1,721,114 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Management of the Liguro-Provençal forested area during the Neolithic : anthracological contribution
No full textLa région liguro-provençale s’étend des Apennins septentrionaux à la moyenne vallée du Rhône et des Alpes du Sud à la Méditerranée. Dans cette zone, l’avènement puis le développement des économies de subsistance basées sur l’agriculture et l’élevage, à partir du début du VIe millénaire av. n. è., a conduit à la modification à la fois du couvert forestier préexistant et de la relation entre les sociétés et le milieu qu’elles exploitent. Dans ce travail, nous précisons les modalités de ces évolutions par l’analyse anthracologique de six sites archéologiques bien documentés, occupés (de manière générale) entre la fin du Mésolithique (Castelnovien) et le Néolithique final, c’est à dire de ca 6500 à 2000 av. n. è. : la Font-aux-Pigeons (Châteauneuf-les-Martigues, 13), l’abri Pendimoun (Castellar, 06), « RD 560/RD 28 déviation de St-Maximin » et « le Clos de Roques/Route de Barjols » (Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, 83), la Grotte de Pertus II (Méailles, 04), Ponteau (Martigues, 13) et le Limon-Raspail (Bédoin, 84). Ils sont localisés dans des contextes environnementaux variés, du littoral jusqu’à 1000 m d’altitude dans l’arrière-pays, et documentent des occupations ponctuelles à sub-permanentes. Les résultats obtenus sont venus combler des lacunes chronologiques, géographiques et sitologiques qui existaient jusque-là. Ainsi, ils permettent, par l’analyse d’un large corpus intégrant des données anthracologiques préexistantes et polliniques (78 séquences botaniques, en contexte archéologique ou naturel, ont été considérées au total), de proposer des scénarios nuancés de l’évolution des paysages et des pratiques à l’échelle de la région liguro-provençale.Si les dynamiques de végétation semblent relativement similaires et synchrones de part et d’autre de cette région, leur traduction en termes de paysages est beaucoup plus variable. Au Castelnovien et à l’Impressa (6500-5600/5400 av. n. è.), notre approche révèle la prépondérance des taxons forestiers comme les chênes caducifoliés (Quercus f.c.), l’orme (Ulmus sp.), le tilleul (Tilia sp.) et l’expansion du sapin (Abies sp.), ce qui appuie l’importance de futaies denses, diversifiées et sub-matures, sur un large gradient altitudinal. Dans les basses terres et en altitude, préexistent des milieux ouverts (respectivement à sclérophylles et à conifères héliophiles). Ces milieux semblent plus attractifs en tant que lieux d’implantation que les formations à sapins, peut-être car ils sont plus propices aux activités de subsistance de chaque groupe (chasse, pastoralisme, agriculture). À partir de la seconde moitié du VIe mill. av. n. è., des étages méditerranéens aux étages alpins, l’augmentation discrète des végétaux les plus compétitifs en contexte d’ouverture du milieu et le recul des taxons qui y sont plus sensibles renvoient aux premières atteintes anthropiques du couvert forestier. Puis, cette tendance se renforce, les futaies s’ouvrent et sont remplacées par des formations de dégradation, plutôt en taillis. Ce processus se déroule sur fond de diversification de l’exploitation du territoire et de ses ressources ligneuses, des basses terres jusqu’aux très hautes terres. Cependant, malgré le parallèle entre le développement des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux et l’augmentation de l’anthropisation du milieu et de son exploitation étagée, des séquences anthracologiques attestent du maintien des chênaies caducifoliées dans l’arrière-pays, jusqu’au Néolithique final, par exemple au Limon-Raspail et à Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume. Ainsi, au fil du Néolithique, l’ouverture anthropique du milieu se déploie probablement sous forme d’éclaircies, de plus en plus répandues mais qui demeurent localisées. Ces évolutions du couvert forestier, caractérisées, d’une part, par un recul des formations forestières et une baisse de leur diversité et, d’autre part, par l’essor des taxons de milieux ouverts, soulignent la contribution des pratiques néolithiques à la genèse du paysage végétal actuel.The Liguro-Provençal region extends from the Northern Apennines to the Rhone River and from the Southern Alps to the Mediterranean Sea. In this region, the emergence and the development of agro-pastoral subsistence economies, at the beginning of the VIth mill. BCE, led to changes in pre-existing forest cover and in interactions between societies and the landscapes they exploited. This work specifies the modalities of these transformations through charcoal analyses of remains from 6 well-documented archaeological sites that were occupied from the end of the Mesolithic (Castelnovian) to the late Neolithic (6500-2000 cal. BCE), including la Font-aux-Pigeons (Châteauneuf-les-Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône), l’abri Pendimoun (Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes), « RD 560/RD 28 déviation de St-Maximin » and « le Clos de Roques/Route de Barjols » (Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, Var), la Grotte de Pertus II (Méailles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), Ponteau (Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône) and Limon-Raspail (Bédoin, Vaucluse). These sites occupied a variety of environments ranging from the coast to regions reaching 1000 m a.s.l, and include occupations that were temporary to sub-permanent. As a result, this research has filled previously existing chronological, geographical and settlement pattern lacunae. Examination of a broad corpus of charcoal and pollen data (78 botanical sequences from archaeological and natural contexts) permits us to propose nuanced scenarios on landscape evolution and its relation to practices carried out across the Liguro-Provençal region.While vegetation dynamics seem relatively synchronous across this zone, their translation in terms of landscape is more variable. During the Castelnovian and Impressa (6500-5600/5400 cal. BCE) periods, our study reveals the predominance of forest taxa such as deciduous oak (Quercus deciduous), elm (Ulmus sp.), lime (Tilia sp.) and the expansion of fir (Abies sp.), which supports the importance of dense, diversified and sub-mature forests, on a broad altitudinal gradient. Open landscapes (evergreen taxa and light-demanding conifers) also prevailed in the lowlands and at high altitudes. These open landscapes appear to have been more attractive for settlement than fir forests, maybe because they are more favourable for the main subsistence activities of both groups (hunting, farming, pastoralism). From the mediterranean to alpine stages, there was a discreet rise in plant-types that are more competitive to the opening up of the canopy, and a decrease of taxa that are more sensitive to open conditions as a response to the first anthropogenic disturbances of the forest cover, from as early as the second half of the VIth mill. BCE. This trend increased with time as forests opened up and were replaced by more disturbance-adapted formations that grew in the form of coppices. This process unfolded in parallel with the diversification of territorial exploitation (lowland to upland) and of its woody resources. However, despite concordance between the development of the staged exploitation of the environment and anthropogenic pressures related to the expansion of agro-pastoral systems, the maintenance of deciduous oak forests in the hinterland is attested by charcoal sequences from sites such as Limon-Raspail and Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume until the late Neolithic. Thus, over the course of the Neolithic, the anthropogenic opening of the forest cover probably unfolded in the form of increasingly widespread thinning but which remained limited in space. These landscape transformations are characterized by a decline of forest cover and by a decrease of their diversity on the one hand, and by the rise and the diversification of taxa related to open landscapes on the other hand, highlighting the contribution of Neolithic practices to the genesis of the current vegetal landscape
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
De la mer à la montagne : premiers systèmes d’élevage et paysage végétal de part et d’autre des Alpes méridionales à la fin de la Préhistoire (6500 2000 av. n. è.). Approche anthracologique
No full textInternational audienceThe Liguro-Provençal region extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the Southern Alps and from the Northern Apennines to the Rhone River. In this coastal and mountainous region, the emergence and the development of agro-pastoral subsistence economies, at the beginning of the VIth mill. BCE, led to changes in interactions between societies and the landscapes they exploited as well as in the composition and the physiognomy of the pre-existing forest cover. However, if the anthropogenic modifications of the vegetal cover’s composition are broadly known, the vegetation dynamic needs to be specified at regional scale. Furthermore, characterizing the impacts of these modifications on the physiognomy of the landscape and their influences on the settlement strategies is still a challenge. Thus, we investigated the modalities of the vegetal landscape evolutions and the diversity of the territories suitable for agro-pastoral purposes throughout a comprehensive altitudinal gradient. These data allow to document from a new perspective the spatial