483 research outputs found
Conseils d’utilisation des matériels forestiers de reproduction : Pin pignon.
No full textFady B., González-Martínez S., Pastuszka P., Raffin A., Orazio C. Serrano-León H., Ricodeau N., 2019. Conseils d’utilisation des matériels forestiers de reproduction : Pin pignon. Ministère de l’Agriculture, Paris, France.https://agriculture.gouv.fr/graines-et-plants-forestiers-conseils-dutilisation-des-provenances-et-varietes-forestiere
Structure of Casein Micelle Dispersions During Ultrafiltration Process
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding the mechanisms involved in the structural development in the vicinity of membrane during ultrafiltration process constitutes a considerable challenge in the improvement of this technique for industrial applications. In the case of skimmed milk, an important aspect to consider is the structure of the main milk protein: casein micelles itself. Casein micelles in milk are complex macromolecular assemblies highly polydisperse with a globular form of 100 nm mean radius of gyration. These micelles are composed of four distinct types of caseins, namely as1, as2, b and k, as well as minerals, essentially calcium and phosphate called colloidal calcium phosphate. Theirs structure and stability play key roles in the processing of milk. There are two plausible models for the internal structure of casein micelles. The first model represents the structure in terms of casein sub-micelles [1] with size from 10 to 20 nm, while the second model describes the structure as a relatively uniform protein matrix containing disordered colloidal calcium phosphate [2]. Structure of casein micelles Recently on "ID2 - High Brilliance Beamline", the globular and internal structure of casein micelles has been studied using SAXS and USAXS techniques covering an exceptionally wide range of scattering vector [3,4]. It revealed several new features about internal structure of casein micelles and of theirs evolution with environmental factors (pH, temperature, addition of EDTA) [5]. The results in high q region of the scattering intensity behavior suits well with the model which describes casein micelles as a relatively uniform matrix containing a disordered colloidal calcium phosphate. In situ SAXS during ultrafiltration process New advances were brought in the understanding of the mechanisms implied in the formation of the deposits thanks to in-situ SAXS performed in specifically developed ultrafiltration cells [6]. The structural arrangement and concentration profiles in deposited layers were obtained during frontal filtration of casein micelles dispersions. The mechanisms responsible for the reduction of permeation flux in the early stage of filtration is associated to an exponential increase of the concentration at the membrane surface [7]. At longer filtration times the decrease of permeation flow is directly related to the deformation and compression of the micelles in the immediate vicinity of the membrane [3,4]. [1] Stothart P.H., J. Mol. Biol. 208 635 (1989). [2] Holt C., de Kruif C.G., Tuinier R. and Timmins P.A., Colloids Surf. A. 213 275 (2003). [3] Pignon F., Belina G., Narayanan T., Paubel X., Magnin A. and Gésan-Guiziou G, J. Chem. Phys. 121(16) 8138-8146 (2004). [4] Belina G., ESRF contract Thesis, Ph.D. presented at the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, France, (2005). [5] Marchin S., Putaux J.-L., Pignon F. and Léonil J., J. Chem. Phys. 126 045101 (2007). [6] Pignon F., Alemdar A., Magnin A. and Narayanan T., Langmuir 19(21) 8638 (2003). [7] David C., Pignon F., Narayanan T., Sztucki M., Gésan-Guiziou G. and Magnin A., Langmuir, submitted (2007)
[plan] Détails en grandeur naturelle du pignon. Hospice des vieillards (Byloke), à Gand. Pl. XXXIX /
No full text"Profil de la grande ogive C. Profil van den grooten spitsboog onder de deksteenen""Profil des fausses arcatures H. Waterlijst rondom de blinde vensters H""Profil des grands lobes D. Profil der groote lobben""Profil des talus des contreforts B. Waterlijst onder de glooïng der schoormuren""Profil du cordon A sous les fausses fenêtres à la naissance du pignon. Waterlijst A onder de blinde vensters aan 't begin van den puntgevel"Bijzondere collectiesArchitectuurfocu
Le peintre, mémoire des poètes disparus [Rimbaud, Artaud, Desnos et Nerval exposés par Ernest Pignon-Ernest]
