14 research outputs found
A Poverty and Income Inequality in Indonesia
No full textThis study aims to describe and evaluate government policies and strategies in overcoming the problem of poverty. The research method used in this study is the research approach used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study indicate that many poverty alleviation programs carried out by the government have not yet brought significant change. The strategies that have been taken to overcome poverty not only prioritize economic aspects but pay attention to other dimensions to increase capacity and encourage productivity. The strategy chosen was to improve the basic ability of the poor to increase income, involving the poor in the whole process of poverty reduction; empowerment strategy. To support the success of this strategy, it should be done thoroughly, integratedly, across sectors, and adapted to the conditions of Indonesian social diversity
Being Chinese and Indonesian : Chinese organisations in post-Suharto Indonesia
No full textIn 1998 Indonesia was on the verge of huge political changes. The economy was in crisis and President Suharto's thirty-two year New Order government was coming to an
end. Violence, largely directed against the ethnic Chinese in a number of cities on the archipelago, accompanied the political and economic crises. The changes which unfolded led to peaceful elections in 1999, which were judged by international observers to be fair and democratic. These elections placed a new administration in power and with it the hopes of the people that reformasi (reform) would ensue.
Immediately after Suharto stepped down things began to change for the ethnic Chinese who had never been fully accepted as Indonesian within Indonesian national discourses. Indeed the presence of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia was constructed as a problem; the "Chinese problem" (inasalah Cina). During the New Order, policy towards Chinese Indonesians was particularly harsh. They were not permitted to celebrate any aspect of their Chinese heritage and official policy dictated that they should assimilate into Indonesian society. This changed after 1998 and the debate about how Chinese Indonesians should behave, and how they should be treated, emerged once again. This
thesis investigates a number of Chinese Indonesian organisations which were established or re-established after May 1998. I am particularly interested in how they
are articulating both their Chinese and their Indonesian identities in this new climate. I argue that as a result of Indonesian national discourses which construct Chinese
Indonesians as "outsiders", it may not be possible for the groups to achieve their joint aims of overcoming anti-Chinese stereotypes and having their Chinese heritage
accepted within Indonesia. During the New Order years many ethnic Chinese were reluctant to declare themselves Chinese publicly, or speak about their experiences, which has led to a dearth of empirical material relating to how Chinese Indonesians themselves understand their identities. Therefore, this research is a particularly useful addition to the study of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia
Fast and interpretable classification of small X-ray diffraction datasets using data augmentation and deep neural networks
No full text© 2019, The Author(s). X-ray diffraction (XRD) data acquisition and analysis is among the most time-consuming steps in the development cycle of novel thin-film materials. We propose a machine learning-enabled approach to predict crystallographic dimensionality and space group from a limited number of thin-film XRD patterns. We overcome the scarce data problem intrinsic to novel materials development by coupling a supervised machine learning approach with a model-agnostic, physics-informed data augmentation strategy using simulated data from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) and experimental data. As a test case, 115 thin-film metal-halides spanning three dimensionalities and seven space groups are synthesized and classified. After testing various algorithms, we develop and implement an all convolutional neural network, with cross-validated accuracies for dimensionality and space group classification of 93 and 89%, respectively. We propose average class activation maps, computed from a global average pooling layer, to allow high model interpretability by human experimentalists, elucidating the root causes of misclassification. Finally, we systematically evaluate the maximum XRD pattern step size (data acquisition rate) before loss of predictive accuracy occurs, and determine it to be 0.16° 2θ, which enables an XRD pattern to be obtained and classified in 5.5 min or less
The Incorporation of Carvacrol into Poly (vinyl alcohol) Films Encapsulated in Lecithin Liposomes
No full text[EN] Lecithin-encapsulated carvacrol has been incorporated into poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for the purpose of obtaining active films for food packaging application. The influence of molecular weight (Mw) and degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the polymer on its ability to retain carvacrol has been analysed, as well as the changes in the film microstructure, thermal behaviour, and functional properties as packaging material provoked by liposome incorporation into PVA matrices. The films were obtained by casting the PVA aqueous solutions where liposomes were incorporated until reaching 0 (non-loaded liposomes), 5 or 10 g carvacrol per 100 g polymer. The non-acetylated, high Mw polymer provided films with a better mechanical performance, but less CA retention and a more heterogeneous structure. In contrast, partially acetylated, low Mw PVA gave rise to more homogenous films with a higher carvacrol content. Lecithin enhanced the thermal stability of both kinds of PVA, but reduced the crystallinity degree of non-acetylated PVA films, although it did not affect this parameter in acetylated PVA when liposomes contained carvacrol. The mechanical and barrier properties of the films were modified by liposome incorporation in line with the induced changes in crystallinity and microstructure of the films.This research was funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, through the project AGL2016-76699-R. Doctoral grant of author Johana Andrade was funded by the Departamento de Narino-Colombia y la Fundacion CEIBAAndrade, J.