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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Étude des caloducs cryogéniques pulsés diphasiques d'un mètre de longueur
No full textUn caloduc pulsé diphasique est un lien thermique composé d'un tube capillaire lisse sous forme de serpentin reliant un évaporateur à un condenseur, séparés par une partie adiabatique. Les conditions de température et de pression du fluide à l'intérieur du caloduc sont proches des conditions de changement de phase. De ce fait, et grâce aux dimensions capillaires du tube, le fluide se distribue en différentes parties liquide et vapeur distribuées de manière alternée. Les instabilités thermo-hydrauliques permanentes sont à l'origine d'un écoulement oscillant qui permet le transfert de chaleur de l'évaporateur jusqu'au condenseur.L'objectif du présent projet de recherche consiste à étudier le comportement thermo-hydraulique de trois caloducs cryogéniques pulsés diphasiques testés avec différents fluides cryogéniques (azote, néon et argon) pour le refroidissement d'aimants à haute température critique. De plus, un code numérique a été développé pour les futures simulations 2D des caloducs pulsés diphasiques.Au cours de ce projet de recherche, de nombreux tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés avec trois fluides cryogéniques différents: azote, néon et argon. Les résultats expérimentaux des tests avec une augmentation de puissance progressive dans l'évaporateur ont révélé des capacités de transfert thermiques très différentes en fonction du fluide, chaque fluide présentant un comportement thermo-hydraulique différent. L'état thermodynamique du fluide lors du fonctionnement stable du PHP et la phase d'assèchement (dry-out) ont été étudiés. Les différences dans le comportement des différents fluides ont été expliquées après l'analyse de leurs propriétés physiques. De plus, les taux de remplissage de fluide dans le PHP donnant les meilleures performances thermiques ont été définis. Ajouté à cela, de nombreux tests réalisés en configuration ouverte (avec le PHP connecté au volume tampon) et en configuration fermé (avec le PHP isolé du volume tampon) ont permis de conclure sur la capacité de régulation du volume tampon en cas de surpression dans le PHP. Aussi, les résultats expérimentaux des longs tests de stabilité ont permis de vérifier la stabilité du système PHP pendant des longues périodes de fonctionnement. Par ailleurs, des tests spécifiques ont été réalisés pour déterminer des conditions optimales de démarrage, l'influence de la température du condenseur dans les performances thermiques du système et l'influence du nombre de tubes en parallèle dans la capacité de transfert thermique du système. Finalement, une série de tests avec une forte puissance thermique imposée au niveau de l'évaporateur imitant une situation de quench dans un aimant supraconducteur ont données des précieuses informations sur les limites thermiques du système. Concernant les simulations numériques, un modèle a été développé avec le solveur Fluent pour des simulations dans une géométrie 2D axisymétrique en utilisant la méthode VOF. La dynamique du fluide dans un tube capillaire a été modélisée et les simulations thermiques ont permis de conclure que les instabilités thermodynamiques restent insuffisantes pour maintenir les oscillations du fluide. Ce modèle est présenté comme une nouvelle plateforme pour de futures modélisations 2D des caloducs pulsés diphasiques.A pulsating (or oscillating) heat pipe (PHP or OHP) is a heat transfer device composed of a single capillary tube bent in many U-turns, connecting an evaporator to a condenser, separated by an adiabatic part. In the PHP, temperature and pressure conditions of the working fluid are close to phase-change conditions. Due to this and to the capillary dimensions of the tube, the fluid is distributed in alternating liquid slugs and vapor plugs. Permanent thermal instabilities in the PHP create the oscillating flow which allows the transfer of heat from one end (the evaporator) to the other (the condenser).The objective of the present work consists in characterizing the thermo-hydraulic behavior of the meter-scale horizontal cryogenic pulsating heat pipes as a cooling solution for space superconducting magnets. To this, several experiments have been conducted in a cryogenic facility containing three different horizontal pulsating heat pipes. In addition, a numerical 2D model has been proposed for future horizontal pulsating heat pipes simulations.During the research project, numerous tests have been performed using three different working fluids: nitrogen, neon and argon. From experimental results of progressive heat load tests it has been possible to compare the maximum heat load transfer capacity of the PHP with each fluid and the corresponding thermal performance. It has also been noticed that each fluid presents a specific behavior concerning the fluid oscillations. In addition, the thermodynamic state of the fluid in operating conditions and the dry-out process have been characterized. Differences between fluid's behaviors have been partly explained by analyzing the evolution of the fluid physical properties related to the movement and the heat transfer capacity. Furthermore, it has been possible to conclude about the relation between the liquid filling ratio in the PHP and its thermal performance, determining the filling ratios giving the highest thermal performances. Moreover, similar tests have been performed in open configuration (with the PHP connected to the buffer volume) and closed configuration (with the PHP isolated from the buffer volume). From this, it has been possible to conclude about the regulation made by the buffer volume in case of overpressure in the PHP. Also, experimental results from long stability tests have confirmed that these pulsating heat pipe are able to work in stable conditions during long periods as a reliable cooling system. In addition to that, specific tests have been done to determine the optimum start-tup conditions, the influence of the temperature of the condenser in the thermal performance and the influence of the number of turns in the global heat transfer capacity. A final series of tests have been achieved with a sudden extra heat load at the surface of the evaporator while the PHP is operating in stable conditions, simulating a quench event of a superconducting magnet. Experimental results gave us precious information about the transient thermal behavior and operating limits of this kind of device during transient heat loads like quench situations. Concerning the numerical part, a numerical model has been proposed for transient simulations with a pressure-based Fluent solver using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method in a 2D axisymmetric geometry. Certain characteristics of fluid dynamics in capillary tubes have been confirmed. It has also been noticed that thermodynamic instabilities are not enough to generate the fluid oscillations in capillary tubes. Even if the 2D axisymmetric simulation is still at its early stages, several aspects of the models have been validated after analyzing the evolution of different parameters, suggesting that this kind of model can be considered as a new platform for future 2D pulsating heat pipes simulations
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Transient Heat Transfer to Confined Superfluid Helium
Get PDFTo investigate how the Large Hadron Collider at CERN can survive UFO attacks much larger than expected, we build and perform an experiment designed to measure the transient temperature evolution of both a stainless steel heater subjected to millisecond time-scale losses and the confined helium cooling this heater.
