, V115, P2364, DOI 10.1182-blood-2009-04-217455; Pennell DJ, 2011, HAEMATOL-HEMATOL J, V96, P48, DOI 10.3324-haematol.2010.031468; PENNELL DJ, 2010, BLOOD, V116, P4276; Pepe A, 2011, HAEMATOL-HEMATOL J, V96, P41, DOI 10.3324-haematol.2009.019042; Piga A, 2003, HAEMATOLOGICA, V88, P489; Piga A, 2010, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1202, P75, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.2010.05586.x; Ponticelli C, 2010, BLOOD REV, V24, P239, DOI 10.1016-j.blre.2010.08.004; Porter JB, 2008, BLOOD, V112, P5423; Porter J, 2008, EUR J HAEMATOL, V80, P168, DOI 10.1111-j.1600-0609.2007.00985.x; Rienhoff HY, 2011, HAEMATOL-HEMATOL J, V96, P521, DOI 10.3324-haematol.2010.034405; Taher A, 2010, ACTA HAEMATOL-BASEL, V123, P220, DOI 10.1159-000313447; Taher A, 2009, EUR J HAEMATOL, V82, P458, DOI 10.1111-j.1600-0609.2009.01228.x; Taher A, 2009, BRIT J HAEMATOL, V147, P752, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2141.2009.07908.x; Taher Ali T, 2009, Hemoglobin, V33 Suppl 1, pS46, DOI 10.3109-03630260903346676; Tanner MA, 2007, CIRCULATION, V115, P1876, DOI 10.1161-CIRCULATIONAHA.106.648790; Telfer PT, 2009, HAEMATOL-HEMATOL J, V94, P1777, DOI 10.3324-haematol.2009.009118; Vichinsky E, 2007, BRIT J HAEMATOL, V136, P501, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2141.2006.06455.x; Wonke B, 1998, BRIT J HAEMATOL, V103, P361; Wood JC, 2010, BLOOD, V116, P537, DOI 10.1182-blood-2009-11-25030856
Selecting a single powdered activated carbon against multiple threats: Taste & odour and benzene
No full textRecurring plans for building a large crude oil pipeline in the immediate neighborhood of the Saint Lawrence River and connected watercourses raise concerns about potential threats to this drinking water source serving over 3 million Canadians. Quebec has the lowest drinking water threshold for benzene in North America (0.5 μg L −1) - a toxic hydrocarbon present in crude oil. With powdered activated carbon (PAC) being an effective benzene adsorbent several municipalities around Montréal consider its application as an emergency barrier. Their current and primary PAC application is taste and odor removal caused by 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin. Ideally, a single PAC would be selected as a suitable barrier against all three pollutants. The adsorption of MIB/geosmin was studied on 11 PAC in 3 source waters characterized by different concentrations of low molecular weight natural organic matter - the main competitor for adsorption sites on PAC. Results show that taste and odor removal was low in water with high fractions of small competitive natural organic matter. Benzene removal was studied separately in adsorption tests with 3 selected PAC. The highest (40 to 75%) and the lowest (10 to 15%) benzene removal was achieved by the same PAC types that also performed best and worst respectively for MIB/geosmin. Sanitary Engineerin
Empowering Ni-Vanuatu women: Amplifying Wantok authority and achieving fair market access
No full textThe Republic of Vanuatu (2004) report on Vanuatu’s implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) notes that many urban disenfranchised Ni-Vanuatu women live in poverty and have little access to paid employment. The women who do gain paid employment in formal jobs rarely gain access to positions of authority. The United Nations (UN) offered two strategies to improve the position of Ni-Vanuatu women in Vanuatu. The first is informed by CEDAW in Article Eleven on Employment. The “Equity Desk of the Vanuatu Department of Strategic Management” and the “Vanuatu Department of Women’s Affairs Gender Planner” (The Republic of Vanuatu, 2004, pp. 12-13) have been charged with the responsibility of implementing Article Eleven and developing Equal Employment Opportunities (EEO) programmes for the public sector. This strategy aims to increase women’s access to paid employment in the formal employment sector and encourage women to achieve positions of authority. The second strategy offered by the UN is the establishment of microfinance projects aimed at providing disenfranchised urban women unable to find employment with a means to own and run microfinance businesses to earn a living. Both these strategies have the overarching aim of improving the well-being of Ni-Vanuatu women.
This study has investigated the extent to which access to formal sector jobs and the implementation of microfinance businesses in the informal sector addresses the well-being of Ni-Vanuatu women. These programmes are being implemented within a complex historical, socio-political cultural and economic environment (Van Trease, 1995). This complexity includes the continuance of Wantok systems of governance in the form of matrilineality (predominant in Vanuatu) and patrilineality (adopted from Christian influences in 1800s and colonial legacy in 1906) (Van Trease, 1987; Facey, 1981; Allen, 1981 & Macdonald-Milne & Thomas, 1981). Matrilineal cultural values bequeath patrimony and legacy of lineage and land inheritance from mothers to daughters. Matrilineal women share power with men in community affairs (Maltali, Sandy & Tamashiro, 2009). In patrilineal communities, patrimony and legacy of lineage and land inheritance is passed from fathers to sons (Van Trease, 1987). Patrilineal mothers and daughters have no lineage, land inheritance, or power-sharing rights (Stege, Maetala, Naupa & Simo 2008). Both Wantok systems are based on communal values practised primarily in the rural sector. Urban centres are organised around a modern-cash and market-economy and a governance framework based on the British Westminster model and the French Head of State model (ILO, 2006). This European generated governance system is underpinned by values informed by liberal competitive individualism and an assumed commitment to meritocracy. It is, however, a system of governance steeped in patriarchal nuances as a direct legacy of the colonial regime now adapted and administered by the Vanuatu’s ruling elite, referred as Vanuatu’s urban patriarchy throughout this thesis.
