833 research outputs found
Patrick Coutu : Œuvres spatiales
No full textCurator Boucher traces the evolution of Coutu’s work since 1997, the year he produced a photographic self-portrait which the author considers definitive of his artistic approach, and which was followed by a shift to sculptural installations. Emphasizing the aerospace connotations of Coutu’s work, the author focuses on two installations, one of which, ‘‘La Moderne,’’ was recently acquired by the Musée du Québec. Texts in French and English. Bio-bibliography. 5 bibl. ref
Improved micro-contact resistance model that considers material deformation, electron transport and thin film characteristics
No full textThis paper reports on an improved analytic model forpredicting micro-contact resistance needed for designing microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) switches. The originalmodel had two primary considerations: 1) contact materialdeformation (i.e. elastic, plastic, or elastic-plastic) and 2) effectivecontact area radius. The model also assumed that individual aspotswere close together and that their interactions weredependent on each other which led to using the single effective aspotcontact area model. This single effective area model wasused to determine specific electron transport regions (i.e. ballistic,quasi-ballistic, or diffusive) by comparing the effective radius andthe mean free path of an electron. Using this model required thatmicro-switch contact materials be deposited, during devicefabrication, with processes ensuring low surface roughness values(i.e. sputtered films). Sputtered thin film electric contacts,however, do not behave like bulk materials and the effects of thinfilm contacts and spreading resistance must be considered. Theimproved micro-contact resistance model accounts for the twoprimary considerations above, as well as, using thin film,sputtered, electric contact
L'idée de droit naturel à la lumière de la sociologie juridique de Max Weber
No full textMax Weber's Sociologyof Law provides, according to the author, a strong basis for understanding and discussing not only modern natural law but also contemporary human rights law. In the first part of this article, Weber's sociological analysis of natural law is briefly outlined, mainly in relation to the opposition between formal and material rationality of law. In the Weberian perspective, the antinomy between formal and material natural rights plays a key role in understanding the decline of natural law, and partly explains the irresistible rise of a purely positivistic conception of law. The second part of the study shows how the idea of natural law is in itself inconsistent with Max Weber's epistemological positions. For the author, the Sociology of Law remains closely connected to these positions, which form the basis of the Weberian methodology of (value-free) scientific research. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the importance of Weberian epistemology for the understanding of natural law and, to a certain extent, of contemporary human rights law. He raises doubts, however, as to whether legal positivism can provide a proper comprehension of recent trends in contemporary human rights law. He then suggests that the positivistic conclusion of the Sociology of Law should be reconsidered in light of the reemergence of value-rationality as a basic principle of democratic legal order
L’impact de l’évolution de l’interprétation constitutionnelle de la liberté d’association sur l’accréditation multipatronale
No full textLe Code du travail, pièce maîtresse du droit des rapports collectifs du travail au Québec, ne reconnaît pas l’accréditation multipatronale et érige certains obstacles aux négociations collectives multipatronales. Au tournant des années 2000, la Cour suprême du Canada (ci-après « Cour suprême ») a élargi l’interprétation donnée à la liberté d’association prévue à l’alinéa 2d) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés (ci-après « Charte canadienne »). Cette dernière protège désormais, dans une certaine mesure, les droits fondamentaux d’association, de négociation collective et de grève. Dans ce mémoire, l’auteure évaluera s’il est possible de remettre en question la légalité de l’interdiction de l’accréditation multipatronale, un postulat implicite sur lequel repose le Code du travail, par une contestation de sa validité constitutionnelle. Pour ce faire, l’auteure tracera un bref portrait historique et sociologique des rapports collectifs du travail pour mieux situer la question, exposera l’état du droit en matière d’accréditation multipatronale, fera un tour d’horizon de la littérature portant sur les insuffisances du modèle de relations industrielles actuel en rapport à l’accréditation multipatronale et résumera l’interprétation donnée à la liberté d’association par la Cour suprême. Ensuite, à partir d’un cas hypothétique, et en se basant sur le cadre analytique développé par la Cour suprême dans la trilogie de 2015, l’auteure analysera l’histoire des relations de travail au Canada, la portée du droit garanti par l’alinéa 2d), les valeurs inhérentes à la Charte canadienne et le droit international du travail pour tenter de construire un argumentaire autour de l’existence d’une entrave substantielle au droit à un processus véritable de négociation collective et, le cas échéant, d’évaluer si la violation est justifiée en vertu de l’article premier de la Charte canadienne.The Labour Code does not recognize multi-employer certification and erects certain
obstacles to multi-employer collective bargaining. At the turn of the 2000s, the Supreme
Court of Canada (the « Supreme Court ») broadened the interpretation given to the freedom
of association under section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the«
Canadian Charter »). The latter now protects, to a certain extent, the fundamental rights of
