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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM TORTURE
Full text linkThis article examines the development of the international human rights law, and its
application by the international monitoring bodies as well as courts, with respect to
violations of the right to be free from torture and inhuman and degrading treatment by
victims of domestic violence.
Domestic violence is one of the most spread forms violence against women that feeds
on inequalities in society such as discrimination against women. As a global average,
at least one in three women is beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused by an
intimate partner in the course of her lifetime. Once domestic violence was viewed as
belonging to the realm of the private sphere, and thus exempt from the state
responsibility under the accepted obligations through being a party of certain
international human rights instruments
However, over the past two decades, international human rights documents, decisions,
work of dedicated advocates for women’s rights have popularized the issue of domestic
violence moving it on the international agenda and out of the gray area of regulation,
i.e. the private sphere. It has become clearer that the main threat to human rights did
not always come directly from the state. Therefore, the need to use the human rights
law in intervening in the private sphere has increased. Thus a number of regulations,
interpretation, monitoring and elaborations of state responsibility for acts in the private
sphere has started to emerge.
Finally, the rights of women victims of domestic violence have found it self on high on
the international agenda’s, being confirmed by the jurisprudence of the ECtHR in the
latest cases. Moreover, the Court confirmed that the acts of domestic violence against
women constitute a violation of the right to be free form torture and inhuman and
degrading treatment as well recognized the positive obligations that states have to
prevent such occurrences and to protect victims
The acquis communautaire in the field of free movement of persons and the obligations of Macedonia
Full text linkThe free movement of persons is at the heart of the European
Union (EU) common market. It has been established as a
fundamental right guaranteed to EU citizens by the Treaties. The
principle of non-discrimination of citizens from other Member
States is the main tool for implementing all Treaty provisions on
free movement of persons, while Article 4(3) of the Treaty on
European Union (TEU) establishes the basis for all compliance
procedures.
The free movement of persons is also attractive for candidate
countries given that the prospective EU membership is their
strategic goal. Moreover, the progress of candidate countries
towards EU is conditional (inter alia) upon their successfulness
in implementing the acquis communautaire or being able to take
on the obligations of the membership. This paper discusses the
meaning and regulation of free movement of persons in EU
context and obligations of Macedonia, which derive from its
candidate status in this respect
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE ISSUE OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS AND THE UNITED NATIONS
Full text linkThe development of the legal regulation of trafficking in human beings under the auspices of United Nations has its origin in the efforts done by the league of nation. After the demise of the League of Nations the United Nations continued the efforts to best regulate the issue of trafficking in human beings, shifting the approach from undefined to human rights approach. This efforts culminated in 2001 with the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the its supplementing Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. The Convention and the Protocol synthesised all previous efforts and on international level and bring a comprehensive and human rights based legal instrument for fight against trafficking in human beings
Access to justice for women victims of domestic violence in the Republic of Macedonia