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt, A. (2020). The Incorporation of Carvacrol into Poly (vinyl alcohol) Films Encapsulated in Lecithin Liposomes. Polymers. 12(2):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020497S118122Thong, C. C., Teo, D. C. L., & Ng, C. K. (2016). Application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in cement-based composite materials: A review of its engineering properties and microstructure behavior. Construction and Building Materials, 107, 172-180. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.188Li, R., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Ahmed, S., & Liu, Y. (2019). Preparation and Characterization of Ultrasound Treated Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan/DMC Antimicrobial Films. Coatings, 9(9), 582. doi:10.3390/coatings9090582Muppalaneni, srinath. (2013). Polyvinyl Alcohol in Medicine and Pharmacy: A Perspective. Journal of Developing Drugs, 02(03). doi:10.4172/2329-6631.1000112Cano, A., Fortunati, E., Cháfer, M., Kenny, J. M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2015). Properties and ageing behaviour of pea starch films as affected by blend with poly(vinyl alcohol). Food Hydrocolloids, 48, 84-93. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.01.008Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils – A review. 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Alginate Films Encapsulating Lemongrass Essential Oil as Affected by Spray Calcium Application. Colloids and Interfaces, 3(3), 58. doi:10.3390/colloids3030058Requena, R., Vargas, M., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Release kinetics of carvacrol and eugenol from poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) films for food packaging applications. European Polymer Journal, 92, 185-193. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.008Sánchez-González, L., Chiralt, A., González-Martínez, C., & Cháfer, M. (2011). Effect of essential oils on properties of film forming emulsions and films based on hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and chitosan. Journal of Food Engineering, 105(2), 246-253. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.02.028Sapper, M., Wilcaso, P., Santamarina, M. P., Roselló, J., & Chiralt, A. (2018). Antifungal and functional properties of starch-gellan films containing thyme (Thymus zygis) essential oil. Food Control, 92, 505-515. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.004Asbahani, A. 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Influence of liposome encapsulated essential oils on properties of chitosan films. Polymer International, 65(8), 979-987. doi:10.1002/pi.5143Cano, A., Jiménez, A., Cháfer, M., Gónzalez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2014). Effect of amylose:amylopectin ratio and rice bran addition on starch films properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 111, 543-555. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.075Andreuccetti, C., Carvalho, R. A., Galicia-García, T., Martínez-Bustos, F., & Grosso, C. R. F. (2011). Effect of surfactants on the functional properties of gelatin-based edible films. Journal of Food Engineering, 103(2), 129-136. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.10.007Perdones, Á., Chiralt, A., & Vargas, M. (2016). Properties of film-forming dispersions and films based on chitosan containing basil or thyme essential oil. Food Hydrocolloids, 57, 271-279. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.02.006Limpan, N., Prodpran, T., Benjakul, S., & Prasarpran, S. (2012). Influences of degree of hydrolysis and molecular weight of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on properties of fish myofibrillar protein/PVA blend films. Food Hydrocolloids, 29(1), 226-233. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.03.007Reiner, G. N., Fraceto, L. F., Paula, E. de, Perillo, M. A., & García, D. A. (2013). Effects of Gabaergic Phenols on Phospholipid Bilayers as Evaluated by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 04(03), 28-34. doi:10.4236/jbnb.2013.43a004Reiner, G. N., Perillo, M. A., & García, D. A. (2013). Effects of propofol and other GABAergic phenols on membrane molecular organization. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 101, 61-67. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.004Andrade, J., González-Martínez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2020). Effect of carvacrol in the properties of films based on poly (vinyl alcohol) with different molecular characteristics. 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Effect of carvacrol in the properties of films based on poly (vinyl alcohol) with different molecular characteristics