association, the right to bargain collectively and the right to strike. In this thesis, the author
will assess whether it is possible to question the legality of the prohibition of multi-employer
accreditation by challenging its constitutional validity. In order to answer this question, the
author will briefly study historical and sociological aspects of labour relations, present the
state of the law concerning multi-employer certification, provide an overview of the literature
regarding the insufficiencies of the industrial relations model in relation to multi-employer
certification and summarize the interpretation given by the Supreme Court to freedom of
association. Then, based on a hypothetical case and the analytical framework developed by
the Supreme Court in the 2015 trilogy, the author will analyze the history of labour relations
in Canada, the scope of the right guaranteed under section 2(d), the underlying values of the
freedom of association and the international labour law in an attempt to build an argument
around the existence of a substantial interference with collective bargaining and, where
applicable, to assess whether the violation is justified under section 1 of the Canadian
Charter
Influences of a yoga intervention on the postural skills of the Italian short track speed skating team
No full textJean-François Brunelle,1,2 Sébastien Blais-Coutu,1 Kenan Gouadec,3 Éric Bédard,3 Philippe Fait1,2 1Department of Human Kinetics Sciences, 2Research Group on Neuromusculoskeletal Dysfunctions, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada; 3Italian Ice Sports Federation, Rome, Italy Introduction: In preparation for a short track speed skating season, eight men and seven women were given yoga sessions during an 8-week high volume training cycle. The sessions were planned according to the postural aspects specific to short track speed skating technical requirements. Three specific goals were selected for the intervention: 1) to observe whether the practice of yoga as postural training could improve the efficiency and the athlete's repertoire along the muscular synergies solicited in the short track speed skating specific technique; 2) to enhance and diversify the motor time-on-task of athletes without changing the prescription of other training stimulus; and 3) to lower the risk of injury during periods with high volumes of training. Methods: A total of 36 sessions of yoga were given. Three postural tests were administered before and after the intervention with 14 angles analyzed. Non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to compare angles' variations. Results: The 36 yoga sessions totalized 986 minutes of motor time-on-task, registering a proportion of 30% of the global motor time-on-task of the training cycle. Improvements were found in eleven of the 14 angles measured when comparing pre- and post-postural tests (P-value from 0.01 to 0.005). During the 8 weeks, excepting traumatic injuries due to short track speed skating accidents, no skaters suffered injuries linked to the high volume of training. Following the intervention, coaches noticed, following their on-ice feedbacks, an adjustment in the efficiency of the skating technique, in particular regarding hip dissociation. Conclusion: These results suggest that yoga could be inserted into out-of-season training cycles, even in a high volume training cycle. Planned with the decision training tools, it allows athletes to diversify their motor time-on-task by integrating a new functional range of generic movements with the solicitation of neuromuscular synergies related to the specificity of their sport. Keywords: conditioning, motor time-on-task, physical literacy, athletic development, decision trainin
Juridicité et normativité dans la théorie sociojuridique de R.A. Macdonald
No full textLa théorie sociologique du droit, développée par le professeur Roderick A. Macdonald (Université McGill) sur des bases fort originales, s’inscrit dans la perspective d’un pluralisme juridique critique. Pour mieux en saisir la spécificité et la fécondité, l’auteur propose de comparer cette théorie avec l’approche qui fut défendue par Max Weber, l’une des figures les plus importantes de la discipline. La comparaison fait apparaître un nombre significatif de convergences, tant sur le plan épistémologique et méthodologique que sur le plan substantif. Elle met également en lumière certaines divergences fondamentales qui portent sur la définition du droit et le concept de norme. A cet égard, l’auteur croit que l’approche wébérienne présente l’avantage de livrer, à titre heuristique, des critères permettant de délimiter un champ spécifique du juridique, alors que la théorie de Macdonald, en dépit d’apports indéniables, n’autorise pas une distinction adéquate entre la normativité sociale et la normativité juridique.The sociological theory of law, constructed by Roderick A. Macdonald (McGill University) in a highly original fashion, is oriented towards a critical legal pluralism. To better grasp its originality, the author compares Macdonald's theory with the classical approach promoted by Max Weber, one of the leading figures of the sociology of law. This comparison brings to light a significant number of similarities, on the substantive as well as on the epistemological and methodological level. It also reveals some fundamental divergencies, as regards the definition of law and the concept of norm in particular. Considering those elements, the author believes that the Weberian approach provides heuristic devices that help delineate a specific legal field, whereas Macdonald's theory, quite inadequately, refuses to draw a line between social and legal normativity
Les transformations du droit et l'émergence du capitalisme: le « problème anglais » chez Max Weber