Full text linkشهدت العقود الأخيرة تقدماً ملحوظاً في مواجهة قضايا العنف المنزلي على الصعيدين الدولي والمحلي ، وذلك نتيجة للجهود النسائية المبذولة في هذا الصدد. ومع ذلك ، ما زالت هناك العديد من الأمثلة حول النظم القانونية التي عادة تخذل ضحايا العنف المنزلي من النساء. في جمهورية مقدونيا، ظهرت قضية العنف المنزلي ضمن جدول الأعمال الوطني عام 1994، ومنذ ذلك الحين ، اتخذت الكثير من الإجراءات والمشاريع التي تخص هذه القضية ، سواء على مستوى القطاعات الحكومية أو غير الحكومية. لقد بدأت إجراءات تحقيق العدالة كحق أصيل لضحايا العنف المنزلي في التوسع والتطور في البلاد. يجري الآن سن القوانين وتغيير الإجراءات لتتناسب بشل أفضل مع ضحايا العنف المنزلي ، فضلاً عن وضع خطط العمل وتوفير نظم الحماية. جرى تدريب ضباط الشرطة على الاستجابات المناسبة لنداءات العنف المنزلي ، وكذلك تدريب القضاة على ديناميكية العنف المنزلي ، ومؤخراً، أصبح هناك اتجاه من المدعين العامين والمحامين إلى تولي قضايا العنف المنزلي واعتبارها ذات صلة بإجراءاتهم في الادعاء أو الدفاع. وبالرغم من نجاح هذه الجهود إلى حد ما من حيث وضع السياسات والأطر القانونية ، إلا أن ضحايا العنف المنزلي ما زالوا يواجهون العديد من المشكلات ضمن النظام القانوني بأكمله. وتتمحور المشكلات التي تعيق تحقيق العدالة الناجزة للضحايا بالدرجة الأولى حول النقاط التالية: تقاعس الشرطة عن إحالة التهم الجنائية إلى النيابة العامة، حفظ النيابة العامة للقضية أو إسقاطها لعدم كفاية الأدلة أو لعدم أهلية الفعل، عدم إصدار المحكمة تدابير الحماية الأمنية التي يطلبها الضحايا في وقتها، عدم تنفيذ أوامر الحماية المؤقتة التي أصدرت بالفعل، وعدم الحكم على الجناة. سنتناول في هذه المقالة تلك المشكلات من خلال تحليل يشمل: أولاً، النظام القانوني لجمهورية مقدونيا فيما يتعلق بالعنف المنزلي، وذلك استناداً إلى مسؤوليتها كطرف في المعاهدات القانونية الدولية الملزمة التي تتصدى للعنف ضد المرأة بوجه عام، والعنف المنزلي بوجه خاص. وثانياً، توضيح وتشخيص الوضع المتعلق بالعنف المنزلي ومشكلات ضحايا العنف المنزلي في التعامل مع نظام العدالة من خلال استعراض حالات محددةIn the recent decades as a result of feminist efforts, significant progress in addressing the issue of domestic violence on the international scene, as well as, on the national level have been made. However, there are still numerous examples of the legal systems routinely failing women victims of domestic violence. In the Republic of Macedonia the issue of domestic violence emerged on the national agenda in the 1994, and ever since, many projects and actions on government level, as well as, in the non-governmental sector have been initiated. Access to justice as a fundamental right to victims of domestic violence has started to develop in the country. Laws are now enacted and procedures have been changed to better suit victims of domestic violence. Action Plans have been developed, and orders of protection are now available. Police officers have been trained on appropriate responses to domestic violence calls; judges have been trained on the dynamics of domestic violence; and recently, prosecutors and lawyers are more likely to take up cases of domestic violence and to consider it relevant to their prosecution or defense. However, even though these efforts have been rather successful in terms of policy-making and legal framework, victims of domestic violence still face problems throughout the legal system. The problems that hinder the effective access to justice of the victims are concentrated in these areas: the police inaction in submitting a criminal charge to the prosecution office; the prosecution's office dropping the case for lack of evidence or under-qualification of the deed; untimely action of the court in security protection measures issuance demanded by victims; lack of implementation of already issued temporary protection orders, and under-sentencing the perpetrators. In this article, these problems will be explored through analyses: first of the legal system of R. Macedonia regarding domestic violence, based on its responsibility by being a party to binding international legal treaties treating violence against women in generalis, and domestic violence in concreto; and second, through identification of the situation regarding domestic violence and the problems of victims of domestic violence dealing with the justice system by examining specific cases
تحقيق العدالة لضحايا العنف المنزلي من النساء في جمهورية مقدونيا
No full textIn the recent decades as a result of feminist efforts, significant progress in addressing the issue of domestic violence on the international scene, as well as, on the national level have been made. However, there are still numerous examples of the legal systems routinely failing women victims of domestic violence. In the Republic of Macedonia the issue of domestic violence emerged on the national agenda in the 1994, and ever since, many projects and actions on government level, as well as, in the non-governmental sector have been initiated. Access to justice as a fundamental right to victims of domestic violence has started to develop in the country. Laws are now enacted and procedures have been changed to better suit victims of domestic violence. Action Plans have been developed, and orders of protection are now available. Police officers have been trained on appropriate responses to domestic violence calls; judges have been trained on the dynamics of domestic violence; and recently, prosecutors and lawyers are more likely to take up cases of domestic violence and to consider it relevant to their prosecution or defense. However, even though these efforts have been rather