102,366 research outputs found
Comparison of lucerne silage and ventilated hay in maize silage-based rations for dairy cows for the production of milk destined for Grana cheese
No full textThree experiments were carried out to study the effects of feeding lucerne silage (wilted to give different dry-matter (DM) contents) and ventilated hay to dairy cows on milk production, milk quality, milk-renneting properties, clostridial spore content and the quality of cheese prepared from the milk. The lucerne, cut at vegetative or early-bud stages of maturity, was harvested from alternate windrows and conserved as silage or artificially dried hay. The lucerne was wilted until it reached different DM contents of 550, 360 and 432 g kg-1 in the three experiments, harvested, chopped with a self-loading forage wagon and ensiled in low and narrow clamps made up of transferable prefabricated walls. The organic acid content, pH, yeast and mould counts of the lucerne silage suggested that there was no aerobic deterioration. In each experiment, fifty Italian Friesian lactating cows were divided into two groups and fed two maize silage-based rations for 6 weeks, which only differed in the lucerne forage [silage (S) vs. ventilated hay (H)], in a cross-over experimental design. The lucerne in the rations represented 35%, 23% and 24% of the DM of the rations for the three experiments. The microbiological profiles of the ration were influenced more by the maize silage than by the lucerne silage. Individual daily DM intakes were similar for the two treatments in Experiments 1 and 3 (on average 18.7 kg in Experiment 1 and 20.3 kg in Experiment 3) and slightly lower for S cows in comparison to H cows in Experiment 2 (18.0 vs. 19.0 kg). Milk yields of S and H cows were 21.0 and 20.8, 20.0 and 20.6 (P < 0.01), and 28.4 and 27.9 kg d-1 in Experiments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Milk composition was similar for all the experiments for the two treatments, except that the protein content was lower and the fat content was higher in the silage treatment than in the hay. The renneting properties and microbiology of the milk were not influenced by the introduction of lucerne silage into the rations, although the season in which it was consumed had a greater effect on the microbiological content, in terms of standard bacterial counts, proteolytic, coli and lactic acid bacteria, and clostridia spores. The clostridial spore counts were always very low (< 400 per litre), thus fulfilling the requirements for top-quality milk for Grana cheese production. In the third experiment, the quality of Grana Padano cheese produced was examined, and no differences between treatments were observed after 12 months of maturation. These results show that lucerne silage can be included in the ration of dairy cows instead of ventilated lucerne hay, which is considered to be the top-quality hay available for the production of milk destined for Grana cheese, without any negative effects on milk and cheese quality
Effect of ensiling alfalfa at low and high dry matter on production of milk used to make Grana cheese
No full textThe effect of alfalfa ensiled in bunker silos at high moisture [HM, 34% dry matter (DM)] and low moisture (LM, 56% DM) content on milk production and Grana Padano cheese quality was studied. Forty Italian Friesian lactating cows were allotted to two groups and fed, in a crossover design experiment, two corn silage-based diets containing 27% of the total DM as HM or LM. Each of the two periods included 10 d of adaptation and 3 experimental weeks. Forage was cut in the mid-vegetative stage with, on average, 34% neutral detergent fiber and 19% crude protein (DM basis). The two alfalfa silages showed a different fermentation pattern with 4.04 and 1.25% of lactic acid, 1.95 and 0.42% of acetic acid, 9.1 and 4.8% of total N ammonia-N for HM and LM, respectively. No butyric acid was found. Clostridial spores and yeast showed no growth in both silages except in the first 2 wk of the experiment where slight aerobic deterioration occurred. The HM treatment resulted in slightly lower DM intake (19.3 vs. 19.9 kg/d) and milk protein content (3.33 vs. 3.38%), higher milk fat content (3.56 vs. 3.37%), and 4% fat-corrected milk (25.7 vs. 24.4 kg/d). Totally, 38 cheeses obtained from over 19 tons of milk with an average yield efficiency of 6.8%, were produced. The milk renneting and microbiological properties and the cheese quality were not significantly different between treatments. However, both treatments had on average 40% of low quality (butyric fermentation) cheeses observed mainly in the first 2 wk of the experiment, when the number of clostridial spores found in alfalfa silages was significantly higher than in the subsequent weeks. The data obtained suggest that the microbial quality of milk depends more on careful management and monitoring all of the steps in milk production, from silage harvest through to cheese making, than on the moisture level of alfalfa silage, provided that the latter is in a range of 35 to 55% DM
Dry matter and nutritional losses during aerobic deterioration of corn and sorghum silages as influenced by different lactic acid bacteria inocula
No full textThe economic damage that results from aerobic deterioration
of silage is a significant problem for farm
profitability and feed quality. This paper quantifies
