1,360,875 research outputs found
A few derivations related to convolution and inter-conversion for linear visco-elastic materials
No full textThis article presents a heuristic derivation of the convolution integral, which is a critical concept in solving mechanistic problems related to linear viscoelastic materials. This article also presents the derivations for inter-conversions from time to frequency dependent responses. In the context of this article, viscoelastic response is considered to be synonymous with time-dependent response. This article is presented only as a reference, if you notice any corrections or have any suggestions, please email them to: [email protected]
Estigmena bicolor Bhasin 1950
No full textEstigmena bicolor Bhasin, 1950: 133. (Fig. 8) In NFIC there is one holotype and a paratype. Holotype with five labels. Label 1: White label with printed collection locality (INDIA: Assam), 'Cachar, Halflong; 15.v.1925; CFC Beeson'. Label 2: white blank label with glue mark, perhaps specimen was earlier glued to the card. Label 3: White label stating ' Estigmena?duhartyiutm (not clearly legible), G. E. Bryant det'. Label 4: white label stating 'Holotype, Estigmena bicolor Bhasin' (hand written). Label 5: Red label printed 'Type'. Paratype: 1 female; INDIA: Assam, Lakhimpur Distt, Jeypore Res. Forest; 12. v. 1938; NC Chatterjee. Remarks: Holotype, both the antennae broken and each with five basal segments, broken parts missing; right hind leg missing, left hind leg with one tarsomere rest missing. Species was described on the basis of two specimens, both of which are present in the NFIC. Staines (2015) mentioned ' depository unknown'.Published as part of Faisal, Mohammad & Singh, Sudhir, 2018, Type specimens of Chrysomelidae and Megalopodidae (Coleoptera) in the National Forest Insect Collection (NFIC), Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India, pp. 509-529 in Zootaxa 4420 (4) on page 513, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/145540
Lex Punit Mendacium: punitive damages and Bhasin v Hrynew
No full textPunitive damages are a controversial remedy in Canadian and non-Canadian law. Some scholars have gone so far as to argue that punitive damages are entirely inconsistent with the goals and principles of private law and ought to be abolished. Notwithstanding these criticisms, the Supreme Court of Canada has treated punitive damages as a relatively uncontroversial private law remedy. However, the circumstances under which a court will consider awarding punitive damages have evolved with recent Supreme Court decisions. One example is the introduction of the independent actionable wrong requirement in Vorvis v Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. The independent actionable wrong requirement has been criticized as an incoherent and ineffective check on the availability of punitive damages. Moreover, the duty of honest contractual performance introduced by the Supreme Court of Canada in Bhasin v Hrynew has added a new and readily available source of an independent actionable wrong.
This paper addresses two main issues. First, it discusses and rebuts various theoretical objections to the availability of punitive damages in private law. It then provides a cogent theoretical justification for the availability of the remedy. Second, the paper discusses the impact that the duty recognized in Bhasin may have on the availability of punitive damages. Ultimately, this paper argues that the duty recognized in Bhasin has crystallized the practical and theoretical irrelevance of the independent actionable wrong requirement and, consequently, that the requirement should be eliminated
Platypria garthwaitei Bhasin 1942
No full text<i>Platypria garthwaitei</i> Bhasin, 1942: 9 <p>(Fig. 11)</p> <p> Holotype and 21 paratypes in NFIC. Holotype with following seven labels: Label 1: White label stating collection locality '(MYANMAR), Maymyo, Bot. Garden; 21.v.1940; MH Desai'. Label 2: White label—'On foliage of <i>Zizyphus incurva'</i>. Label 3: Cage DSR 4065', Label 4: with code 'IR 5306'. Label 5: with code 'PRS 1919'. Label 6: White label ' <i>Platypria garthwaitei</i> Bhasin, Type' (hand written). Label 7: Red label printed 'Type'.</p> <p> In NFIC there are 21 Paratypes: 8 collected by MH Desai with other details as on holotype, 4 of which with green labels with 'paratype' and rest four with 'paratype' typed on the species name tag. 12 paratypes collected by JD Grathwaite' with Label 1: White, stating collection locality (MYANMAR), Maymyo, Mandalay; (two paratypes with date) 31.v.1940 (and 10 paratypes with date) 7.vii.1938; of these 7 with green 'paratype' labels and 3 (dated 7.vii.1938) with 'paratype' typed on the species name tag. Label 2: White ' <i>Platypria garthwaitei</i> Bhasin'. Label 3: White 'defoliating <i>Zizyphus incurva'.</i> There are three other white paper slips with various numbers related to rearing records. One paratype with label 1: Mehnyin Res. Myitkyina coll. by R. Hlaogh, 7.vii.1938.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> In the original description there is no mention about number of specimens on which the species is described there is mention that species was 'described from a series'. Currently it is a synonym of <i>Platypria chiroptera</i> Gestro 1899.</p>Published as part of <i>Faisal, Mohammad & Singh, Sudhir, 2018, Type specimens of Chrysomelidae and Megalopodidae (Coleoptera) in the National Forest Insect Collection (NFIC), Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India, pp. 509-529 in Zootaxa 4420 (4)</i> on page 516, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.4.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1455409">http://zenodo.org/record/1455409</a>
Bhasin v. Hrynew: A New Era For Good Faith in Canadian Employment Law, or Just Tinkering at the Margins?