successful in terms of policy-making and legal framework, victims of domestic violence still face problems throughout the legal system. The problems that hinder the effective access to justice of the victims are concentrated in these areas: the police inaction in submitting a criminal charge to the prosecution office; the prosecution's office dropping the case for lack of evidence or under-qualification of the deed; untimely action of the court in security protection measures issuance demanded by victims; lack of implementation of already issued temporary protection orders, and under-sentencing the perpetrators. In this article, these problems will be explored through analyses: first of the legal system of R. Macedonia regarding domestic violence, based on its responsibility by being a party to binding international legal treaties treating violence against women in generalis, and domestic violence in concreto; and second, through identification of the situation regarding domestic violence and the problems of victims of domestic violence dealing with the justice system by examining specific cases.شهدت العقود الأخيرة تقدماً ملحوظاً في مواجهة قضايا العنف المنزلي على الصعيدين الدولي والمحلي ، وذلك نتيجة للجهود النسائية المبذولة في هذا الصدد. ومع ذلك ، ما زالت هناك العديد من الأمثلة حول النظم القانونية التي عادة تخذل ضحايا العنف المنزلي من النساء. في جمهورية مقدونيا، ظهرت قضية العنف المنزلي ضمن جدول الأعمال الوطني عام 1994، ومنذ ذلك الحين ، اتخذت الكثير من الإجراءات والمشاريع التي تخص هذه القضية ، سواء على مستوى القطاعات الحكومية أو غير الحكومية. لقد بدأت إجراءات تحقيق العدالة كحق أصيل لضحايا العنف المنزلي في التوسع والتطور في البلاد. يجري الآن سن القوانين وتغيير الإجراءات لتتناسب بشل أفضل مع ضحايا العنف المنزلي ، فضلاً عن وضع خطط العمل وتوفير نظم الحماية. جرى تدريب ضباط الشرطة على الاستجابات المناسبة لنداءات العنف المنزلي ، وكذلك تدريب القضاة على ديناميكية العنف المنزلي ، ومؤخراً، أصبح هناك اتجاه من المدعين العامين والمحامين إلى تولي قضايا العنف المنزلي واعتبارها ذات صلة بإجراءاتهم في الادعاء أو الدفاع. وبالرغم من نجاح هذه الجهود إلى حد ما من حيث وضع السياسات والأطر القانونية ، إلا أن ضحايا العنف المنزلي ما زالوا يواجهون العديد من المشكلات ضمن النظام القانوني بأكمله. وتتمحور المشكلات التي تعيق تحقيق العدالة الناجزة للضحايا بالدرجة الأولى حول النقاط التالية: تقاعس الشرطة عن إحالة التهم الجنائية إلى النيابة العامة، حفظ النيابة العامة للقضية أو إسقاطها لعدم كفاية الأدلة أو لعدم أهلية الفعل، عدم إصدار المحكمة تدابير الحماية الأمنية التي يطلبها الضحايا في وقتها، عدم تنفيذ أوامر الحماية المؤقتة التي أصدرت بالفعل، وعدم الحكم على الجناة. سنتناول في هذه المقالة تلك المشكلات من خلال تحليل يشمل: أولاً، النظام القانوني لجمهورية مقدونيا فيما يتعلق بالعنف المنزلي، وذلك استناداً إلى مسؤوليتها كطرف في المعاهدات القانونية الدولية الملزمة التي تتصدى للعنف ضد المرأة بوجه عام، والعنف المنزلي بوجه خاص. وثانياً، توضيح وتشخيص الوضع المتعلق بالعنف المنزلي ومشكلات ضحايا العنف المنزلي في التعامل مع نظام العدالة من خلال استعراض حالات محدد
Gender and the right to non-discrimination in international human rights law
Full text linkDiscrimination against women based on the fact that they are women is a deeply rooted practice in all societies. However, the level of discrimination varies greatly with the level of development of the given society and strongly influences and vice versa it is influenced by the status of women in a given society. Addressing this gender-based discrimination is a difficult task because it is closely linked to the concept of equality, and state’s action and inactions. The article establishes that the States parties’ obligation is to ensure that there is no direct or indirect discrimination against women in their laws, sanctions, and other remedies and those women are protected against discrimination in the public, as well as, in the private spheres
International Standards Regarding Protection of Children of Maltreatment
Full text linkChild abuse is protected by international law and acts and includes all types of physical, sexual and emotional abuse. Child abuse is a global problem with serious consequences throughout life, it is also a global problem with serious consequences for children and their families. In order to prevent this phenomenon, the awareness and consciousness of everyone (society, state) must be increased. Work on joint projects should include the UN, WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO, the EU and the CoE. Knowledge, legislation and ideas in protecting children's health belong to health and safety experts. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union obliges states to include in their legislation the protection of children from all forms of ill-treatment
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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