No full textRéunis par Gérard Gengembre, Franziska Meier et Francine Wild.Programme : « Accepter ou refuser l’héritage. La Mémoire à l’œuvre ».Partenariat LASLAR/UCBN et la Georg-August-Universität de Göttingen, Allemagne.Co-organisation de deux colloques : 11-12 novembre 2009, Université de Göttingen. 10-12 mai 2012, Université de Göttingen. B. Diaz, F. Meier.Deux volumes publiés :- Les Héritages littéraires dans la littérature française (XVIe–XXe siècle), F. Meier, B. Diaz, Classiques Garnier, 2014, 318 p.- Ecrire, ou la présence du passé, G. Gengembre et F. Meier éds., PUC, 2012, 268 p. ISBN : 978-2-84133-412-4.International audienceIn his trompe l'oeil murals, created all over the world, Ernest Pignon-Ernest pictures disturbingghosts: unsung heroes of political struggles, victims of apartheid, of apartheids, of the economy,crushing body and soul under its "order". One series of his works is devoted to poets: Maïakovski,Neruda, Genet, Pasolini. When considering the portraits of Rimbaud (1978), Artaud (1997),Desnos and Nerval (2001 ), one has ta compare several temporalities: the complex choice of thecreator, the period of the poet, and what Judith Schlanger refers to as the work's "memory".Ernest Pignon-Ernest chooses the ephemeral rather than the proof, preferring to expose hiswork to the hazards of weather and of social movement, rather than an afterlife in a museum,and resuscitates haunting, if not accusatory, repressed figures, like a powerful myth. Yet, howcould what you read be made visible by art (drawing, painting, screen printing .. . )? While theartist gives form to the poets' aura and the tragic fate of these suicidal victims of society or ofHistory, is he not substituting a myth for the texts? In fact, this temporary reincarnation onthe "skin of the walls" in Paris, Ivry or Charleville, reinstates in the collective memory worksthat school tradition sanctified and therefore blotted out. Ernest Pignon-Ernest shapes timeand place into art, and, like a "happening", reveals what we do not see anymore, and yet seesand concerns us, in Didi-Huberman's words: "what the disappearance of the poets means".Ernest Pignon Ernest s'est attaché à faire surgir sur les murs de France, d'Italie, du Chili les visages ou les silhouettes de Rimbaud, Artaud, Desnos et Nerval, et aussi Maïakovski, Hölderlin, Pasolini, Neruda, Genêt, c'est-à-dire qu'il s'est fait mémoire d'écriture, mais pas seulement car il a aussi placardé ses sérigraphies dans les ghettos de Soweto, et dans les rues d'Alger ou de Naples des silhouettes d'opprimés ou de résistants anonymes. Il superpose au temps de l'œuvre plastique la temporalité propre à ces poètes, et celle qui caractérise, ce n'est pas la même chose, l'émergence, le purgatoire, la disparition et la résurgence des écrivains, ce que Judith Schlanger appelle la "mémoire des œuvres". A ces strates temporelles s'ajoutent l'instantanéité du choc émotionnel, le temps de la découverte du dessin qui, placardé sur les murs, fait événement. Enfin le temps plus ou moins long qu'il faut à l'œuvre exposée sans protection pour disparaître complètement, entraînant avec elle l'effacement progressif de la figure, qui, sortie du temps, y rentre sous nos yeux au gré des pluies, des graffiti ou des lacérations des passants. C'est ainsi que le dessinateur exceptionnel qu'est Ernest Pignon Ernest se double d'un sculpteur méconnu, qui travaille un matériau intangible, le temps lui-même, et, ici, le temps littéraire, la mémoire des poètes et des mythes littéraires.ouErnest Pignon-Ernest, dessinateur et plasticien manifeste en trompe-l'œil sur les mursdes villes du monde des revenants troublants: héros anonymes des luttes politiques,victimes de l'apartheid, du sida, d'un certain «ordre» économique qui écrase l'êtreet le corps. Toute une série de ses travaux porte sur des poètes: Maïakovski, Neruda,Genet, Pasolini. En étudiant la mise en place des portraits de Rimbaud (1978), Artaud(1997), Desnos et Nerval (2001) on est amené à confronter plusieurs temporalités: latemporalité elle-même complexe de la création du plasticien, le temps <iu poète, etce que Judith Schlanger appelle «la mémoire» des œuvres. Préférant les traces auxpreuves, évitant à ses fresques et sérigraphies exposées aux intempéries et aux aléasde la vie sociale la survie des musées, Ernest Pignon-Ernest remet en circulation desfigures refoulées, présences hantantes sinon accusatrices dotées de toute la force dumythe. Mais que peuvent conserver du lisible les arts du visible (dessin, peinture,sérigraphie .. . )? S'il nous restitue l'aura des poètes et la tragédie de ces « suicidés dela société » ou de l'Histoire, le plasticien ne sacrifie-t-il pas le texte au mythe? Leur réincarnation fugitive sur «la peau des murs» de Paris, Ivry ou Charleville ramène àla mémoire collective des œuvres oblitérées par la canonisation scolaire. Travaillantcomme des matériaux les temps et les lieux, Ernest Pignon-Ernest fait apparaître avecla force d'un «happening» ce que nous ne voyons plus, mais, selon la formule de Didi-Huberman, qui, cependant, nous regarde: "ce que signifie l'élimination des poètes"
Le pin pignon, une opportunité pour la forêt provençale