No full textToute théorie sociologique du droit se voit confrontée au problème éminemment complexe de la mise en relation des phénomènes juridiques et extrajuridiques, par exemple économiques. Ainsi, Max Weber, dans sa Rechtssoziologie (Sociologie du droit), poursuit notamment l'objectif d'une explicitation des liens existant entre la rationalisation formelle du droit et l'émergence du capitalisme. Les commentateurs de Weber sont toutefois fortement divisés sur l'appréciation de la valeur scientifique de cette réflexion : pour plusieurs d'entre eux, Weber se révèle incapable de démontrer l'existence d'un rapport effectif entre la rationalité formelle du droit et le développement de l'économie de marché. Le «problème anglais », en particulier, serait révélateur d'un échec théorique : le capitalisme étant d'abord apparu en Angleterre, soit dans un système juridique empirique et faiblement rationalisé en comparaison du droit continental, il s'avérerait pour le moins problématique de faire de la rationalisation formelle du droit une précondition de l’émergence du capitalisme. L'auteur tente, pour sa part, de démontrer que le prétendu problème anglais repose en fait sur une lecture discutable de la sociologie juridique de Weber. Ce dernier était en effet conscient—et ce, dès ses premiers travaux sur les mérites économiques respectifs du droit « germanique » et du droit « romain » tel qu'il a été reçu dans l'Occident médiéval—de la présence d'une dissociation entre la formalisation et la rationalisation du droit, et les attentes concrètes des intéressés au marché. Il importe de souligner ici que la notion de prévisibilité juridique ne peut recevoir un sens univoque chez Weber: elle caractérise soit la calculabilité du droit au regard de l'effet empirique attendu par les agents économiques, soit la possibilité d'inférence d'une solution adéquate du point de vue de la dogmatique juridique. Sur le plan empirique, la prévisibilité du droit représente une précondition essentielle à la genèse du capitalisme industriel du type concurrentiel : suivant l'auteur, dans la perspective même de Weber, tant la common law que le droit continental se sont révélés aptes à développer un degré satisfaisant de prévisibilité empirique. Sur le plan dogmatique, par contre, la prévisibilité ne connaît un plein épanouissement que dans des systèmes juridiques formellement rationnels, auxquels la common law ne peut être assimilée. Ce constat n'emporte cependant nulle conséquence déterminante du point de vue économique : seule une affinité élective peut en effet être tracée entre la rationalité formelle du droit et l’émergence du capitalisme. En outre, les sphères économique et juridique se rationalisent en fonction de logiques autonomes de développement, portées par des catégories sociales aux intérêts divergents ; les probabilités de rapports conflictuels entre le rationalisme économique et le rationalisme juridique demeurent donc élevées : ainsi, le droit formellement rationnel tend à s'émanciper des attentes pratiques, au point d'apparaître, dans certaines de ses conséquences, comme « irrationnel » du point de vue des agents économiques. Si le constat d'échec que certains imputent à Weber ne paraît en définitive guère convaincant, il n'en reste pas moins, souligne l'auteur, que la discussion relative au « problème anglais » présente l'intérêt d'obliger à un approfondissement d'aspects souvent négligés de la Rechtssoziologie et de contribuer ainsi à une consolidation des fondements théoriques de la sociologie du droit.Any sociological theory of law runs up against the eminently complex problem of establishing relations between legal phenomena and meta-legal phenomena such as economics. Thus, Max Weber in his Rechtssoziologie pursues the objective of explaining the relationship existing between the formal rationalization of law and the emergence of capitalism. Commentators of Weber are on the whole strongly divided over the appreciation of the scientific value of his thinking. For many of them, Weber seems unable to demonstrate the existence of an effective relationship between the formal rationality of law and the development of a market economy. In particular, the « England Problem » reveals a theoretical flaw because since capitalism first appeared in England within the framework of an empirical legal system with little formal rationalization when compared with continental law, it would be at the least quite problematical to consider formal rationalization of law to be a pre-condition to the emergence of capitalism. The author then tries to show that the so-called « England Problem » rests in fact on a doubtful reading of Weberian legal sociology. Indeed, Weber was quite conscious —as shown by his initial works on the respective merits of « Germanic » law and « Roman » law as received in the Medieval Occident—of the presence of a disassociation between the formalization and rationalization of law, and the concrete expectations of parties interested in the market. It must be emphasized here that the notion of legal predictability cannot be given a single signification in Weber's thinking for it is characterized either by the anticipation of law regarding the empirical effect expected by economic agents or the possibility of inferring an adequate solution based on legal dogma. Empirically, the predictability of law represents an essential pre-condition to the genesis of competitive type industrial capitalism. According to the author, within Weber's very own perspective, both the common law and continental law demonstrated the capacity to develop a satisfactory degree of empirical predictability. Dogmatically, however, predictability has only come into full flower within strongly rationalized legal systems, to which the common law cannot be assimilated. This observation does not, however, entail any determining consequence from an economic standpoint : only an elective affinity may indeed be traced between the formal rationality of law and the emergence of capitalism. In addition, economic and legal spheres are rationalized on the basis of their own autonomous developmental logic, supported by social categories with divergent interests. Hence, the probabilities of conflictual relations between economic and legal rationalisms remain high. Therefore, formally rationalized law tends to emancipate itself from practical expectations to the extent of appearing, in some of its consequences, as being « irrational »from the standpoint of its economic agents. If the observation of failure that some commentators impute to Weber appears in the end to be hardly convincing, the fact still remains — as the author so emphasizes—that the discussion relating to the « England Problem » is of interest since it makes it necessary to further analyze frequently neglected aspects of the Rechtssoziologie and thereby to contribute to a consolidation of the theoretical bases of the sociology of law