No full text[EN] Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a hydrophilic linear polymer obtained from the controlled hydrolysis of poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc). The molecular weight (Mw) and degree of hydrolysis (DH) of PVA are considered relevant in both the functionality of the polymer and its capacity for film formation. This study analysed the influence of the Mw and DH of PVA on both the film's ability to incorporate carvacrol (CA), for the purposes of obtaining active films for food packaging application, as well as on the film microstructure, thermal behaviour and its functional properties as packaging material. CA was incorporated at 5 and 10 g/100 g polymer by emulsification in the polymer-water solutions, while the films were obtained by casting. The higher Mw polymer provided films with a better mechanical performance but less CA retention and a more heterogeneous structure. In contrast, low Mw, partially acetylated PVA gave rise to homogenous films with a higher CA content that increased the mechanical resistance and stretchability of the films. The melting temperature of this polymer with acetyl groups was lower than the degradation temperature, which makes thermoprocessing feasible.The authors would like to thank the financial support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, through the project AGL2016-76699-R. Author Johana Andrade thanks the Departamento de Narino-Colombia y la Fundacion CEIBA for the doctoral grant. The authors also thank the services rendered by the Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV.Andrade, J.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2020). Effect of carvacrol in the properties of films based on poly (vinyl alcohol) with different molecular characteristics. 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G., … Araújo, A. A. S. (2019). Carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex inhibits cell proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 125, 198-209. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.003Wang, H.-Y., Lu, S.-S., & Lun, Z.-R. (2009). Glass transition behavior of the vitrification solutions containing propanediol, dimethyl sulfoxide and polyvinyl alcohol. Cryobiology, 58(1), 115-117. doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2008.10.131Rimez, B., Rahier, H., Van Assche, G., Artoos, T., Biesemans, M., & Van Mele, B. (2008). The thermal degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), Part I: Experimental study of the degradation mechanism. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93(4), 800-810. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.01.010Rimez, B., Rahier, H., Van Assche, G., Artoos, T., & Van Mele, B. (2008). The thermal degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), Part II: Modelling the degradation kinetics. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93(6), 1222-1230. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.01.021Cristancho, D., Zhou, Y., Cooper, R., Huitink, D., Aksoy, F., Liu, Z., … Seminario, J. M. (2013). Degradation of polyvinyl alcohol under mechanothermal stretching. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 19(8), 3245-3253. doi:10.1007/s00894-013-1828-6Safna Hussan, K. P., Thayyil, M. S., Jinitha, T. V., & Kolte, J. (2019). Development of an ionogel membrane PVA/[EMIM] [SCN] with enhanced thermal stability and ionic conductivity for electrochemical application. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 274, 402-413. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.128Restrepo, I., Medina, C., Meruane, V., Akbari-Fakhrabadi, A., Flores, P., & Rodríguez-Llamazares, S. (2018). The effect of molecular weight and hydrolysis degree of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) on the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/PVA blends. Polímeros, 28(2), 169-177. doi:10.1590/0104-1428.03117Tongnuanchan, P., Benjakul, S., & Prodpran, T. (2012). Properties and antioxidant activity of fish skin gelatin film incorporated with citrus essential oils. Food Chemistry, 134(3), 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.094Atarés, L., De Jesús, C., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2010). Characterization of SPI-based edible films incorporated with cinnamon or ginger essential oils. Journal of Food Engineering, 99(3), 384-391. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.03.004Ojagh, S. M., Rezaei, M., Razavi, S. H., & Hosseini, S. M. H. (2010). Effect of chitosan coatings enriched with cinnamon oil on the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout. Food Chemistry, 120(1), 193-198. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.006Valencia-Sullca, C., Jiménez, M., Jiménez, A., Atarés, L., Vargas, M., & Chiralt, A. (2016). Influence of liposome encapsulated essential oils on properties of chitosan films. Polymer International, 65(8), 979-987. doi:10.1002/pi.514
Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, Collateralizable Assets, dan Investment Opportunity Set terhadap Kebijakan Dividen (Studi Empiris : Bursa Efek Indonesia 2010-2013)
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Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textChronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care addresses short-term conditions. Chronic conditions increasingly strain health systems, which are often unprepared for these demands. This study examines the burden of conditions requiring acute versus chronic care, including sequelae. Conditions and sequelae from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 were classified into acute or chronic care categories. Data were analysed by age, sex, and socio-demographic index, presenting total numbers and contributions to burden metrics such as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), and Years of Life Lost (YLL). Approximately 68% of DALYs were attributed to chronic care, while 27% were due to acute care. Chronic care needs increased with age, representing 86% of YLDs and 71% of YLLs, and accounting for 93% of YLDs from sequelae. These findings highlight that chronic care needs far exceed acute care needs globally, necessitating health systems to adapt accordingly.
