1,720,972 research outputs found
Displacement of human smuggling: An exploratory analysis of the effects of Law 82/2016 in Egypt
No full textAlthough crime displacement has been extensively investigated, there is a relative dearth of studies on the displacement of transnational crime. Despite the scarcity of literature, it is nevertheless routinely argued in the public sphere that interventions aimed at curtailing crime in a given country may simply displace it somewhere else. In particular, human smuggling is believed to be rather fluid and responsive to changes in the situational landscape, such as renewed enforcement actions and normative changes. Whether this is the case or not remains an unsolved question. Hence, this study seeks to investigate displacement dynamics vis-à-vis the temporal and spatial discontinuity in the regulatory environment produced by Egyptian government’s introduction of Law 82/2016. Specifically, the study exploits geo-temporal data on missing migrants, as well as data on arrivals to Europe, in order to investigate the spatial and target displacement of human smuggling in the Mediterranean during the months following the introduction of Law 82/2016. The results indicate that although the introduction of Law 82/2016 produced almost no target displacement, it likely resulted in the spatial displacement of human smuggling routes, with a marked intensification—in relative terms—in the flows along the Central and Western Mediterranean routes. These results, although exploratory, nonetheless support the hypothesis concerning the adaptability of human smuggling. In this respect, a better understanding of the dynamics underlying displacement of human smuggling would aid the designing of more coordinated criminal policies, with respect to both the safeguarding of human rights and enhancing the effectiveness of counter-smuggling efforts
Introduction to “The Evolution of Illicit Flows: Displacement and Convergence among Transnational Crime”
No full textAttention to the displacement and convergence of transnational crimes as a result of border security measures has increased substantially since the late 2010s. While the media and politicians have often underlined the potential threat posed by these dynamics, scholars have also begun to investigate these phenomena. Nonetheless, the concepts of displacement and convergence of transnational crimes are often cited freehandedly while their true nature and extent of occurrence remain largely unknown. Within that context, the chapters collected in this book investigate the displacement and convergence of transnational crimes, with a special focus on trafficking which takes place between North Africa and Europe. The first section of the book presents and critically analyzes the theories on which convergence and displacement among transnational crimes rely, and outlines the history and current situation of drug trafficking and migrant smuggling activities in the region. The second section presents a collection of empirical studies on various aspects of displacement and convergence. These chapters rely on diverse quantitative methodologies as well as ethnographic analyses, which together provide understanding of the phenomena and insight into the development of effective policies. The third section gives recommendations for the implementation of strategies to manage the smuggling of migrants and human trafficking, and also outlines potential developments for the future study of displacement and convergence of transnational crimes in terms of methodologies, understudied dynamics, and challenges in investigating these topics
A methodology for estimating the illicit consumption of cigarettes at the country level
No full textThis paper introduces and discusses a methodology for estimating the scale of illicit consumption of cigarettes at a national level. After reviewing current data gathering approaches and estimates, the paper delineates a methodology to estimate the consumption of each type of illicit cigarette (i.e., counterfeits, illicit whites, smuggled/trafficked genuine cigarettes). The proposed methodology is tested through estimating the size and characteristics of the illicit cigarette market in 27 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The results, which underline the heterogeneity in the quality and in the quantity of the illicit consumption of cigarettes in Europe, are presented along with considerations about the strengths and limitations of the proposed methodology in relation to extant approaches
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Displacement and Convergence of Transnational Crime Flows
No full textThis chapter delineates the concepts of displacement and convergence of transnational crimes. Extant theorizing on crime displacement has typically focused on micro-level dynamics (individual/situational), while macro-level (regional/national/transnational) analyses have hitherto developed in a largely fragmented manner via various studies of specific transnational crime types. Similarly, empirical studies on displacement have also rarely gone beyond urban crimes and small-scale geographical units, such as single street blocks, shopping centers, or parking lots. The related concept of crime convergence, which refers to the merging of crimes, at a particular place or time, and also with respect to specific targets, offenses, tactics or offenders, following a change in the penal laws or law enforcement activities, has received even less attention in analyses of transnational crimes. Nevertheless, the underlying rationale for the idea of crime displacement and convergence is potentially equally applicable to transnational crimes. This chapter explains why and how the concepts of crime displacement and convergence can be expedient tools, both for understanding transnational crime and for designing policies to combat it, insofar as they allow for a deeper consideration of the potential consequences of various preventive measures
Future Directions in the Study of Displacement and Convergence among Transnational Crime Flows
No full textThis chapter examines some of the pressing methodological issues associated with the study of displacement and convergence among transnational crimes flows and identifies several areas for future research. Building upon ideas from prior literature on the advancement of displacement research generally, the discussion focuses on the utility of relying on both agent-based modeling and regression discontinuity designs as potential avenues through which to achieve more rigorous causal assessments of displacement and convergence effects. The chapter also underscores current limitations in data availability as well as offering suggestions as to how the international community might work to overcome this challenge. The chapter serves as a segue for future efforts devoted to increasing understanding of displacement and convergence, so that the policies and programs that are implemented at the boundaries of nation states might be improved
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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