1,721,016 research outputs found
Novel digital paradigmes to support architectural heritage knowledge process
Full text linkIn the field of the documentation process for supporting conservation activities of Architectural Heritage (AH), it is necessary to reach a deep and complete knowledge evaluating the history, physical configuration, condition assessment, and cultural conditions in terms of social, political, and economic aspects, in relation to the building and the environment in which it is located, in order to determine precise protective measures.
However, today, the ambiguity of workflows in the knowledge process, the fragmentation of previous documentation, located in paper and digital archives, and the use of inadequate tools make the conservation process very critical. The risk consists of errors in the assessment of intervention strategies with repercussions on the economic and social system producing the loss of value to the heritage asset.
In accordance with what is stated in the "London Charter" (2009) - which establishes general methodological principles for digital visualization applications in the field of research and communication of AH - undoubtedly the technological contribution can change the way of perceiving the representation of the historic manufacts. Indeed, the introduction of huge digital archives, that can store data deriving from the different types of information, may enrich the 3D models better defining the historical heritage itself.
The development of Computer Vision and digital modelling techniques has enabled increasingly exploiting ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) technologies, and specifically, information systems in the Heritage field. Virtual repositories allow more effective control over the documentation process permitting the storage of different and heterogeneous data produced on built heritage.
Specifically, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is defined as a complete digital reproduction of an architecture that contains the attributes of digital parametric models. Its introduction into the world of representation has radically changed the meaning of three-dimensional models, proposing them as systems information for architecture. Considering the panorama of AH refers to Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) which is a system of representation of built architecture composed of libraries of objects semantically structured and parameterized. HBIM creates new possibilities for sharing different information within a single digital environment and is a way to increase portability and provide data to a wider community of users.
The BIM methodology can be a bridge between archival documentation, architectural survey and digital model, proving to be an effective tool as a semantic data archive, consisting not only of geometrically correct elements but also of alphanumeric and digital attributes (texts, multimedia files, URL links, etc.). The HBIM models are understood as data hubs that in the documentary field, can represent the historical artefacts taking into account the past and the present as a result of constructive transformations, enlargements and changes of use in a wide time span.
HBIM models can be constructed from three-dimensional data derived from digital surveying techniques, such as laser scanner and photogrammetry. The process, called reverse engineering, no longer has the goal of translating geometric survey into two-dimensional plans, elevations and sections, but rather is a starting point for three-dimensional modelling, striving to move from solid to parametric objects, described geometrically and semantically.
Furthermore, from literature emerges that, nowadays, there is no structured and shared digital framework that takes into account the knowledge gathered on the assessment of the state of the buildings, the morpho-metric survey, the report of conservation activities as a whole integrated system. One of the difficulties consists in the use of standardized parametric objects which not fulfil the complexity and uniqueness of architectural elements (for example vaults, irregular masonry walls, etc.).
The following PhD thesis proposes a methodological workflow that, starting from the digital survey, addresses the issue of modelling and semantic enrichment of HBIM models focusing on the pre-diagnostic analysis of the state of the places, reaching the process of managing data useful for the activities of conservation of historical heritage.
The proposed research connects the aims of two disciplinary areas, architectural survey and representation, and refurbishment by implementing consolidated methodologies with the objective of defining an optimal strategy modelling the fourth dimension (time) of AH in the HBIM environment, to avoid risks of assessment of the state of the places and a coherent future conservation activity. The goal is to achieve complete and flexible management of the large amount of multidisciplinary information processed during the activities of knowledge, survey, analysis and planning of conservation activities.
Therefore, the main objectives of this thesis consist, firstly, in the validation of a consolidated process of representation in BIM that allows to overcome the limitations due to the standardization of parametric objects respecting the specificities of the instances of the historic asset, secondly, in the implementation of semantic segmentation methods through standard (ragion-based, model-based, etc.) and Machine Learning (k-means clustering, random forest, etc.) algorithms to automatically structure and classify 2D and 3D output (orthophoto, UV Map, point cloud, textured mesh, etc.) of digital survey in order to quantify architectural components and the different states of alteration of surface materials essential for prediagnostic activities, and to reduce the time and manual steps of the Scan to BIM process; finally in the integration and the improvement of the semantic level of BIM models by extending the field of representation to several levels of detail, and including the knowledge needed to understand the characteristics of the built heritage that cannot be directly included in its physical components (i.e. history, construction phases, survey data, etc.), through the develop of methods for integrating the information contained in BIM models through Database Management Systems and 4D simulation.
The validation of the proposed methodology will be carried out on case studies chosen within the Italian Architectural Heritage and starts from the survey and ends with the development of three-dimensional models for the management of historical architecture spendable in areas of different application: accessibility and enhancement, archival and documentary research, conservation and artificial intelligence
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Angelo Di Castro. Tra le pieghe del Moderno
No full textQuesto studio si concentra sulla figura di Angelo Di Castro, architetto ebreo romano tra i più prolifici nella Capitale, particolarmente attivo nell’ambito dell’edilizia residenziale e per uffici in un arco temporale di circa 50 anni a cavallo del secondo conflitto mondiale, ma anche figura pienamente inserita nel sistema dei grandi concorsi dell’epoca fascista e successivamente nell’opera di ricostruzione attuata dai soggetti pubblici.