the dry matter (DM) and nutritional losses that occur
during the exposure of corn and sorghum silages to
air over 14 d and assesses the possibility of enhancing
the aerobic stability of silages through inoculation with
lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The trial was carried out
in Northern Italy on corn (50% milk line) and grain
sorghum (early dough stage) silages. The crops were
ensiled in 30-L jars, without a LAB inoculant (C), with
a Lactobacillus plantarum inoculum (LP), and with a
Lactobacillus buchneri inoculum (LB; theoretical rate of
1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh forage). The pre-ensiled material,
the silage at silo opening, and the aerobically exposed
silage were analyzed for DM content, fermentative profiles,
yeast and mold count, starch, crude protein, ash,
fiber components, 24-h and 48-h DM digestibility and
neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability. The yield
and nutrient analysis data of the corn and sorghum
silages were used as input for Milk2006 to estimate the
total digestible nutrients, net energy of lactation, and
milk production per Mg of DM. The DM fermentation
and respiration losses were also calculated. The
inocula influenced the in vitro NDF digestibility at 24
h, the net energy for lactation (NEL), and the predicted
milk yield per megagram of DM, whereas the length of
time of air exposure influenced DM digestibility at 24
and 48 h, the NEL, and the predicted milk yield per
megagram of DM in the corn silages. The inocula only
influenced the milk yield per megagram of DM and
the air exposure affected the DM digestibility at 24 h,
the NEL, and the milk yield per megagram of DM in
the sorghum silages. The milk yield, after 14 d of air
exposure, decreased to 1,442, 1,418, and 1,277 kg/Mg
of DM for C, LB, and LP corn silages, respectively,
compared with an average value of 1,568 kg of silage at
opening. In the sorghum silages, the milk yield, after 14
d of air exposure, decreased to 1,226, 1,278, and 1,250
kg/Mg of DM for C, LB, and LP, respectively. When
the estimated milk yield per megagram of harvested
DM of corn and sorghum silage were related to mold
count, it was shown that the loss of potential milk production
occurred when the mold count exceeded 4 log
cfu/g of silage, and it was almost halved when the mold
count reached values greater than 8 log cfu/g of silage.
Inoculation with L. buchneri, at a rate of 1 × 106 cfu/g
of fresh forage, enhanced the stability of the silage
after exposure to air, and, consequently, contributed
to maintaining the nutritional value of the harvested
forage over time, for air exposure up to 7 d
Fermentative profiles of field pea (Pisum sativum), faba bean (Vicia faba) and white lupin (Lupinus albus) silages as affected by wilting and inoculation
No full textAn experiment was carried out to evaluate the possibility of successful harvesting of field pea, faba bean, and white lupin by ensiling as whole-crop. Two effects were studied: wilting, directly ensiled (UW) or wilted (W), and inoculation, with (I) or without (UI) an inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum). The herbages were chopped and ensiled in 2 l silos for 130 days, with three replicates for each treatment. Dry matter (DM) content, crude protein (CP), ash, and fibre components were determined on fresh herbage. The pH, DM content, ammonia nitrogen, ash, lactic, acetic and butyric acids were determined on silages. The chemical composition of the crops was unaffected by wilting and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was always lower than 400 g/kg DM, with lower values in pea (302 g/kg DM) and faba bean (317 g/kg DM), due to the higher grain proportion of these two crops. Wilting affected pH and ammonia nitrogen in the pea and faba bean silages, whereas it only affected the amount of lactic acid in the lupin silage. The DM losses were affected by wilting in the pea and faba bean with lower values observed in the wilted silages, and they were greatly reduced by inoculum in all the silages. Butyric acid was detected in all the silages, except for the inoculated wilted pea and lupin silages. The data show that field pea, faba bean and lupin can be successfully ensiled after a wilting period under good weather conditions and with the addition of a lactic acid bacteria inoculant
Effect of chestnut tannin on fermentation quality, proteolysis, and protein rumen degradability of alfalfa silage
No full textTwo experiments were conducted on alfalfa to investigate
the effects of the addition of commercial chestnut
hydrolyzable tannin at ensiling on 1) silage fermentation
quality in lab-scale silos and protein degradation
in the rumen, and 2) silage fermentation quality and
proteolysis in bale silages. Wilted alfalfa was prepared
with 4 tannin levels (0, 2, 4, and 6% on a dry matter
(DM) basis; T0, T1, T2, T3, respectively) and ensiled
in lab-scale silos. Silages (33% DM) were analyzed for
fermentation quality, protein rumen degradability in
situ, and organic matter digestibility in vitro through
gas production after 120 d of conservation. Wilted alfalfa
containing 0 and 4% tannin (T0 and T2) was harvested
at 40%DM(wilting level I) and 53% DM(wilting
level II) for bale (600mmdiameter) silage. Silages were
analyzed for fermentation quality after 78 d of conservation.