organisation of the Neolithic groups and the process of territory appropriation, from the sea to the mountains. This work specifies the modalities of these socio-ecological transformations through charcoal analyses of six well documented archaeological sites located in southern-eastern France that were occupied from the end of the Mesolithic (Castelnovian) to the late Neolithic (6500-2000 cal. BCE). It concerns sites located in various environments ranging from the coast to regions reaching 1000 m a.s.l: la Font-aux-Pigeons (Châteauneuf-les-Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône), l’abri Pendimoun (Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes), "RD 560/RD 28 déviation de St-Maximin" and "le Clos de Roques/Route de Barjols" (Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, Var), la Grotte de Pertus II (Méailles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), Ponteau (Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône) and Limon-Raspail (Bédoin, Vaucluse). Archaeological occupations were temporary to sub-permanent and are precisely radiocarbon dated. As a result, this research has filled previously existing chronological, geographical and settlement pattern lacunae. Examination of a broad corpus of charcoal and pollen data (78 sequences from archaeological and natural contexts) permits to propose nuanced scenarios on landscape evolution across the Liguro-Provençal region and their relation to human practices. The key contribution of this corpus of data relies on the combination of sequences from archaeological sites and of sequences from natural contexts. Thanks to the recently improved chronological frame, it enables linking, spatially and chronologically, the environmental data and the socio-economic data related to the different populations that succeeded each other during the Neolithic. An ecological and phytosociological approach of the archaeobotanical data allows qualifying the vegetation dynamic at various scales (from the site scale to the micro-regional and the regional scales), focussing on the temporalities of the processes and on the variation of the landscapes, as well as on their effects on the organisation of the Mesolithic and Neolithic societies.This diachronic and multiscale reconstitution reveals that while vegetation dynamics seem relatively synchronous across the Liguro-Provençal region, their translations in terms of composition and physiognomy of the landscapes are more variable. During the Castelnovian and Impressa periods (6500-5600/5400 cal. BCE), besides the predominance of forest taxa such as deciduous oak (Quercus deciduous), elm (Ulmus sp.), lime (Tilia sp.), we highlighted the expansion of fir (Abies sp.), which supports the importance of dense, diversified and sub-mature forests, on a broad altitudinal gradient. Open landscapes (characterised by evergreen taxa and light-demanding conifers) also prevailed in the lowlands and at high altitudes. These open landscapes appear to have been more attractive for settlement than fir forests, either for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers or for early Neolithic farmers, maybe because they are more favourable for the main subsistence activities of both groups (hunting, farming, pastoralism). From as early as the second half of the VIth mill. BCE, there was a discreet rise in plant-types that are more competitive in case of an opening up of the canopy and a decrease of taxa that are more sensitive to open conditions (mainly fir and deciduous oak) as a response to the first anthropogenic disturbances of the forest cover. Depending on the vegetation belt, it benefited mainly to buckthorn and/or phillyrea (Phillyrea sp./Rhamnus alaternus), evergreen oak (Quercus sempervirent), box-tree (Buxus sempervirens) and later, in the high-lands, beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) as the opening up of the forests and their replacement by more disturbance-adapted formations growing in the form of coppices increased through time. This process unfolded in parallel with the diversification of the territories (lowland to upland) and the woody resources exploited by human populations. A staged exploitation of the environment developed in concordance with the increased of anthropogenic pressures related to the expansion of agro-pastoral systems. However, charcoal sequences from sites such as Limon-Raspail and Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume provide evidence of the maintenance of deciduous oak forests in the hinterland until the late Neolithic. Thus, despite the thinning of the forest cover spread progressively over the course of the Neolithic, it seems to have remained spatially restricted to rather limited areas. The linking of different types of sequences in the