Neutron Reactions in Superheated Fluids
No full textThe PICO-60 experiment offers world leading sensitivity to the spin-dependent WIMP search, looking for the direct measurement of dark matter nuclear recoils with protons. The primary background in moderately super-heated C3F8 bubble chambers are neutrons, which can produce a signal indistinguishable from a dark matter candidate. To study the detectors response to neutrons, I show the relationship between bubble multiplicity and neutron energy is non-linear; meaning there is insufficient information in multi-bubble events to reconstruct the primary energy. This observation is explained by nuclear reactions at energies above 1.5 MeV, from fast neutrons depositing more energy above threshold into a single bubble event. Studying the acoustic energy emitted from nuclear reactions, I predict that these fast neutrons can be identified in the tail of the acoustic parameter (AP) distribution, which PICO originally uses to identify background alphas associated with the decay of222Rn. In an attempt to reconstruct direction, a technique to assign 3D coordinates to multi-bubble events is described using PICO-60 data and compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. The result is inconclusive, primarily because of a lack of statistics in the neu-tron calibration data. Finally, the commissioning of the PICO-40L detector at SNOLAB is discussed, focusing on my contributions to the thermal and camera installation. The new detector offers increased sensitivity to the dark matter search, and will continue the neutron AP and direction analysis presented
Crise du droit du travail, pluralisme juridique et souveraineté
No full textSelon Max Weber, seul l’État (moderne) dispose de l’exercice légitime de la contrainte physique. Il est le seul qui puisse légitimement garantir des droits subjectifs qu’il énonce directement ou indirectement. Toutefois, avec l’arrivée du 21e siècle, caractérisée par le retour du pluralisme juridique et la multiplication des instances juridiques et politiques, le monopole étatique de la contrainte légitime devient menacé. Weber, reconnaissant la présence de multiples sphères de droit extra-étatique, affirme que l’ordre juridique existe partout où existe un certain type d’entité sociale destiné à l’exercice de la contrainte juridique. À ce propos, le droit interne de l’entreprise, qui est un droit appliqué par l’entrepreneur indépendamment du droit de l’État, exerce la contrainte la plus puissante. C'est à propos de ce droit que l’auteur se penche dans cette étude pour nous décrire un droit du travail qui est d’abord caractérisé par un quasi-absentéisme juridique et étatique et également par la prévalence du pluralisme juridique, mais où l’intervention de l’État reste un phénomène relativement récent.According to Max Weber, only the (modern) state can legitimately exercise physical force. Only it can legitimately guarantee the subjective rights that it directly or indirectly sets out. However, now that the twenty-first century has arrived and with it a return of legal pluralism and a proliferation of legal and political authorities, the state monopoly of legitimate force is threatened. Acknowledging that there are many different spheres of extra-state regulation, Weber says that law exists everywhere there is a certain type of social entity able to exercise legal force. Internal corporate rules, which are regulations applied by a company independent of state law, create the most powerful constraints. The author examines this in order to describe a form of labour law that is characterized by a virtual absence of the courts and state and by strong legal pluralism in which government intervention is relatively recent
Resilience for a World in Flux
No full textThere is no question that global student mobility faces significant headwinds in the current geopolitical context. The rise of nationalism worldwide has led many international researchers to reflect on their role as educators and leaders. Resilience is vital during such tumultuous times. The popular definition of resilience is the capacity to quickly recover from difficulties and setbacks. The term is often misunderstood for a type of sturdy individualism that some people possess more than others or the immunity from stress and negative emotions. There is another, more empirically-based, understanding of resilience. Diane Coutu (2002) outlines three dimensions of resilience: (a) a staunch acceptance of reality; (b) deep belief buttressed by strongly held values; and (c) an uncanny ability to improvise. Coutu (2002) emphasizes: “You can bounce back from hardship with just one or two of these qualities, but you will only be truly resilient with all three” (p. 4). I believe, as international researchers and educators, we must be resilient in a world where the policies and politics around international students are increasingly in flux. In my view, a staunch acceptance of reality means fully embracin
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