© 2025. The Author(s)
Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
No full textBackground: To contribute to the WHO initiative, VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, an assessment of global vision impairment in 2020 and temporal change is needed. We aimed to extensively update estimates of global vision loss burden, presenting estimates for 2020, temporal change over three decades between 1990–2020, and forecasts for 2050. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. Only studies with samples representative of the population and with clearly defined visual acuity testing protocols were included. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate 2020 prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of mild vision impairment (presenting visual acuity ≥6/18 and <6/12), moderate and severe vision impairment (<6/18 to 3/60), and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation); and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia (presenting near vision <N6 or <N8 at 40 cm where best-corrected distance visual acuity is ≥6/12). We forecast estimates of vision loss up to 2050. Findings: In 2020, an estimated 43·3 million (95% UI 37·6–48·4) people were blind, of whom 23·9 million (55%; 20·8–26·8) were estimated to be female. We estimated 295 million (267–325) people to have moderate and severe vision impairment, of whom 163 million (55%; 147–179) were female; 258 million (233–285) to have mild vision impairment, of whom 142 million (55%; 128–157) were female; and 510 million (371–667) to have visual impairment from uncorrected presbyopia, of whom 280 million (55%; 205–365) were female. Globally, between 1990 and 2020, among adults aged 50 years or older, age-standardised prevalence of blindness decreased by 28·5% (–29·4 to −27·7) and prevalence of mild vision impairment decreased slightly (–0·3%, −0·8 to −0·2), whereas prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment increased slightly (2·5%, 1·9 to 3·2; insufficient data were available to calculate this statistic for vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia). In this period, the number of people who were blind increased by 50·6% (47·8 to 53·4) and the number with moderate and severe vision impairment increased by 91·7% (87·6 to 95·8). By 2050, we predict 61·0 million (52·9 to 69·3) people will be blind, 474 million (428 to 518) will have moderate and severe vision impairment, 360 million (322 to 400) will have mild vision impairment, and 866 million (629 to 1150) will have uncorrected presbyopia. Interpretation: Age-adjusted prevalence of blindness has reduced over the past three decades, yet due to population growth, progress is not keeping pace with needs. We face enormous challenges in avoiding vision impairment as the global population grows and ages. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990�2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full textBackground: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95 uncertainty interval 1·13�1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11�7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5 26·5�28·5 reduction) and females (37·7% 35·4�39·9 reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98�1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16�8·20) deaths and 200 million (185�214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% 19·3�21·1 of male deaths). 6·68 million 86·9% of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
No full textBackground: To contribute to the WHO initiative, VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, an assessment of global vision impairment in 2020 and temporal change is needed. We aimed to extensively update estimates of global vision loss burden, presenting estimates for 2020, temporal change over three decades between 1990�2020, and forecasts for 2050. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. Only studies with samples representative of the population and with clearly defined visual acuity testing protocols were included. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate 2020 prevalence (with 95 uncertainty intervals UIs) of mild vision impairment (presenting visual acuity �6/18 and <6/12), moderate and severe vision impairment (<6/18 to 3/60), and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation); and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia (presenting near vision <N6 or <N8 at 40 cm where best-corrected distance visual acuity is �6/12). We forecast estimates of vision loss up to 2050. Findings: In 2020, an estimated 43·3 million (95% UI 37·6�48·4) people were blind, of whom 23·9 million (55%; 20·8�26·8) were estimated to be female. We estimated 295 million (267�325) people to have moderate and severe vision impairment, of whom 163 million (55%; 147�179) were female; 258 million (233�285) to have mild vision impairment, of whom 142 million (55%; 128�157) were female; and 510 million (371�667) to have visual impairment from uncorrected presbyopia, of whom 280 million (55%; 205�365) were female. Globally, between 1990 and 2020, among adults aged 50 years or older, age-standardised prevalence of blindness decreased by 28·5% (�29·4 to �27·7) and prevalence of mild vision impairment decreased slightly (�0·3%, �0·8 to �0·2), whereas prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment increased slightly (2·5%, 1·9 to 3·2; insufficient data were available to calculate this statistic for vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia). In this period, the number of people who were blind increased by 50·6% (47·8 to 53·4) and the number with moderate and severe vision impairment increased by 91·7% (87·6 to 95·8). By 2050, we predict 61·0 million (52·9 to 69·3) people will be blind, 474 million (428 to 518) will have moderate and severe vision impairment, 360 million (322 to 400) will have mild vision impairment, and 866 million (629 to 1150) will have uncorrected presbyopia. Interpretation: Age-adjusted prevalence of blindness has reduced over the past three decades, yet due to population growth, progress is not keeping pace with needs. We face enormous challenges in avoiding vision impairment as the global population grows and ages. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