No full textThis is a pre-edited version of an article that has been accepted for forthcoming publication in the International Journal of Comparative Labour and Industrial Relations in 2016In Commonwealth Bank Australia v Barker the High Court of Australia refused to impose an implied duty of mutual trust and confidence into the employment contract, reasoning that doing so would take the Court beyond its legitimate authority.[1] Issued a bare two months later, the Supreme Court of Canada went in a different direction. In Bhasin v. Hrynew, the Court acknowledged good faith as a central organizing principle of contract law, and announced a new duty of honest performance applicable to all contracts. A few months later the Court applied the new organizing principle of good faith to circumscribe the exercise of an employer’s discretion in Potter v. New Brunswick Legal Aid Services Commission.[2] This paper will assess the potential impact of Bhasin and Potter on the shape of Canadian employment law. In particular, it will reflect on whether these two cases open to the door to greater judicial oversight of the day-to-day interactions between employers and employees, an area as yet relatively unregulated by the Canadian common law. [1] Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker [2014] HCA 32 (10 September 2014) [Barker] [2] Bhasin v. Hrynew, 2014 SCC 71 [Bhasin]; Potter v. Legal Aid Services Commission, 2015 SCC 10 [Potter]
An Action on the Equities: Re-Characterizing Bhasin as Equitable Estoppel
No full textIn its 2014 decision of Bhasin v. Hrynew, the Supreme Court of Canada recognized that a duty of honest performance exists between contracting parties. Academics, practitioners, and courts across the nation have since contemplated the meaning and role of such a duty. This article looks to Australia’s doctrine of “equitable estoppel,” the equivalent of Canada’s “promissory estoppel,” to explain the outcome of the Supreme Court’s decision. It thereby posits that the duty of honest performance can be re-characterized and interpreted as equitable estoppel. In that manner, the article provides a perspective that clarifies the newly proclaimed duty, and potentially answers several of the outstanding questions regarding the Supreme Court’s conclusions in Bhasin
The Contractual Principle of Good Faith and the Duty of Honesty in Bhasin v. Hrynew
No full textThis article explores the Supreme Court of Canada’s 2014 decision in Bhasin v. Hrynew. This includes an assessment of the new duty of honesty in contractual performance and the newly identified organizing principle of good faith. The authors also discuss contracting out of the duty of honesty — which Bhasin itself raises as a possibility — by assessing both Canadian and American law on point, including the Uniform Commercial Code. The article concludes that Bhasin’s largest and most lasting contribution is likely in how it expressly legitimates and defends the role of good faith in the common law of contract
Boa fé e precedente: bhasin c/ hrynew e a common law canadense
No full textIn Canadian common law**, good faith in contracts is limited to specific areas; there is no general obligation of good faith. In Bhasin v. Hrynew, the Supreme Court of Canada, sought to remedy this shortcoming by recognising, first, a general organising principle of good faith and, secondly, an obligation to act honestly in executing a contract. It left it to the lower courts to determine how the new principle would be applied. The Court used the common law methodology to break out of the narrow analytical limits of the common law and to broadenthe scope of good faith. However, this precedent did not have the desired effect. The limited definition of good faith given by the Supreme Court of Canada led the lower courts to reduce Bhasin v. Hrynew to a case only applicable to its particular facts. Faced with the indeterminacy of the principle and its scope, the courts of appeal distinguished Bhasin v. Hrynew using a range of techniques, among others, a recourse to the rules of the common law to limit its field of application instead of a recourse to the new decision to change the rules of the common law. The Uniform Commercial Code and the Civil Code of Quebec, to which the Court referred to justify the introduction of the general organising principle in the common law provided a roadmap, which the lower courts did not adopt, for its development.En la common law***, la buena fe en los contratos se limita a áreas específicas; No existe una obligación general de buena fe. En Bhasin c/ Hrynew, la Corte Suprema de Canadá buscó remediar esta deficiencia al reconocer, primero, un principio general de organización de buena fe y, en segundo lugar, la obligación de actuar honestamente en la ejecución de un contrato. Se dejó a los tribunales inferiores para determinar cómo se aplicaría el nuevo principio. El Tribunal utilizó la metodología de la common law canadiense para romper los estrechos límites analíticos de la common law canadiense y ampliar el alcance de la buena fe. Sin embargo, este precedente no tuvo el efecto deseado. La definición limitada de buena fe dada por la Corte Suprema de Canadá llevó a los tribunales inferiores a reducir Bhasin c/Hrynew a un caso solo