La dissertazione, partendo dal presupposto che il percorso evolutivo dell’architettura postbellica in Italia non sia ancora esaurito, e che, come sostiene Portoghesi, il carattere ideologico dell'architettura moderna, intesa come compimento di un processo rettilineo e coerente, vada confutato, tenterà di mettere in luce le ragioni di un nuovo apprendistato sul modo di organizzare il progetto di architettura, attraverso un’analisi incentrata sulle qualità dell’azione professionale di Di Castro, quale epigono di quello che è stato definito un "professionismo colto", in grado di dar forma nella metà del secolo scorso a brani di città che, smentendo i giudizi negativi di certa parte della critica, hanno saputo meglio di altri determinare un modello virtuoso e sostenibile di insediamento urbano.
Tra le pieghe del Moderno, in quella schiera di ottimi professionisti che, scrivendo poco ma costruendo molto, hanno messo alla prova le speculazioni teorico-pratiche dei Maestri attraverso un metodo veracemente sperimentale, riteniamo si possano rinvenire alcune delle ragioni di un auspicato rinnovamento del nostro mestiere, oggi quantomai urgente. La tesi afferma dunque il valore dell'ordinariness, intesa come buona pratica per una qualità diffusa dell'architettura, in grado di custodire nelle pieghe del suo farsi delle prerogative uniche, anti-ideologiche, adeguate al luogo e alla storia a cui appartiene e senza per questo scadere nella retorica o nel revisionismo. Un'architettura che afferma piuttosto le proprie peculiarità attraverso una paziente ricerca sui propri fundamentals, in contrapposizione alle tendenze che vedono l'architettura come un fenomeno globalizzante e à la page, dove l'estro dell'archistar sembra essere l'unica soluzione possibile al vuoto semantico che la città contemporanea offre alla società civile.
La metodologia di indagine prende ampi spunti dall’approccio che gli architetti operanti adottano nell’interpretare l’opera di altri architetti, dissezionando e indagando con diversi gradi di approfondimento la grammatica espressiva, i processi logici e grafici da un lato, e le condizioni esterne e le ragioni costruttive dall’altro, che conducono infine all’opera realizzata o al sogno rimasto nel cassetto. Si arriva così, stilando una sommatoria in grado di restituire più della semplice addizione dei suoi fattori, a definire correttamente il profilo di un architetto e del milieu culturale di appartenenza. Tale approccio alle tecniche di architettura, secondo la definizione data da Giulio Carlo Argan, è riscontrabile in numerosi testi di carattere teorico-critico: si vedano a tal proposito le analisi di Francesco Cellini sull’opera di Ridolfi e Frankl, di Francesco Garofalo e Luca Veresani su Adalberto Libera, di Peter Eisenman su Giuseppe Terragni, di Marco Porta su Ignazio Gardella, eccetera.
Da un lato dunque la tesi mira a restituire la completezza di una figura finora degnata di scarsa considerazione (a suo nome figurano ad oggi solamente due brevissime antologie e alcune tesi di Laurea) ma che, pur non figurando nel novero dei massimi architetti italiani del XX secolo, è tuttavia emblematica di un fare architettura legato alla causa concreta della costruzione e per questo, citando nuovamente Quaroni, tra i «più idonei, fra i non molti possibili, a chiarire questo "dialogo", fra idee e loro grafia, fra gusto grafico e sua applicazione alle diverse "occasioni" che costituiscono la vita d’ognuno di noi»; dall’altro, di inserire il prodotto in un quadro teorico e concettuale più ampio, entro il quale attivare confronti e segnalare specificità, nel tentativo di evidenziare delle linee di continuità genealogica tra il cosiddetto “stile Di Castro” e le tendenze romane pregresse, coeve e successive all’opera dell’autore.
Lo studio si articola in 6 sezioni, il cui corpo centrale è costituito da un excursus storico-critico della vicenda di Di Castro inserita nel più ampio contesto romano dell'epoca, da un'analisi delle modalità progettuali e delle tecniche inventive adoperate dall'autore nella composizione delle sue architetture, da una serie di testimonianze che aiutano a inquadrare i temi della ricerca e da una selezione ragionata di 10 opere ritenute maggiormente significative dell'opera dicastriana. Tali riflessioni sono precedute da una introduzione dedicata ad inquadrare i motivi della scelta, gli obiettivi prefissati dallo studio e le metodologie applicate, e seguite da una sezione conclusiva contenente un regesto completo delle opere realizzate e dei progetti rimasti sulla carta, una breve biografia, uno schema riassuntivo della sua genealogia professionale e una bibliografia ragionata
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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