No full textLes propriétaires forestiers du Var observent déjà les effets du changement climatique. Une essence tire son épingle du jeu, le pin pignon. Il ne procure pas seulement son couvert, son paysage, son bois, mais aussi ses pignons que la tradition culinaire méditerranéenne n’a pas oublié ; seulement voilà, il faut les importer. Alors, pourquoi ne pas les produire sur place ? A partir d’exemples puisés dans nos régions voisines, la Catalogne, la Toscane et le Portugal, on entrevoit les possibilités de développer la production de pignons en France, notamment dans le Var. On importe la totalité de notre consommation, en particulier en provenance de Chine, dont les pignons, issues d’une espèce de pin différente, ont provoqué des troubles de dysgueusie retardée (goût métallique dans la bouche). En même temps, on constate chaque année de nombreux vols de pignes commis sur nos propriétés à destination de l’Espagne, mais aussi quelques rares récoltes officielles rémunérées en bonne et due forme. Nous envisageons donc la mise en place d’une filière de production de pignons, de manière à pouvoir procurer un revenu aux propriétaires et garder la valeur ajoutée de cette activité dans notre territoire
Strategies to improve C4 photosynthesis, water and resource-use efficiency under different atmospheres, temperatures, and light environments
No full textClimate change and a growing world population are predicted to place significant strain on global food security in the 21st century. In order for agriculture to provide food, feed and fuel, it is essential that high-performance crops be developed that are productive, resilient, and require minimal use of inputs. Plants using C4 photosynthesis display many of these traits: in C4 leaves, a biochemical carbon-concentrating mechanism significantly boosts photosynthetic efficiency and overall productivity, while improving the efficiency with which key inputs such as water or nitrogen are used. Several of the world's most important and productive crops, such as maize, sugarcane, and sorghum, all use the C4 pathway. However, even this high-performance system is imperfect, and could be significantly improved. In this thesis we explore strategies for the improvement of C4 photosynthesis in crops. In Chapters 1-3, prospects for optimizing leaf biochemical activity to improve C4 photosynthetic CO2 assimilation are examined. In Chapters 4-7, the relationship of C4 photosynthetic CO2 assimilation with water loss through transpiration is examined, along with how this tradeoff could be improved.
Photosynthesis depends on a suite of biochemical reactions, and the rate limitation of a single enzymatic reaction can affect the entire process of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. For a given amount of leaf nutrients, partitioning is optimal when photosynthesis is co-limited by all of these enzymes, rather than limited by a single process. In Chapter 1, a meta-analysis of published measurements suggests that C4 plants are photosynthetically adapted to the level of atmospheric [CO2] in which their ancestors evolved over the past 400, 000 years, rather than to today's current [CO2]. In a modern, high-CO2 atmosphere, this configuration is sub-optimal and leads to over-investment into the carbon-concentrating mechanism at the expense of other processes.
In C4 plants, rate limitation of photosynthesis may be narrowed down to a single enzyme under certain conditions. At low temperature (<15 °C), C4 photosynthesis is generally impaired; this is largely due to limitation by the carboxylation enzyme Rubisco. In fact, it has been suggested that structural limitations within C4 leaves could physically limit the volume available for chloroplastic Rubisco investment. In Chapter 2, the hypothesis that total chloroplast volume limits the capacity of C4 plants to photosynthesize effectively at chilling temperatures is examined. In leaves of several C4 species, it was found that chloroplast volume, determined via confocal microscopy, is more than sufficient to support Rubisco contents that would not be limiting to photosynthetic CO2 assimilation at chilling (<14 °C) temperatures.
In Chapter 3, chilling tolerance of the cold-tolerant C4 grass Miscanthus x giganteus is explored, a hybrid between Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sinensis, which maintains photosynthesis even at <14 °C by upregulating expression of key rate-limiting enzymes such as Rubisco and PPDK. Accessions of the parent species M. sacchariflorus, originating from the northern limit of occurrence of the species in Russian Siberia, are identified that surpass the exceptional cold tolerance of M. x giganteus. These show potential for breeding of even more cold tolerant M. x giganteus clones. However, it is clear in all Miscanthus accessions that the shift of photosynthesis away from optimal co-limitation, as described in Chapter 1, is even more pronounced at low temperature. Even these highly competent species are unable to optimally adjust nutrient allocation at low temperature.