All the silages were well fermented with no butyric
acid. Lab-scale silages showed reductions in ammonia,
nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and DM losses in T2 and T3
treatments, while the fermentation acid profiles were
unaffected. In experiment 1, the untreated silage (T0)
had the highest protein degradability after being incubated
in the rumen. The addition of tannin reduced
crude protein ruminal disappearance in a dose-dependent
manner. However, the tannin reduced the organic
matter digestibility by 5.1% for all of the tannin addition
levels. The tannin positively affected the silage
quality in the round bale silages, in particular reducing
ammonia and NPN in the lowest wilting level. In both
experiments, T2 treatment reduced proteolysis without
any influence of DM on the binding reaction and reduced
the NPN by 15% in comparison to the control
Aromatase Inhibitors in Postmenopausal Women with Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: Profiles of Psychological Symptoms and Quality of Life in Different Patient Clusters
No full textBackground: Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) as adjuvant therapy after breast cancer (BC) surgery have demonstrated to reduce the risk of disease recurrence, to lower the risk of contralateral BC, and to improve survival when compared to tamoxifen in patients with limited-stage hormone receptor-positive (HR+) BC. However, AIs are associated with adverse events that can have a significant impact on patient quality of life (QoL). Aim: This study aimed to identify profiles of psychological symptoms and QoL in HR+ BC patients undergoing AI therapy. Method: Data were collected with questionnaires administered at three time points: AI initiation (t0); 3 months after AI initiation (t1); and 6 months after AI initiation (t2). The FACT-G, FACT-B, and FACT-ES questionnaires were used to assess QoL; psychological symptoms were assessed using the SCL-90-R. Results: 43 women were enrolled in the study (t0), and 37 completed the t1 evaluation and 29 the t2 evaluation. We found (1) a progressive decrease over time in FACT-G and FACT-ES scores, in particular in the Physical, Emotional, and Endocrine subscales, and an increase in the SOM (somatization) subscale of the SCL-90-R; (2) the presence of 4 clusters related to different psychological symptoms and QoL evolution over time; (3) that patients belonging to the cluster characterized by worsening symptoms and QoL during time differed from the others in the Emotional subscale of the FACT-B and in the GSI (Global Score), OCD (obsessive-compulsive), DEP (depression), ANX (anxiety), and SLP (sleep disorders) dimensions of the SCL-90-R and had significantly higher BMI levels; and (4) that 3 items from the SCL-90-R and 2 items from FACT Emotional Well-Being subscale were predictive of the "worst" cluster. Conclusions: Although larger studies are needed to confirm these results, our data open up new ways of investigation into the effects of AIs on QoL in HR+ BC patients
Effect of chestnut tannin on fermentation quality and rumen degradability of lucerne (Medicago Sativa L.) sillage
No full textQuantifying morphological stage to predict forage quality of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.)
No full textA precise prediction of quality of legumes in the field would enable harvests to be conducted at appropriate nutritive composition levels. Our objective was to predict the nutritive value of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) with the codified morphological stage and weather parameters at two Mediterranean sites (Ancona and Sassari, Italy) in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Herbage samples were collected at progressive morphological stages, from vegetative stage to seed setting. Mean stage by weight (MSW), dry matter yield (DMY), leaf/stem ratio (L/S), crude protein concentration (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), gross energy (GE), and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were determined. Forage characteristics were regressed on growing degree days (GDD) and MSW. The DMY ranged from 2 to more than 10 Mg ha−1 from vegetative to seed set while L/S decreased from almost 5.6 to 0.2 and the CP from a maximum of 295 to a minimum of 107 g kg−1 dry matter (DM). The NDF ranged from 200 to 616 g kg−1 DM and was best predicted by L/S and MSW. The GE was relatively constant across growth stages with a mean value of 18.0 MJ kg−1 DM. The OMD ranged from 398 to 846 g kg−1 organic matter (OM) and declined linearly with increasing MSW. The OMD decreased 32.6 g kg−1 OM per stage unit and followed similar trends for the two sites, with a lower level at the warmer site (Sassari). The MSW was a better predictor of sulla OMD than GDD, with a higher R 2 (0.70 vs. 0.54) and a lower root mean square error
Bibliographie Hilarion G. Petzold 1958 – 2009 mit Anhang als Einführung
No full textDieses Archiv enthält die Gesamtbibliographie der Werke des Autors nebst einiger Texte „Über H. G. Petzold“ im Schlussteil der Bibliographie sowie einen Anhang mit einer Einführung in die Architektur des Werkes in seinem wissenslogischen Aufbau als Ausarbeitung seines „Tree of Science Modells“ (2007).This archive contains the complete bibliography of the author and some texts about H. G. Petzold, moreover an epilogue with an introduction to the architecture of the works in its epistemological structure and composition and as an elaborations of Petzold’s „Tree of Science Modell (2007).https://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/01-2009-petzold-h-g-gesamtbibliographie-h-g-petzold-1958-2009-updating-november2009/peerReviewedpublishedVersio
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