In the first paper we focus on a configuration where the heater is cooled by an open bath of superfluid helium. Setup validation is done by fitting the Kapitza heat transfer expression to steady state measurements, finding fit parameters within the expected range. We do not find conclusive evidence of an orientation dependence of the Kapitza heat transfer mechanism, nor heat transfer differences that can be attributed to local surface variations along the same heater. The setup shows critical heat flux in line with estimates from literature, and the time between a step in heating and the onset of film boiling follows the expected behaviour.
During the first millisecond after a step in applied heating power density our measurements show a slower thermal rise time than that found by a time-dependent one-dimensional model of our setup using the steady state Kapitza heat transfer expression as the cooling boundary condition. After the first millisecond, agreement between measurement and model is excellent.
In the second paper we confine the helium near the heater to a channel of 120 μm depth. The helium is isolated from the external bath with the exception of two pin-holes that, on the time-scale of tens of milliseconds, allow only negligible heat exchange with the external bath.
We measure the temperatures of both the heater strip and the channel helium during slow-pulse heating that reaches peak power after 9 ms, fast-pulse heating that reaches peak power after 100 μs, and step heating that reaches steady power after 100 μs.
Using the steady state Kapitza heat transfer expression at the interface between heater and helium, and the Gorter-Mellink heat transfer regime in the helium channel, we obtain excellent agreement between simulation and measurement during the first 5 ms of slow-pulse tests. Using instead the measured helium temperature in the Kapitza expression, we obtain excellent agreement between the simulated and measured heater response during the first 150 ms of slow-pulse tests.
The same model fails to explain the fast-pulse transient response of the heater and helium, while it can only explain the helium response to a step in applied power. The steady state Kapitza expression may therefore not be applicable to heating events that are over within a single millisecond.Superflytende helium og UFO’er i LHC-maskinen
Et av menneskehetens største og viktigste verktøy for å lære om de mest fundamentale fysiske lovene som styrer universet er partikkelakseleratoren LHC på CERN i Sveits.
Titusenvis av ganger i året angriper UFO’er LHC-maskinen. Disser er varmepulser som bare varer i et halvt til et helt millisekund. Selv om de fleste er små, og avgir bare litt varme, er noen store nok til at de superledende magnetene i maskinen må skrus av for å være sikker på at de ikke tar skade.
Hver gang man skrur av maskinen tar det timesvis før den er oppe og går igjen, så vi trenger vite så nøyaktig som mulig hva som er grensen for når en UFO er så stor og farlig at vi må beskytte LHC-maskinen.
Basert på numeriske modeller av magnetene i maskinen, som tar høyde for at de kjøles ned av superflytende helium, ser vi at UFO’ene må være mye større enn forventet før de skaper trøbbel.
Dette forskningsarbeidet tester, eksperimentelt, hvordan kjøleegenskapene til superflytende helium oppfører seg når det er i kontakt med et varmeelement som utsettes for varmepulser som ligner på en UFO.
Vi finner at for varmepulser som er tregere enn en UFO, så kan vi modellere LHC-magnetenes temperaturrespons veldig nøyaktig. Men for UFO’er tar det lenger tid for både varmeelementet og det superflytende heliumet å varme seg opp.
Innenfor den modellen som virker veldig godt for trege varmepulser kan vi ikke finne noen justeringer som gjør at den også passer måleresultatene fra de raske UFO’ene.
Dette betyr at vi, i et kontrollert eksperiment, bekrefter observasjonen fra LHC-maskinen om at den overlever uventet store UFO’er.