All higher plants experience a tradeoff between photosynthetic carbon assimilation and water loss through transpiration, as the pathway for CO2 entry into the leaf, via specialized pores called stomata, allows an escape route for water vapor. In Chapter 4, published measurements for maize are combined with a leaf and canopy biophysical model, showing that a substantial reduction in stomatal conductance at today's atmospheric [CO2] could cut plant water loss with minimal consequence to total CO2 assimilation. This emerges as a result of the apparent lack of photosynthetic acclimation to increasing atmospheric [CO2], as implied from the analysis in Chapter 1. In Chapter 5, an attempt to reduce stomatal conductance to test this theoretical prediction is undertaken by downregulation of expression of the SPCH gene in S. bicolor. While the construct was shown to be present, no physiological or anatomical effect of this insertion could be demonstrated.
In Chapters 1-5, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are primarily considered under steady-state conditions, which are not representative of the fluctuating environmental conditions typically experienced by plants in the field. In particular, for photosynthesis and photosynthetic water-use efficiency to be maintained requires that photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are co-ordinated to avoid unnecessary transpiration. In many species, this coordination is not achieved due to slow stomatal movement speed, especially when a leaf suddenly goes into shade. In chapter 6, a large and diverse population of Sorghum bicolor lines is phenotyped, and significant variability in stomatal responses to fluctuating light is identified. The complex trait of stomatal closure is shown to be moderately heritable, and is significantly mapped to genetic markers.
The coordination of photosynthetic carbon assimilation with stomatal conductance, and its effect on photosynthetic water-use efficiency, is examined in Chapter 7 with a focus on water use efficiency during sun to shade transitions. Greater variability in ability to maintain water-use efficiency under fluctuating light conditions than at steady state is found across a wide range of sorghum lines. This reflects variable kinetics in both photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, and is linked to leaf stomatal patterning.
In conclusion, while C4 photosynthesis is regarded as the most efficient pathway available, this study shows there are nevertheless significant opportunities for improvement. Variability in cold tolerance of photosynthesis in Miscanthus, and in stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency under fluctuating light in Sorghum, could be used in breeding and bioengineering programs.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2019-12-01The student, Charles Pignon, accepted the attached license on 2017-12-06 at 16:29.The student, Charles Pignon, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2017-12-06 at 16:37.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2017-12-08 at 08:01.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #11889 on 2018-03-13 at 10:37:45Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T17:35:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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Genetic and psychosocial stressors have independent effects on the level of subclinical psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study
No full textthe Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Instituto de Salud Carlos III
(SAM16PE07CP1, PI16/02012, PI19/024), co-financed by ERDF Funds from
the European Commission, ‘A way of making Europe’, CIBERSAM. Madrid
Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2), European Union
Structural Funds. European Union Seventh Framework Program under grant
agreements FP7-4-HEALTH-2009-2.2.1-2-241909 (Project EU-GEI) and
FP7-HEALTH-2013-2.2.1-2-603196 (Project PSYSCAN); and European
Union H2020 Program under the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint
Undertaking (grant agreement No 115916, Project PRISM, and grant agreement No 777394, Project AIMS-2-TRIALS) (...)Pignon B, Peyre H, Ayrolles A, Kirkbride JB, Jamain S, Ferchiou A, Richard JR, Baudin G, Tosato S, Jongsma H, de Haan L, Tarricone I, Bernardo M, Velthorst E, Braca M, Arango C, Arrojo M, Bobes J, Del-Ben CM, Di Forti M, Gayer-Anderson C, Jones PB, La Cascia C, Lasalvia A, Menezes PR, Quattrone D, Sanjuán J, Selten JP, Tortelli A, Llorca PM, van Os J, Rutten BPF, Murray RM, Morgan C, Leboyer M, Szöke A, Schürhoff
Prognostic value of clinicopathological parameters in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective analysis
No full textThe prognostic weight of histological and biological factors was compared with that of known clinical prognostic factors in a population of 108 consecutive previously untreated patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Parameters studied were: tumour vascularisation, mitotic index, histological differentiation, nuclear grade, keratinisation, desmoplasia, growth pattern, inflammation, tumour emboli in peripheral vessels, keratins 6, 13, 19 immunohistochemical expression, cytofluorometric ploidy and S-phase. In multivariate analysis (Cox), only age and nodal status had a significant impact on overall survival, whereas T stage was the only significant factor associated with locoregional failure. The cumulative incidence of metastases was correlated not only with age, T and N stage, but also with histological differentiation. All the other histological and biological factors studied failed to provide further prognostic information. These findings may help to select patients with high metastatic risk
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