1,720,995 research outputs found
Evaluating physical pre-treatment methods for improving insect chitin hydrolysis using Streptomyces griseus chitinase
No full textChitin and particularly its derivatives, chitosan and chitoligosaccharides (COS), are gaining interest as highly functional biopolymers with many applications. Chitin, the main component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, has a resistant structure that makes access to chitinolytic enzymes extremely difficult, thus limiting the possibility of obtaining COS. Therefore, several pre-treatments have been investigated to interfere with the crystalline organisation of chitin and improve its enzymatic hydrolysis. This study tested different physical pre-treatment methods (ultrasonication, mechanochemical milling, and the use of pulsed electric fields) on different insect species (Hermetia illucens, Acheta domesticus, and Tenebrio molitor) compared to shrimp shells, aiming to intensify COS formation through the hydrolysis of the whole insects with chitinase from Streptomyces griseus. The findings of this study highlighted the importance of pre-treatments in enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin and suggested the potential of insect-derived chitin as a sustainable source for COS production. In particular, different insect species produced different amounts of N-acetylglucosamine and N,N’-diacetylglucosamine, and mechanochemical pre-treatment on Hermetia illucens was the most effective. Additionally, this insect also had a lower degree of acetylation, calculated by 1H NMR, than the other species, indicating a possible influence on enzyme activity
YAK MILK: Novel Fluid Milk-Processing Tactics
No full textThis review explores the emerging significance of minor dairy species, with a focus on yak milk production, using novel fluid-processing tactics, and its potential impact on the natural, ecological, and economic landscape. Yak milk, rich in nutrients and possessing distinct physiological properties, has witnessed a recent surge in commercialization efforts, leading to the development of various products such as liquid milk, fermented varieties, casein, and milk powder. Enormous studies are available on bovine milk-processing using cutting-edge technologies, including ultrasound, pulsed electric fields, ohmic heating, enzymatic, supercritical fluid, high pressure, ionizing radiation, cold plasma and microwave-assisted treatment from the perspective of immune-active components retention and microbial safety. From various literature reviews we couldn't find any novel fluid-processing approach to yak milk, the core part of this chapter focused on the application of some cutting-edge technologies, including high-pressure processing (HPP), pulsed electric fields (PEF), ohmic heating (OH), UV-C, and ultrasonication (US) that have already been applied to bovine milk-processing that could be utilized for yak milk-processing. Pasteurization and ultra-high temperature processing are commonly used to maintain milk quality and safety. However, the drawbacks associated with intense heat treatments, such as nutrient loss, color alterations, and flavor changes, have prompted the exploration of new technologies. This pursuit aims to create milk products that retain nutrients and biological components more effectively. Notable among these emerging technologies, particularly for milk and its products, are both thermal methods like ohmic and microwave heating, as well as non-thermal methods like high-pressure processing, UV treatment, ultrasound, and pulsed electric field applications. These advancements offer promising avenues to produce wholesome milk products while addressing the limitations of traditional heat treatments
Shelf-life extension of beverages by high-pressure processing
No full textThe growing desire for clean-label products has increased the demand for eco-friendly and efficient processes to compete the conventional technologies such as thermal and chemical treatments. Over the past 20 years, high-pressure processing (HPP) has emerged as a promising alternative nonthermal method employed in fruit and vegetable products industries to extend their shelf life. This chapter highlights the efficacy of HPP in preserving the quality and safety of different beverage types, comparing it with a pulsed electric field, ultrasonication, and conventional technologies such as thermal pasteurization. The chapter offers insights into microbial control, enzyme inactivation, antioxidant capacity, and overall stability achieved through HPP treatment. Moreover, it covers also the market study, packaging strategies, and regulatory aspects of food beverages treated by HPP
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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