aplicable a sus hechos particulares. Ante la indeterminación del principio y su alcance, los tribunales de apelación lo distinguieron Bhasin c/ Hrynew utilizando una variedad de técnicas, entre otras, un recurso a las reglas del derecho común para limitar su campo de aplicación en lugar de un recurso a la nueva decisión de cambiar las reglas de la common law canadiense. El Código Comercial Uniforme y el Código Civil de Quebec, a los que se refería el Tribunal para justificar la introducción del principio general de organización en el derecho común canadiense, proporcionaron una hoja de ruta, que los tribunales inferiores no adoptaron, para su desarrollo.En common law canadienne, la bonne foi dans les obligations contractuelles se limite à des domaines précis ; il n’y a pas d’obligation générale. Dans Bhasin c. Hrynew, la Cour suprême du Canada à cherché à pallier cette insuffisance en posant un principe directeur général de bonne foi et une obligation d’agir honnêtement dans l’exécution de ses obligations contractuelles. Elle laissait aux cours inférieures la tâche de déterminer les modalités de mise en application du nouveau principe. La Cour a utilisé la méthodologie de la common law pour sortir des limites analytiques restreintes de la common law et élargir la portée de la bonne foi. Or ce précédent n’a pas eu l’effet escompté. La définition limitée de la bonne foi donnée par la Cour suprême du Canada a conduit les cours inférieures à réduire Bhasin c. Hrynew à un cas d’espèce. Devant l’indétermination du principe et de sa portée, les cours d’appel ont utilisé une gamme de techniques pour le distinguer, Bhasin c. Hrynew entres autres, d’un recours aux règles de la common law pour limiter son champ d’application au lieu d’un recours à la nouvelle décision pour modifier les règles de la common law. Le Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) et le Code civil du Québec (CCQ), auxquels la Cour s’était référée pour justifier l’introduction du principe directeur général en common law fournissait une feuille de route pour son élaboration que les juridictions inférieures ont refusé de suivre.Na common law**** canadense, a boa-fé em contratos é limitada a áreas específicas; não há obrigação geral de boa fé. Em Bhasin c/ Hrynew, a Suprema Corte do Canadá, procurou remediar essa lacuna reconhecendo, primeiro, um princípio geral de organização de boa fé e, segundo, uma obrigação de agir honestamente na execução de um contrato. Deixou aos tribunais inferiores determinar como o novo princípio seria aplicado. O Tribunal utilizou a metodologia da common law para romper com os estreitos limites analíticos da common law e ampliar o escopo da boa fé. No entanto, esse precedente não teve o efeito desejado. A definição limitada de boa fé dada pela Suprema Corte do Canadá levou os tribunais inferiores a reduzir Bhasin c/ Hrynew a um caso apenas aplicável a seus fatos particulares. Diante da indeterminação do princípio e de seu escopo, os tribunais de recurso o distinguiram usando uma série de técnicas, entre outras, um recurso às regras do direito comum para limitar seu campo de aplicação, em vez de um recurso à nova decisão de alterar as regras do direito comum. Diante da indeterminação do princípio e de seu escopo, os tribunais de recurso o distinguiram usando Bhasin c/ Hrynew uma série de técnicas, entre outras, um recurso às regras do direito comum para limitar seu campo de aplicação, em vez de um recurso à nova decisão de alterar as regras do direito comum. O Código Comercial Uniforme e o Código Civil de Quebec, aos quaiso Tribunal se refere justificam a introdução do princípio geral de organização no common law, fornecendo um roteiro que os tribunais inferiores não adotaram para seu desenvolvimento
Bhasin v Hrynew: Why a General Duty of Good Faith Would Be Out of Place in English Canadian Contract Law
No full textConsistently with the objective conception of contract prevailing at English law, English Canadian courts have traditionally resorted to estoppel (at Equity) and the implied terms doctrine (at Law) to resolve roughly the same array of cases as are typically resolved through a general doctrine of good faith at French-sourced civil law, which instead tends to conceptualize contracts subjectively. The author argues against a broad reading of Bhasin v. Hrynew [2014] SCC, which would be tantamount to importing the latter doctrine into English Canadian law, on the basis that such broad reading would be unnecessary, undesirable and legally less tenable than the alternative, narrow reading. A general doctrine of good faith is unnecessary because its domain of application is already satisfactorily covered by such pillar English doctrines as estoppel and implied terms. It is undesirable because it clashes with the internal, objective logic animating the English law of contracts. More technically, finally, a broad reading of Bhasin arguably is persuasive only (as obiter dictum rather than ratio decidendi) insofar as the Court’s conclusion arguably is better supported through implying, more narrowly, a plain contractual term of honest performance.This work received SSHRC research funding
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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