The theoretical frameworks used in this research draw on both liberal feminist studies and on an adaptation of subaltern scholarship (Thomas & Humphries, 2010 & 2011). The focus is on the legacy of imperialism and colonisation, the politics of power and hegemony, and the expressions of equal rights, emancipation and empowerment as these pertain to the well-being of women in Vanuatu.
Three sets of qualitative empirical observations were collected: i) a focus group discussion with 20 employer and employee representatives; ii) 36 conversations with women employed in the formal employment sector who held positions of authority within their respective organisations; and iii) 39 conversations with women who owned a microfinance business. My field notes were analysed thematically using a point and counterpoint framework crafted from my interest in the work of Huxley (cf Baker & James, 2000a & 2000b & Dawson, 2009). The point is informed by a liberal feminist lens (Gamble, 1999 & Heywood, 2000). A counterpoint to this liberal feminist interpretation is generated from a post-colonial feminist perspective through an adaptation of subaltern studies (Thomas & Humphries 2010 & 2011; Gamble, 1999 & Spivak, 1988). I draw on my Matrilineal Wantok Feminist Voice (MWFV) to form a standpoint in the discussion and to frame insights drawn from the ideas associated with the solidarity economy (Allard, Davidson & Matthaei, 2009; Harvey, 2006 & Harding, 2004).
Point/counterpoint/standpoint for the research as a whole
Point: Liberal feminist strategies for the emancipation of women (and the intended improvement and well-being of their families associated with this perspective) encourage women to pursue better living standards, achieve empowerment in the home, and seek formal jobs or other market-based income opportunities. If in formal jobs, women are encouraged to seek positions of authority. For these women, the major transition in orientation is the move from Wantok-related patterns of responsibilities and opportunities to those made available in the formal Western-generated economy. These Western ways, with emphasis on individualized opportunity, appear to offer financial gain and familial influences, particularly to women born into patrilineal lineage descent groups.
Counterpoint: Viewed through the adaptation of subaltern perspectives that I have applied to the liberal feminist remedies for the enhancement of well-being for the women of Vanuatu, it appears that the women of Vanuatu are involved in multiple and simultaneous complex master/slave relationships (Kohn, 2005 & Honderich, 1995). These relationships are exemplified in salaried/professional occupations held by women, between the women and their employers and work-place cultures, between women and rural and urban patriarchal hegemonies, and between women and the cash and market economy. While EEO activities can be seen to make a difference in the lives of some women, taken together, these interventions are reducing the overall well-being for Ni-Vanuatu women more generally. For the Vanwods microfinance women entrepreneurs, master/slave relationships could be discerned between the Vanwods MFI’s social control of the Mamas, the Vanuatu Government’s imposition of high business licence fees to the Mamas, the Mamas and their greater dependence on the cash and market economy, and the Mamas and their relationship with rural and urban patriarchal hegemonies (Thomas & Humphries, 2010 & 2011). These forms of systemic subservience interpreted from the women’s narratives provide a caution against the uncritical adoption of Western liberal feminist ideals (DeVault, 1990). It is matrilineal women; however, who appear to suffer the most from their move into the urban centres as there they must contend with an urban patriarchal hegemony, an impediment which they had not encountered in their former rural communities governed in accordance with matrilineal Wantok values.
Standpoint: The research findings suggest that all women in this study worked long hours, experiencing discrimination and oppression, received low pay, and experienced increased financial obligations as a result of their engagement in formal and informal jobs. As well as being increasingly dependent on inadequate and unsustainable livelihoods in the urban areas, family and Wantok social relations were challenged and diminished as a consequence of their necessary commitment to their jobs and the demands of urban living. Access to traditional forms of authority and sustenance was undermined.
I conclude that, overall, the implementation of CEDAW-EEO programmes along with the establishment of microfinance projects devised for the emancipation of the disenfranchised women of Vanuatu, while apparently proving beneficial from a liberal feminist interpretation in granting urban women with access to incomes, property and power-sharing, may provide an element of liberation for women of patrilineal descent groups but add new dimensions of patriarchal inhibitors for women of matrilineal descent groups who take up employment under the Westminster rules of governance. The remedies taken as a whole, while promising improved well-being through market-based income generation, remove women from the Wantok kinship social support networks embedded in their indigenous Wantok governance frameworks causing complex problems and hardships for them. Drawing on my Matrilineal Wantok Feminist standpoint position, I suggest that the Solidarity Economy, which combines aspects of market access while still engaging in the traditional systems of social organization, offers an alternative organisational and economic framework for developing and enhancing community well-being in both the rural and urban areas of Vanuatu
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