Basert på dette arbeidet kan nye forskningsprosjekter dykke lenger ned, og lete etter den grunnleggende forklaringen på hvorfor det superflytende heliumet er så godt egnet til å beskytte magnetene mot UFO’er
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Study and modelling of the thermohydraulic phenomena taking place during the quench of a superconducting magnet cooled with supercritical helium
No full textAu cours des dernières décennies, le phénomène de quench a été une des problématiques les plus importantes abordées dans les conceptions d’aimants supraconducteurs. En effet, la transition de quench d’un aimant de son état supraconducteur à son état normal induit une grande quantité de l’énergie par effet Joule. Cet apport de chaleur va ensuite augmenter rapidement la température du conducteur ainsi que la pression du liquide de refroidissement à l’hélium. Le dépassement d’un certain seuil sur ces deux paramètres peut engendrer une détérioration irréversible à l’aimant et au système de refroidissement cryogénique. Afin de mettre en évidence les comportements de quench des bobines supraconductrices à champ toroïdal (TF) du Tokamak JT-60SA, nous avons réalisé des études expérimentales et numériques sur les phénomènes thermohydrauliques résultant du quench d’un aimant supraconducteur fabriqué en câble-en-conduit conducteur (CICC) et refroidi par l’écoulement forcé à l’hélium supercritique. Dans ce cadre, toutes les 18 TF bobines de JT-60SA ont été testées dans une configuration à une seule bobine dans leurs conditions de fonctionnement nominales de courant et de température (25,7 kA et 5 K). Une augmentation progressive de la température a été appliquée à l'entrée de l'hélium jusqu'à la température de quench, suivie d'une décharge rapide du courant dès que le quench est détecté pour protéger l'aimant. Les analyses expérimentales de ces tests ont d'abord permis d'identifier plusieurs phases dynamiques très différentes pendant toute la propagation de quench. Ensuite, les phénomènes physiques parcourant chacune de ces phases ont été étudiés et les plus prédominants ont été mis en évidence tels que les charges thermiques externes, les performances magnétiques des brins, les transferts thermiques conducto-convectifs entre conducteurs et hélium ou encore l'expulsion d'hélium et le reverse flow. Sur la base de ces analyses expérimentales, un modèle numérique d’une seule galette a été développé dans le code THEA afin d'analyser un phénomène physique à la fois sans construire un modèle global trop complexe de l'ensemble de l'aimant. Ce modèle d’une seule galette a été validé sur les données d'expériences de quench et a été appliqué avec succès pour faire d'autres analyses plus détaillées des phénomènes physiques ainsi que des phases dynamiques identifiées pendant la propagation de quench des TF bobines. Ce modèle numérique a même permis d'identifier certains phénomènes prépondérants qui n'ont pas pu être étudiés dans l'analyse expérimentale, tels que l'impact des instabilités des conditions de test sur la dynamique de quench. Les très bons résultats de ce modèle et sa cohérence avec les analyses physiques expérimentales en font une étape très intéressante vers la modélisation complète de toute la TF bobine de JT-60SA et l'étude de son comportement de quench dans une vraie machine Tokamak et non en conditions d'essais.During the last decades, the quench phenomenon has been one of the most important issues addressed in the superconducting magnets designs. Indeed, the quench transition of a magnet from its superconducting state to its normal state induces a large deposition of the Joule effect energy leading to an abrupt temperature increase in the conductor as well as a large pressure rise in the helium coolant. Any excess of these two parameters can cause an irreversible damage either to the magnet or to the cryogenic system. In order to achieve a better understanding of the quench behavior of the TF coils in the superconducting Tokamak JT-60SA, we carried out both experimental and numerical studies of the thermohydraulic phenomena taking place during the quench of a superconducting magnet manufactured with Cable-In-Conduit Conductor and cooled in forced flow with supercritical helium. In this framework, all the 18 JT-60SA TF coils were tested in a single coil configuration at their nominal operating conditions of current and temperature (25.7kA and 5K). A progressive temperature increase has been applied to the helium inlet up to the quench temperature, followed by a current fast discharge as soon as the quench is detected to protect the magnet. The experimental analyses of these tests allowed first to identify several very different dynamic phases in the overall quench propagation time. Then, the physical phenomena driving each one of these phases have been studied and the most predominant ones have been highlighted such as the external heat loads, the strands magnetic performances, the conductive and convective heat transfers between conductors and helium or even the helium expulsion and reverse flow. Based on these experimental analyses, a single pancake numerical model has been developed in the THEA code in order to analyze one physical phenomenon at a time without building a too complex global model of the entire magnet. This single pancake model has been validated on the quench experiments data and has been successfully applied to make further more detailed analyses of the physical phenomena as well as the dynamic phases identified during the TF coils quench propagation. This numerical model even allowed identifying some driving physical phenomena that could not be studied in the experimental analysis, such as the impact of the testing conditions instabilities on the quench dynamics. The very good results of this model and its coherence with physical experimental analyses makes it a very interesting step towards the full modelling of the entire JT-60SA TF coil and the study of its quench behavior in real Tokamak and not test facility conditions
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