different micro regions enables to catch an accurate perception of the vegetal landscape around and between the sites, in five stages (stage 1: steppe formation; stage 2: forest optimum; stage 3: anthropogenic opening of forest cover; stage 4: dominance of the open formations; stage 5: increase in the forest cover). Despite the phasing is valid for the whole area, its expression in terms of vegetation dynamic proved polymorphic. Depending on the areas of the Liguro-Provençal region, the taxa that participate to each stage of the vegetation dynamic may vary. Moreover, the trend towards an opening up of the canopy is neither linear nor unidirectional since it depends on the cycles of decline and recovery of the economic activities. For example, during the late Neolithic in the low lands, pre-forest taxa often develop over under-used lands, resulting in an increasingly mosaic-like landscape. At a regional scale, this evolution appears arrhythmic, since around some sites the vegetation evolves directly from dense forests to widespread open environments under drastic anthropogenic disturbances. Furthermore, we propose that the trees habit, and therefore the appearance of the landscape (e.g. high forest vs. coppices) could have been anthropogenically modified long before the changes in the vegetal composition became strong enough to be detected by pollen or charcoal analyses.Changes in the vegetal landscape concern a broad range of altitude. Thus, we questioned the origin of the staged exploitation of the territory and tried to identify the drivers of the highlands conquest. Field data concerning the behaviour of modern caprine herds shed a new light on the paleo-economic and paleo-environmental indicators of the staged exploitation of the land. We propose that the “climbing” behaviour of grazing herds together with the exploratory and independent nature of the goats may have been one of the drivers of an early extensive exploration of the uplands by the first agro-pastoralists who settled on the coast. A holistic approach is necessary to discuss issues such as pastoral mobility. Obviously, archaeological and paleoenvironmental indicators are needed on a large altitudinal range, but the input of ethological data also contributed to feed the debate.En région liguro-provençale, l’avènement de l’agriculture et de l’élevage (début du VIe mill. BCE) a modifié le couvert forestier et la relation entre les sociétés et le milieu qu’elles exploitent. L’analyse anthracologique de 6 sites archéologiques répartis du littoral jusqu’à 1000 m d’altitude et occupés entre la fin du Mésolithique (Castelnovien) et le Néolithique final (ca 6500-2000 BCE) précisent les modalités de ces évolutions, venant combler les lacunes chronologiques, géographiques et sitologiques d’un large corpus préexistant (78 séquences, anthracologiques et polliniques, en contexte archéologique ou naturel). De part et d’autre de l’arc liguro-provençal, des dynamiques de végétation relativement similaires se traduisent de façon variable en termes de paysages. Au Castelnovien et à l’Impressa (6500-5600/5400 BCE), les futaies denses et diversifiées prédominent sur un large gradient altitudinal. Dans les basses terres et en altitude, les milieux ouverts, sans doute plus propices aux activités de subsistance (chasse, pastoralisme, agriculture) semblent toutefois préférés par les derniers mésolithiques et les premiers néolithiques. À partir de la seconde moitié du VIe mill., de la méditerranée aux étages alpins, les premières atteintes anthropiques sur le couvert forestier favorisent l’augmentation discrète des végétaux tolérant l’ouverture du milieu et le recul des taxons plus sensibles. Bien que ce processus se renforce progressivement, à toutes les altitudes, sur fond de diversification de l’exploitation du territoire, des séquences anthracologiques attestent du maintien des chênaies caducifoliées dans l’arrière-pays jusqu’au Néolithique final. Ainsi, au fil du Néolithique, l’ouverture anthropique du milieu se déploie sous forme d’éclaircies, de plus en plus répandues mais qui demeurent localisées. Le recul des formations forestières, la baisse de leur diversité et l’essor des taxons de milieux ouverts témoignent directement d’un changement des paysages débuté sans doute en amont, par la modification de l’apparence des forêts (taillis vs. futaies). Ainsi, le paysage végétal actuel trouve sa genèse dans les pratiques néolithiques
PATHWay, Pupitre GR 69 La Routo "Paysage pastoral"
No full textPupitre diffusion grand public sur le GR 69 la Routo, au Col Bernardez (Seyne-les-Alpes), avec quatre aquarelles restituant les principales phases de la dynamique locale de végétation
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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